Theuniforms and insignia of theSchutzstaffel (SS) served to distinguish itsNazi paramilitary ranks between 1925 and 1945 from the ranks of theWehrmacht (the German armed forces from 1935), theGerman state, and theNazi Party.
While different uniforms existed[1] for the SS over time, the all-black SS uniform adopted in 1932 is the most well known.[2] The black–white–red colour scheme was characteristic of theGerman Empire, and it was later adopted by theNazi Party. Further, black was popular withfascist movements: a black uniform was introduced by theblackshirts inItaly before the creation of the SS. There was a traditional reason, too: just as thePrussian kings' and emperors' life-guard cavalry (Leibhusaren) had wornblack uniforms with skull-and-crossbones badges, so would theFührer's bodyguard unit. These SS uniforms were tailored to project authority and foster fear. During the war, the German clothing factory that eventually became the international menswear powerhouseHugo Boss produced thousands of SS and other uniforms.[3]
Once the war began, the black uniform was seldom worn. The combat units of theSS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT) and the laterWaffen-SS wore a variation of the field-grey (grey-green) (feldgrau)army uniform with SS insignia. The majority of SS personnel wore a variation of theWaffen-SS uniform or the grey-green SS service tunic. Branches with personnel that normally would wear civilian attire in theReich (such as theGestapo andKripo) were issued grey-green SS uniforms in occupied territory to avoid being mistaken for civilians.
SS uniforms used a variety of insignia, the most standard of which werecollar patches, to denote rank, andshoulder knots (which acted asshoulder boards), to denote both rank and position, along with sleevecuff titles and "sleeve diamond" patches, to indicate membership in specific branches of the SS.
The SS could trace its origins to several earlyFreikorps and Nazi Party formations, among them theErhardt Naval Brigade,Der Stahlhelm, and most significantly theSturmabteilung (SA), of which the SS was originally a subordinate organisation.
The very firstSA uniforms and insignia were paramilitary uniforms fashioned by early Nazis which incorporated parts fromWorld War I uniforms to include such features used by otherFreikorps formation such as high boots, daggers, and thekepi hat. The 8-manStabswache (staff guard),Adolf Hitler's bodyguard, soon renamed theStoßtrupp (shock troop), also adopted in May 1923 theTotenkopf (death's head) and oak leaf as a means of insignia, both of which were already deeply rooted in European military history.
In 1924, while the Nazi Party was legally banned following theBeer Hall Putsch,Frontbann (underground SA) leaderGerhard Roßbach located a large store of war-surplus brown denim shirts in Austria, originally intended for tropical uniforms.[4] When the SA (which included the nascent SS) was re-founded in 1925 following Hitler's release from prison, these brown shirts were issued as part of the uniforms.
In 1925, Hitler ordered the formation of a new bodyguard unit, theSchutzkommando (protection command).[5] It was formed byJulius Schreck and included oldStoßtrupp members,Emil Maurice andErhard Heiden.[6] The only insignia was the swastika armband, usually homemade, except for the handful of men constituting theStoßtrupp successor, theSchutzkommando, who continued the use of theTotenkopf pinned to cap or collar. That same year, theSchutzkommando was expanded to a national level. It was renamed successively theSturmstaffel (storm squadron), and finally theSchutzstaffel (protection squadron), abbreviated to SS (on 9 November).[7] In the following year adopted its first recognisable rank insignia system, with the rank and file of the SS, like the rest of the SA, still wearing a variety of brown shirts or paramilitary uniforms.
The early rank system of 1926 consisted of a swastika armband worn with yellow (gold) and white (silver) stripes, with the number of stripes determining the rank of the bearer. Thus, the early SS used a ranking system that could be derived from that of their superordinate SA. This is why the SS also used the system that represented the function of the SS leader with the help of stripes on the armband (Dienststellungs-Armbinde). All strips (gold and silver) had a uniform height of 1 cm. What all armbands had in common was that they also had 1 black ribbed stripe on each edge.
Under the above system, basic SS troopers were organised into 10-manStaffeln, each under the authority of aStaffelführer. SS districts, known asSS-Gaus, were under the authority of aGauführer while all SS district leaders answered to a national leader of the SS called theReichsführer, at this timeJoseph Berchtold.[9] In line with theFührerprinzip (leader principle) of the Nazi Party's ideology, the wordFührer was incorporated into all ranks except those for basic SS troopers.
