SSMendi was a British 4,230 GRTpassengersteamship that was built in 1905 and, as a troopship, sank after collision with great loss of life in 1917.
Alexander Stephen and Sons ofLinthouse inGlasgow, Scotland launched her on 18 June 1905 for the British and African Steam Navigation Company, which appointed group companyElder Dempster & Co to manage her on their Liverpool-West Africa trades.[1][2] In 1916 during theFirst World War the UKAdmiralty chartered her as atroopship. On 21 February 1917 a large cargo steamship,Darro, collided with her in theEnglish Channel south of theIsle of Wight.[2]Mendi sank, killing 646 people, mostly blackSouth African troops, as well as white Southern African officers and NCOs, and crew.[3][4] The new port admin building at thePort of Ngqura, South Africa, has been namedeMendi in commemoration of the SSMendi.
Mendi'scomplement was a mixture characteristic of many UK merchant ships at the time. Officers, stewards, cooks, signallers and gunners were British;firemen and other crew wereWest Africans, most of them fromSierra Leone.[5]
At 5 am on 21 February 1917, in thick fog about 10 nautical miles (19 km) south ofSt. Catherine's Point on the Isle of Wight, theRoyal Mail Steam Packet Company cargo shipDarro accidentally rammedMendi's starboard quarter, breaching her forward hold.Darro was an 11,484 GRT ship, almost three times the size of theMendi, sailing in ballast toArgentina to load meat.Darro survived the collision butMendi sank, killing 616 Southern Africans - 607 black troops, nine white officers & NCOs, and 30 crew.[3][4][7]
Some men were killed outright in the collision; others were trapped below decks. Many others gathered onMendi's deck as she listed and sank. A number of the men were afraid to enter the water and many white NCOs delayed abandoning ship in order to encourage the men to jump overboard.[8] Oral history records that the men met their fate with great dignity. An interpreter, Isaac Williams Wauchope (also known as Isaac Wauchope Dyobha),[9][10] who had previously served as a Minister in the Congregational Native Church ofFort Beaufort andBlinkwater, is reported to have calmed the panicked men by raising his arms aloft and crying out in a loud voice:
"Be quiet and calm, my countrymen. What is happening now is what you came to do...you are going to die, but that is what you came to do. Brothers, we are drilling the death drill. I, aXhosa, say you are my brothers...Swazis,Pondos,Basotho...so let us die like brothers. We are the sons of Africa. Raise your war-cries, brothers, for though they made us leave ourassegais in thekraal, our voices are left with our bodies."[11]
The damagedDarro did not stay to assist, butBrisk lowered her boats, whose crews then rescued survivors.[12]
The investigation into the accident led to a formal hearing in summer 1917, held inCaxton Hall, Westminster. It opened on 24 July, sat for five days spread over the next fortnight, and concluded on 8 August.[13] The court foundDarro'sMaster, Henry W Stump, guilty of "having travelled at a dangerously high speed in thick fog, and of having failed to ensure that his ship emitted the necessary fog sound signals."[14] It suspended Stump's licence for a year.
The reason for Stump's decision not to helpMendi's survivors has been a source of speculation. There is however no evidence of his state of mind or intention. CertainlyDarro was vulnerable to attack by enemy submarines, both as a large merchant ship and having sustained damage that put her out of action for up to three months.[15]
In 1945Mendi's wreck was known to be 11.3 nautical miles (21 km) offSaint Catherine's Light, but it was not positively identified until 1974.[16] The ship rests upright on the sea floor. She has started to break up, exposing her boilers.
In 2006 theCommonwealth War Graves Commission launched an education resource called "Let us die like brothers" to highlight the role played by black Southern Africans during the First World War. In death they are afforded the same level of commemoration as all other Commonwealth war dead.