By 1927, theSturmabteilung had greatly increased its numbers and had standardised the "brown shirt" uniform, which would thereafter be permanently associated with that group: shirt, tie, breeches, boots, and cylindrical kepi, all brown. The SS was at this time a small unit within the SA and wore the same brown SA uniform, with the addition of a black tie and a black cap with aTotenkopf skull and bones symbol to distinguish themselves.[2]
By this time, with influences from theStahlhelm, the SA leadership adopted its first collar insignia and also added a new SA rank ofStandartenführer (standard leader) in charge of regiment-sizedStandarten (incorporating the company sizedStaffeln); the SS at this time adopted the same rank as well.
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The 1927 ranks had no insignia for SA/SS troopers (still known by the title "Mann") and the previous rank ofStaffelführer had become shortened to simplyFührer (leader). The higher SS ranks ofStandartenführer,Gauführer, andReichsführer like their SA counterparts now used a system of oak leaves displayed on both collars of the brown SA shirt. One oak leaf signified aStandartenführer, two aGauführer, and three oak leaves were worn byReichsführer-SS Berchtold and his successorErhard Heiden, who reported directly to theOberste SA-Führer.
Over the course of the next year, the burgeoning SA saw the emergence of new units and ranks, and for the first time a comprehensive system of rank insignia. A basic squad unit, the 10-manSchar, was grouped into platoon-sizedTruppen, and these into company-sizedStürme which in turn made up battalion-sizedSturmbanne. New ranks went with the new formations:Scharführer, with one pip worn on the left collar patch,Truppführer, two pips,Sturmführer, three pips, andSturmbannführer, four pips. On the right collar of SA uniforms was worn a patch with two numbers indicatingStandarte andSturmbann affiliation. As the SS numbered fewer than a thousand men, it did not adopt theSturmbann unit at this time, and right-hand SS collar patches displayed the number of theStandarte only.
At the higher end of the organisation, in 1928 the SAGau-Stürme were restructured into regionalGruppen, each commanded by a leader with a new general-officer rank,Gruppenführer; its insignia was the three oak leaf collar patch. At this time the former rank ofGauführer was renamedOberführer (senior leader).
The collar patches of the SA were color-coded: eachGruppe had its own distinctive color. The SS was considered to be aGruppe unto itself; its color, naturally, was black, andReichsführer-SS Heiden held the rank ofGruppenfuhrer and wore its three oak leaf insignia.
In 1929, under newReichsführer-SSHeinrich Himmler,[10] the SS codified its first uniform regulations: the signature black color was extended to breeches, boots, armband edges, and belt and crossbelt; the shirt collar was edged in black-and-white twist cord except for those of senior leaders, which were trimmed in silver.
The ability to produce and issue complete uniforms came about due both to the centralisation of theReichszeugmeisterei (RZM; national quartermaster office) under NSDAP TreasurerFranz Xaver Schwarz, and to Himmler's expansion and reorganisation of the fast-growing SS (from 280 members to 52,000 between 1929 and 1932) into several brigade-sizedBrigaden throughout Germany, each comprising three to five regiment-sizedStandarten. Within theStandarten now existed two to three battalion-sizedSturmbanne (storm units), and beneath this level were theStürme,Truppen, andScharen.
For the lower ranks, the SS also specified that a patch showing the wearer's regiment (Standarte) would be worn opposite the badge of rank while the higher SS leaders would continue to wear oak leaf insignia on both collars. Collar tabs below the rank ofSturmführer were edged in black-and-white twist cord; those ofSturm andSturmbann leaders used black-and-silver while those of senior leaders were edged in solid silver cord.
In addition to the collar unit insignia, the SS now created a cuffband system which was worn on the lower left sleeve. These cuffbands were black and displayed the bearer'sSturm number together with color-coded edges indicating theSturmbann, which in conjunction with the collar insignia showed regiment, battalion, and company affiliation. Leaders above the company level did not at this time use the cuffband system.
The holder of the title ofReichsführer was still considered an SA-Gruppenführer, withReichsführer itself not yet an actual rank. In addition, for a brief period in 1929, the rank ofStandartenführer was divided into two separate grades, known asStandartenführer (I) andStandartenführer (II); the insignia of one oak leaf was used for both positions. This situation was another reflection of the SS' rapid expansion:Oberführers now commanded the three newly createdSS-Oberführerbereiche, east, west and south; and so a seniorStandartenführer was promoted to command eachSS-Brigade.
Hitler's personal guard, known at this stage by the original SS name ofStabswache (later to be known as theLeibstandarte Adolf Hitler), was also expressing its independence and increasing its size under the leadership ofSepp Dietrich.
TheStennes revolt of August 1930, in which members of the SA attacked the Berlin partyGau headquarters which was defended by the SS, had profound consequences for the SA and its relationship to its subordinate organisation. In an open letter to Berlin SS leaderKurt Daluege, Hitler proclaimedSS Mann, deine Ehre heißt Treue! (SS soldier, your honour is called loyalty!). Subsequently,Meine Ehre heißt Treue (My honour is loyalty) was adopted by the SS as its motto. More significantly, Hitler cashiered SA headFranz Pfeffer von Salomon and assumed the position ofOberste SA-Führer personally, and simultaneously promoted both Himmler and Daluege to the new rank of SS-Obergruppenführer. Daluege was the SS leader of Northern Germany while Himmler controlled southern SS units out ofMunich while serving as the National Leader for the SS; this move had the effect of rendering the loyal SS practically independent of the suspect SA, since Himmler and Daluege now outranked all SA commanders.
Another result of the Stennes revolt was Hitler's recall of his oldPutsch comradeErnst Röhm from South America to take over the day-to-day running of the SA with the title ofSA-Stabschef. While Hitler thought that this would bind the SA more firmly to him, Röhm had other ambitions, including the conversion of the paramilitarySturmabteilung into an army. With his expansions, promotions, and changes to the SA, a revision of the SA rank system was required although the uniforms and titles essentially stayed the same. The first major change was the addition of new ranks modeled on the original titles created in 1928 but with the addition of "senior" and "head" designators (ober andhaupt): these wereOberscharführer,Obertruppführer, andSturmhauptführer. The new rank insignia were created by adding a silver stripe to the collar pips of the next-lower rank.
A 1930 change to the SS uniform was the addition of a single narrow shoulder strap worn on the right side. There were four grades of shoulder strap: until 1933 a black-and-white pattern was worn by SS troopers, an epaulette of parallel silver cords bySturm andSturmbann leaders, a twisted pattern in silver cord bystandarten-,ober-, andGruppenführers, and a braided silver shoulderboard by the twoObergruppenführers.
By 1931, Himmler was secure (or independent) enough to reorganise the SS, formerly oneSA-Gruppe, into fiveSS-Gruppen divided into severalBrigaden led by officers with the new rank ofBrigadeführer; its insignia was the two oak leaves of anOberführer with a pip.
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In 1932, the SS introduced its best-known uniform, the black ensemble designed byKarl Diebitsch and graphic designer and SS memberWalter Heck.[11] The shirt remained brown as a nod to the SA, of which the SS was still nominally a part, but all else was black from high boots to the new military-style peaked cap, aside from the red armband. SS men were also issued black woolgreatcoats for inclement weather, which similarly carried the armband, epaulette, and collar patches. Around this time, a belt buckle featuring the mottoMeine Ehre heißt Treue (My honour is loyalty) in its design was produced by the Overhoff firm to replace the SA buckle.
Two new junior positions were introduced:Sturmmann andRottenführer. By this time, Himmler had also increased scrutiny on SS membership with a particular focus on proof of "Aryan" ancestry, and created a "candidate" position known asSS-Anwärter, which prospective SS members were required to hold for at least six months before formally joining the SS as anSS-Mann. With membership continuing to increase, Röhm invented two new officer ranks:Obersturmführer andObersturmbannführer.
In 1933, afterHitler had become Chancellor, the SS began to make more of a distinction between 'officers' and 'enlisted men;' an SS man could now only be promoted toSturmführer with Himmler's approval, based upon theReichsführer’s personal review of the candidate's application. Himmler always detested the army's class distinctions. It was forbidden for SS men to follow thearmy custom of addressing superior officers by prefixingHerr to their rank, andKamerad was an approved form of address under most circumstances.