In December 2006English Heritage commissionedWessex Archaeology to make an initial desk-based appraisal of the wreck. The project will identify a range of areas for potential future research and serve as the basis for a possible unintrusive survey of the wreck itself in the near future.[17] In 2017 the ship's bell was handed in anonymously to a BBC journalist.[18][19] The Prime Minister,Theresa May returned the bell to South Africa while on an official visit there in August 2018.[20]
This event is commemorated by monuments in South Africa, Britain, France and the Netherlands, as well as in the name of the port admin building at thePort of Ngqura, theeMendi Admin Building and the names of twoSouth African Navy ships:
Mendi memorial at the Gamothaga Resort inAtteridgeville, South Africa.[22]
SSMendi Memorial, University of Cape Town
SS Mendi Memorial on an embankment at theMowbray campus of theUniversity of Cape Town, at the site where men of theSouth African Native Labour Contingent were billeted before embarking on theMendi.[22] This is a sculpture byCape Town artistMadi Phala that represents a ship's bow cast in heavy metal, sinking into the ground. In front of it are helmets, hats and discs, symbolisingMendi's troops, officers and crew. A plaque simply reads "SS Mendi, S. African troopship, sank next to the Isle of Wight 1917 02 21".[27] The wall was completed in 2014 with the names of all the men who were killed.[citation needed] The military had its first practice parade on 18 October 2014.[citation needed] In 2016 theSouth African Heritage Resources Agency declared the SS Mendi memorial as a national heritage site.[28]
Delville Wood South African National Memorial has a bronze relief and panel bearing the names of men lost inMendi.[22] On the event of the 90th Anniversary of the tragedy, commemorative events were held at the memorial, including the reading of a Poem, a lament, written by the then South African High Commissioner to LondonLindiwe Mabuza. Delville Memorial also has the SS Mendi Poem byS.E.K Mqhayi titled 'The Sinking of Mendi' which was originally written in isiXhosa.
The bridge telegraph from theMendi is at the Maritime Museum,Bembridge, on the Isle of Wight.[22]
In 2006 the Commonwealth War Graves Commission andHistory Channel released a 20-minute film,Let Us Die Like Brothers, about theMendi sinking and the involvement of black Southern Africans in the European theatre of the First World War.[22]
On 21 July 2007 a ceremony was held at the Hollybrook Memorial in Southampton, followed by SASMendi laying a wreath at sea where the ship sank.[22]
An animated short filmOff the record by Wendy Morris, 2008 Artist in Residence, In Flanders Fields Museum.[31]
BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio documentary,The Lament of the SS Mendi, on 19 November 2008. Scots poetJackie Kay studied the history of the sinking and recited her own memorial poem.[32]
A commemorative white life-belt labelled "SS Mendi 21-02-1917", on public display atSimonstown's quayside in South Africa, next to the popular "Just Nuisance" dog statue.
A 23-minute filmAfrican Kinship Systems: Emotional Science – Case Study #2: The Fate of the SS Mendi by filmmaker and visualanthropologist Dr Shawn Sobers was shown at theRoyal West Academy (RWA) from 10 to 31 August 2014. Sobers' exhibition included the film, an alcohollibation offering, and a screen-based text piece presenting names of all the 646 men who died on theMendi. The work was exhibited as part of RWA's "Re-Membering" series presenting commissioned artists responses to the First World War.[35]
A special memorial service marking the 100th Anniversary of the disaster was held in Portsmouth on Tuesday 21 February 2017.
A memorial service was held at the memorial in the churchyard atNewtimber near Brighton, where some of the dead are buried, on 19 February 2017.[37]
On 20 February 2017, a memorial ceremony to mark the 100th anniversary was held atHollybrook Cemetery in Southampton which was attended byThe Princess Anne.[38]
A poem titledWaters of Wars Unknown was penned by South African Catholic cleric, writer and poet Fr Lawrence Mduduzi Ndlovu to mark the 100th Anniversary. It was published in theHuffington Post South Africa on the 100th Anniversary of the Sinking of the SSMendi.[39]
From Friday 29 June - Saturday 14 July 2018, Nuffield Southampton Theatres, NST City presented the world première of the playSS Mendi, Dancing the Death Drill, based on a book byFred Khumalo.[40]
On 8 August 2017, to coincide with the 100-year anniversary, a commemorative granite plaque was placed at the wreck site by a team led by the chairman of the English branch of the Legion of South African military veterans, Claudio Chistè.[41] The plaque contains a dedication.[42]
In 2017 Author and public speaker, Brenda Shepherd wrote a book titled Men of The Mendi: South African Forgotten Heroes of World War I.[43][44]
^Starling, John; Lee, Ivor; Holmes, Professor Richard (2014).No Labour, No Battle: Military Labour During the First World War. New York: The History Press.ISBN978-0-7509-5666-6.
^Record Card at South African National Defence Force Archive
Clothier, Norman (1987).Black Valour – The South African Native Labour Contingent, 1916–1918 and the Sinking of the Mendi. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.ISBN0-86980-564-9.
Nicol, Stuart (2001).MacQueen's Legacy; Ships of the Royal Mail Line. Vol. Two. Brimscombe Port and Charleston, SC:Tempus Publishing. p. 229.ISBN0-7524-2119-0.
Tracey, Hugh (1948).100 Zulu Lyrics. African Music Society. Retrieved17 February 2008.
Gribble, John; Scott, Graham (16 February 2017).We Die Like Brothers: The Sinking of the SS Mendi. London: Historic England Publishing.ISBN978-1848023697.
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