Also in 1933, the
runes insignia was introduced, which would eventually become known as the symbol for the entire SS. The first use of the SS runes was as a unit insignia limited only to members of theLeibstandarte Adolf Hitler[12] which had replaced the Army Chancellery Guard to become Hitler's main protectors. It was at this time that theLeibstandarte moved from being a "paramilitary" formation armed with pistols and truncheons to "military", equipped with rifles, bayonets, and steel helmets.[13] The adaptation of this particular unit insignia was largely the work of Sepp Dietrich who on 4 November 1933, declared the unit an independent formation and, although a part of the SS, answerable to Hitler alone.[14] Dietrich even went so far as to forbid Himmler from entering the BerlinLeibstandarte barracks and, for a brief few months in 1933, ordered hisLeibstandarte soldiers to wear the black uniform without a swastika armband in order to differentiate the bodyguard unit from the rank and file of theAllgemeine SS (General SS) units throughout Germany.
At the same time Dietrich and theLeibstandarte adopted the SS runes as their unit insignia, the full-time SS headquarters and command staffs began using a blank collar patch, without a unit number, to differentiate themselves from the "rank and file" SS units in Germany which were still using regimentStandarten numbers as their unit insignia. Thus, by the end of 1933, there were three unit collar insignia patches in existence: the SS runes used by theLeibstandarte, the blank collar patch used by the SS headquarters and command staff, and the numbered SS unit insignia worn by regular SS companies throughout Germany.
In 1934, with the rise of theSS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT), the SS runes unit insignia was expanded to these other formations of the then fledgling military arm of the SS (later to become known as theWaffen-SS). To separate these new military formations from the mainLeibstandarte regiment under Dietrich, the SS runes worn by theVerfügungstruppe displayed a small number corresponding to the particular SS-VT regiment of the bearer. In all, there were three possible numbers:1 for members of theDeutschland regiment,2 forGermania personnel, and (from 1938)3 for members of theDer Führer regiment. These insignia would survive throughout World War II and were kept in use after the three original regiments had expanded to full-sized military regimental strength in the war-time2nd SS Division "Das Reich", roughly equivalent in size to their German Army counterparts.
In addition to the expansion of the collar unit insignia system, the SS by 1934 had also greatly expanded the system of sleeve cuffbands which were now a standard part of the black uniform, worn on the lower left sleeve. Within theAllgemeine SS companies, cuffbands were worn in conjunction with a unit collar patch to denote regiment, battalion, and company affiliation. While the unit collar patch displayed the wearer'sStandarte (regiment) number, the number denoted on the cuffband indicated theSturm, or company, while collared piping along the cuffband further denoted in which battalion (Sturmbann) a member served.
For those personnel serving above the regiment level, a bare cuffband was worn or a cuffband bearing aRoman numeral could be displayed. The Roman numeral cuffband indicated membership on the staff of theSS-Brigade so numbered, which by the end of 1934 had become known as anSS-Abschnitt. For the even higher levels, such as Himmler or the seniorSS-Gruppe leaders (later known by the titleSS-Oberabschnitt Führer) a solid silver cuffband was worn.
Within the early military SS, which included theLeibstandarte and the formations of theSS-Verfügungstruppe, a series of cuffbands were introduced which bore the name of the regiment to which the bearer was assigned. The most coveted of these was the "Adolf Hitler" cuffband, carrying theFührer’s name inSütterlin script, which was worn solely by members of theLeibstandarte.
An event that significantly altered the SS rank and insignia structure was theNight of the Long Knives, which occurred from 30 June to 2 July 1934. As a result of SS participation in the purge and execution of the SA leadership, the SS was declared an independent formation of the Nazi Party that answered only to Hitler.[15] Several of the rank titles were renamed to completely separate the SS from its SA origins.
The most significant rank change was the creation of the rank ofReichsführer-SS to denote the commander of the SS. The new rank was the equivalent of a field marshal in the army.[16] Prior to 1934, Himmler had been regarded simply as an SS-Obergruppenführer.Reichsführer was merely a title and not a rank prior to 1934, though Himmler preferred to use his title more than his rank.[16] In addition to Himmler’s new rank, several of the original SS rank titles were renamed (although retained the same insignia), bringing about the final nomenclature of SS ranks which would be used until the SS was disbanded at the end of World War II.
| SS rank (pre-1934) | SS rank (post-1934) |
| SS-Scharführer | SS-Unterscharführer |
| SS-Oberscharführer | SS-Scharführer |
| SS-Truppführer | SS-Oberscharführer |
| SS-Obertruppführer | SS-Hauptscharführer |
| SS-Haupttruppführer | SS-Sturmscharführer |
| SS-Sturmführer | SS-Untersturmführer |
| SS-Sturmhauptführer | SS-Hauptsturmführer |
The change in SS rank titles applied mainly to thenon-commissioned officer ranks as well as the ranks ofSturmführer andSturmhauptführer which received new names. The titles of the remaining ranks remained unchanged.
In the wake of the"Röhm-Putsch", the SS officially took over theconcentration camps from the SA and police. Soon thereafter, camp guards began wearing theTotenkopf on the right collar patch, to distinguish themselves from the numberedAllgemeine-SS Standarten. This was inconsistent in the early days; some guards instead wore tabs with the initial of their camp (e. g. "D" for Dachau), and some wore blank tabs. About 1935, the black uniform proving impractical for daily service wear, the Inspectorate of Concentration Camps adopted a working uniform in "earth-brown" (erdbraun), which was identical in cut to the black tunic except for shoulderboards on both sides. In March 1936, the camp "service" was formally established as the third branch of the SS, theTotenkopfverbände or Death's Head units
At about this same time, for similar reasons, the SS military formations (theLeibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler and theSS-Verfügungstruppe) adopted a service uniform in what was termed "earth-grey" (erdgrau). This also was based on the black uniform, but without the red swastika armband, its place on the left sleeve being taken by an eagle-and-swastika patch, and worn with trousers and shoes or calf-highjackboots. In June 1938 this uniform was authorised for full-timeAllgemeine SS cadres as well; the LSSAH and SS-VT then adopted army-pattern shoulderboards to distinguish themselves from the general SS and emphasise their military role.
In February 1934, theHonour Chevron for the Old Guard (Ehrenwinkel für Alte Kämpfer; honour chevron for old campaigners) was introduced for all SS men who had joined the Nazi Party or a Party-affiliated organisation prior to January 30, 1933; after theAnschluss, it was also authorised for Austrians who had joined theDNSAP prior to 18 February 1938. It took the form of a silver lace chevron worn on the right sleeve. During this period, the principal SS insignia also underwent design changes. The ancient jawlessDanziger style ofTotenkopf was gradually replaced by the 'classic' SS skull, a naturalistic design with grinning jaws; the old form was taken up by the army's newly formedPanzerwaffe. Additionally, in March 1936, Hitler approved a newart deco eagle with staggered wingtips for the SS, which was worn through the end of the war as a cap badge and on the sleeve.
By the end of 1938, the SS had also adopted a new insignia feature of sleeve diamonds worn on the bottom of the left sleeve. Between 1939 and 1940, the SS expanded its cuffband and sleeve diamond system into a vast array of over 30 cuffbands and more than 12 sleeve diamonds.
When World War II began in 1939, theAllgemeine SS grey service uniforms took on a more military appearance with the somewhat "ad-hoc" adoption ofWehrmacht-style shoulderboards, except for SS generals, who, until 1942, continued to wear the narrow braided silver SS shoulderboards to denote general rank. It was also at this time that the rank of SS-Oberführer lost its status as a general officer rank and was instead now regarded as asenior colonel position. The black uniform was increasingly seldom seen, eventually being worn only by part-timeAllgemeine SS reservists. The last ceremonial event at which the black uniforms were worn "en masse" was the Berlin victory parade following the fall of France in June 1940. In 1942, Himmler ordered most of the black uniforms recalled and stripped of insignia. They were sent east for use by the native auxiliary police units and sent west to be used byGermanic SS units such as the ones in the Netherlands and Denmark. In 1937, the LSSAH and SS-VT had adopted a closed-collarfeldgrau (grey-green) field uniform for combat wear, which with the outbreak of war became the standard uniform of what would soon be theWaffen-SS. Thisfeldanzug was very similar to theModel 1936 army field uniform; however, the SS version had a somewhat wider collar infeldgrau (field-grey) rather thanHeer bottle-green, the lower pockets were of the SS angled slash type, and the second button was placed lower to permit the collar optionally to be worn open with a necktie like the service-dress uniforms. TheTotenkopf branch, which was designated the reserve for theWaffen-SS, also adopted this uniform.Waffen-SS Panzer troops wore a double-breasted black uniform similar to thearmy model, but somewhat different in cut; the SS also made extensive use of camouflage clothing as the war progressed. The full-timeAllgemeine SS cadres, especiallyReich Security Main Office (RSHA) personnel, continued to wear the earth-grey service-dress uniform.
A unique situation developed during World War II with regards to SS ranks held by those who had served inAllgemeine SS positions from before the outbreak of war and now wished to serve with theWaffen-SS. With such persons being SS members already, it was expected that they would join theWaffen-SS in order to serve in combat; some members in fact had no choice and were drafted for combat service due to theirAllgemeine SS billet being done away with or, in situations involving disciplinary actions, transferred into combat as the result of a hearing before an SS and police court;Wilhelm Höttl was one such example.
As a result ofAllgemeine SS members transferring into theWaffen-SS, SS members held two separate ranks – one in theAllgemeine SS and another in theWaffen-SS.[17]Waffen-SS officers could also hold a regular or reserve commission, with mostAllgemeine SS members being appointed to theWaffen-SS reserves (the intent was to easily be able to place such members on inactive duty once the war had ended).
The security forces of the SS, such as SD troops that were part of theEinsatzgruppen, were also all considered part of theAllgemeine SS, even though many of these persons (especially in the field) wore uniforms nearly identical to theWaffen-SS; to further the confusion, many agents of the security police (SiPo) in such "field" roles woreWaffen-SS uniform even though they were notex officio members of any branch of the SS.[18] By 1943, the SS had made a determined effort that most field personnel (including concentration camp staffs) were grantedWaffen-SS ranks and, in 1944, anyAllgemeine SS who served in an area that commanded SS combat troops, was granted aWaffen-SS commission.
Another uniform insignia change occurred in April 1942 with the creation of the rank ofSS-Oberst-Gruppenführer. This necessitated an insignia change for SS generals and all SS generals at this time began wearingWehrmacht-style gold shoulder boards;Oberführers wore the shoulderboards of an armyOberst (colonel), just asStandartenführers did. The sole exception was Himmler who continued to wear the silver braided shoulderboard with oak leaves of his rank asReichsführer-SS. At the same time the collar patches for general officers were revised; the 1942 pattern used three oak leaves, rather straighter than the old style, with zero to three pips indicating rank fromBrigadeführer throughOberstgruppenführer.
SS uniform suppliers could not keep up with wartime demand and, as a result, theWaffen-SS andTotenkopfverbande frequently wore uniforms drawn from army stocks, with the addition of SS insignia. By the middle of World War II, a wide variety of uniforms could be observed, even within the same unit.
Waffen-SS and SS-TV members during this period wore army-style shoulderboards with SS collar patches; edging of enlisted and non-commissioned officer collar tabs was discontinued in 1940 while SS officers' collar patches continued to be trimmed in silver. Enlisted shoulderboards were made of black fabric as opposed to army dark green or field-grey (grey-green), and officers had a black underlay; all shoulderboards were piped inwaffenfarbe (branch-colour). Junior leaders (Sturmmann andRottenführer) wore sleeve chevrons corresponding to army insignia (Gefreiter andObergefreiter), but with black backing; SS non-commissioned officers wore army-style silver-grey braid around the collar.
By 1943, a special staff non-commissioned officer position, known asStabsscharführer had been adopted by theWaffen-SS. This position, equivalent to an armyHauptfeldwebel, was denoted by a special sleeve insignia and was not an actual rank, but rather a title for the head SS non-commissioned officer of a particular combat unit. The rank ofSturmscharführer was also unique to theWaffen-SS as a type ofregimental sergeant major.
The staffs of concentration camps had by now standardised the skull collar patch, whereas between 1934 and 1938 theTotenkopf as well as various camp specific collar patches, displaying Germanic letters, had been used as unit insignia. Other unit insignia collar patches included aStandarte-number patch for most of theAllgemeine SS, a blank collar patch worn by SS main office staffs andSicherheitsdienst (and some SiPo) personnel, the sig-runesWaffen-SS patch (adopted after 1943 as the standard unit collar patch for most of the SS), and a numbered skull patch which was used by personnel serving in field units of theTotenkopfverbände; the three seniorTotenkopfstandarten, formed into theTotenkopf division, would retain these collar patches throughout the war, but the remainingTK-Standarten were redesignatedSS-Regimenter and switched to sig-runes in February 1941. As the war went on, theWaffen-SS recruited heavily among conquered populations, creating 'ethnic' brigades and divisions. These formations wore, in place of the sig-runes, distinctive unit collar patches identifying them asFreiwillige (foreign volunteers). In the last days of World War II, the SS also created a twin swastika collar patch which was used by the "auxiliary SS" which were non-SS members conscripted to serve in concentration camp positions.
SS generals of theWaffen-SS were typically addressed by both their SS rank title and a corresponding general's rank associated with theWehrmacht. All such general ranks were followed by the phraseder Waffen-SS to distinguish the SS General from their counterparts in the branches of the German military. Thus, a typical title wasObergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS.
| SS rank[19] | SS insignia | Literal translation | SA equivalent | Heer/Luftwaffe equivalent | British equivalent[19] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collar badge[a] | Shoulder strap | Sleeve patch | |||||
| Generalführer – General officers | |||||||
| Oberster Führer der SS | – | – | – | Supreme Leader of the SS | Oberster SA-Führer | Reichsmarschall | None |
| Reichsführer-SS |  |  |  | National leader | Stabschef SA | Generalfeldmarschall | Field marshal |
| Oberst-Gruppenführer (from 1942) |  |  |  | Supreme group leader[20] | None | Generaloberst | General |
| Obergruppenführer |  |  |  | Senior group leader | Obergruppenführer | General der Waffengattung | Lieutenant-general |
| Gruppenführer |  |  |  | Group leader | Gruppenführer | Generalleutnant | Major general |
| Brigadeführer |  |  |  | Brigade leader | Brigadeführer | Generalmajor | Brigadier |
| Stabsführer – Staff officers | |||||||
| Oberführer |  |  |  | Senior leader | Oberführer | Oberst orBrigadier | Colonel/Brigadier |
| Standartenführer |  | |  | Regiment leader | Standartenführer | Oberst | Colonel |
| Obersturmbannführer |  |  |  | Senior assault unit leader | Obersturmbannführer | Oberstleutnant | Lieutenant colonel |
| Sturmbannführer |  |  |  | Assault unit leader | Sturmbannführer | Major | Major |
| Truppenführer – Troop/Platoon officers | |||||||
| Hauptsturmführer |  |  |  | Chief assault leader | Hauptsturmführer | Hauptmann/Rittmeister | Captain |
| Obersturmführer |  |  |  | Senior assault leader | Obersturmführer | Oberleutnant | Lieutenant |
| Untersturmführer |  |  |  | Junior assault leader | Sturmführer | Leutnant | Second lieutenant |
| Unterführer – Non-commissioned officers | |||||||
| Sturmscharführer (Waffen-SS) |  |  |  | Assault squad leader | Haupttruppführer | Stabsfeldwebel | Warrant officer class I |
| Hauptscharführer |  |  |  | Chief squad leader | Obertruppführer | Oberfeldwebel | Warrant officer class II |
| Oberscharführer |  |  |  | Senior squad leader | Truppführer | Feldwebel | Staff sergeant/Colour sergeant |
| Scharführer |  |  |  | Squad leader | Oberscharführer | Unterfeldwebel | Sergeant |
| Unterscharführer |  |  |  | Junior squad leader | Scharführer | Unteroffizier | Corporal/Bombardier |
| Mannschaften – Men at arms/Soldiers | |||||||
| Rottenführer |  |  |  | Section leader | Rottenführer | Obergefreiter | Lance corporal/Bombardier |
| Sturmmann |  | |  | Storm man | Sturmmann | Gefreiter | Seniorprivate |
| Oberschütze (Waffen-SS, from 1942) |  | |  | Senior rifleman | None | Obersoldat | None |
| Mann Schütze (Waffen-SS) | | | – | Trooper rifleman | Mann | Soldat | Private |
| Anwärter |  | – | – | Candidate | None | None | None |
| Bewerber (from 1943) | – | – | – | Applicant | None | None | None |
In 1936, the regular German police, previously agencies of theLänder or states, were nationalised and placed under Himmler, who was namedChef der Deutschen Polizei (Chief of German Police). The ordinary uniformed police were called theOrdnungspolizei (order police). Known as theOrpo, theOrdnungspolizei maintained a separate system ofOrpo ranks, insignia, and uniforms. It was also possible for SS members to hold dual status in both theOrpo and the SS, and SS generals were referred to simultaneously by both rank titles. For instance, anObergruppenführer in the SS who was also a police general would be referred to asObergruppenführer und General der Polizei (Obergruppenführer and General of the Police). In late 1939,Orpo personnel were formed into a combat division, recognisable by its use of police insignia; in 1942, this formation was absorbed into theWaffen-SS to become the4th SS-Polizei Panzergrenadier Division.
Germanic SS uniforms were modified versions of the original blackAllgemeine SS uniforms and were used strictly by the Germanic SS in occupied countries. These units were provided with surplus black uniforms upon which were displayed country specific insignia. This led to a wide variety of insignia and rank titles depending on the country of origin, although standardised throughout the entire Germanic SS were the rank insignia pips and oak leaves used by the SS proper. The Germanic SS effectively ceased to exist in late 1944, after which time most of its members were folded into the foreign legions of theWaffen-SS.
As with the SS titles, recruits of non-Germanic countries had the title "Waffen" prefixed to their rank. For instance, anUnterscharführer in the foreign legions would be referred to asWaffen-Unterscharführer whereas a regular SS member would be addressed as SS-Unterscharführer.[21] This helped to indicate non-native recruits, or to separate Germanic individuals in the divisions composed primarily of non-Germanics.
SS officers had the option of purchasing formal dress andmess dress uniforms. The formal uniform was not unlike U.S. or UK dinner-dress uniforms, cut like a civiliantailcoat without the tails, and worn with white or black bowtie and waistcoat.[citation needed]
For use in hot weather climates like Southern Europe and North Africa, a tropical uniform of tan cotton was developed. Insignia was similar to that of standard SS uniforms but in tan thread on black backing.Waffen-SS troops were pioneering among German forces in the use ofcamouflage clothing and wore it extensivelyduring the war. Usually, the camouflage patterns were worn on overall parkas, reversible smocks or helmet covers, with camouflaged tunics being introduced later during the war. Uniforms were manufactured in hundreds of licensed factories, with some workers being prisoners-of-war performing forced labour. Many were produced in Nazi concentration camps.[3][22]
In addition to the rank titles used by the SS, the following titles were frequently interchanged when addressing SS personnel in certain positions of authority.
In addition, any SS member who also served in the Gestapo or Kripo held a unique criminal investigator rank, one of the more common of which wasKriminalrat, a police investigator's rank denoting professionaldetectives.Arthur Nebe, a career policeman, went by the title ofKriminalrat for most of the 1930s, only using an SS rank when engaged in non-Kripo activities. The Gestapo also maintained an entire array ofranks, which might be used interchangeably with SS rank if the agent also belonged to the SS (many did not).[24][25][26]
Adolf Hitler, as theFührer of Germany, was considered SS member #1;Emil Maurice (one of the founders of the SS) was member #2. Based on the seniority system of SS membership numbers, this made Hitler senior in the SS to all other members. The SS membership number system was also a means to denote the "old guard" of the SS, and to hold a number below 50,000 was considered a special place of honor since it denoted SS membership before the Nazi seizure of power in 1933. Numbers below 500 were considered the original cadre of the SS, while any number below fifty denoted an original founder and, in most cases, a personal associate of Hitler.
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