This article cites its sourcesbut does not providepage references. Please helpimprove it by providing page numbers for existing citations.(February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Gothenburg
History
Name	Gothenburg
Namesake	Gothenburg
Owner	1854: North of Europe SN Co by 1865: John H Blackwood by 1874: McMeckan & Blackwood
Operator	1854: J Hervey
Port of registry	1854:London 1862:Melbourne
Route	1854: London –Sweden 1860s: Australia – New Zealand
Builder	Charles Lungley & Co,Millwall
Launched	1 April 1854
Refit	rebuilt atAdelaide, 1873
Identification	by 1857: UKofficial number 23071 by 1866:code letters NQDB
Fate	wrecked, 24 February 1875
General characteristics
Tonnage	1855: 572 GRT, 345 NRT 1871: 675 GRT, 459 NRT 1874: 737 GRT, 501 NRT
Length	1871: 187.4 ft (57.1 m) 1874: 196.6 ft (59.9 m)
Beam	1871: 28.1 ft (8.6 m) 1874: 28.2 ft (8.6 m)
Depth	1871: 12.9 ft (3.9 m) 1874: 20.5 ft (6.2 m)
Installed power	120 hp
Propulsion	2-cylindersteam engine
Sail plan	3-mastedbarquentine
Crew	34

SSGothenburg was an iron-hulled sail- andsteamship that was built in England in 1854 and sailed between England and Sweden until 1862. She then moved to Australia, where she operated across theTasman Sea to and fromNew Zealand until 1873, when she was rebuilt. After her rebuild, she operated in the Australiancoastal trade.

In February 1875Gothenburg was wrecked in a storm on theGreat Barrier Reef off the north coast ofQueensland. Twenty-two people survived in three lifeboats. Between 98 and 112 people were killed, including a number of civil servants and dignitaries.

Charles Lungley & Co builtGothenburg atMillwall on theRiver Thames. Her launch on 1 April 1854 was marred by her colliding with the steamshipClyde.Clyde was sunk andGothenburg sustained damage to her stern and her propeller.^[1]

As built, the ship had a registered length of 187.4 ft (57.1 m), her beam was 28.1 ft (8.6 m) and her draft was 12.9 ft (3.9 m).^[2] Hertonnages were 572 GRT and 345 NRT.^[3]

She had a two-cylinder steam engine that was rated at 120horsepower.^{[clarification needed]} She had three masts and was rigged as abarquentine. Her singlefunnel was set well aft, between her main and mizzen masts. She carried four lifeboats, two on each side.^[4]

Gothenburg first owner was the North of Europe Steam Navigation Company, whoregistered her atLondon.^[3] Under theMerchant Shipping Act 1854, herofficial number was 23071.^[5]

The North of Europe SN Co operatedGothenburg between Irongate Wharf near theTower of London andSweden. In 1862 John H Blackwood bought her and she sailed to Australia,^[6][7] where Blackwood re-registered her inMelbourne.^[8] By 1866 hercode letters were NQDB.^[9]

Gothenburg was one of the most modern vessels working in Australian waters in the 1860s, and became a popular ship as she was considered reliable.^[10] After several years on theTrans-Tasman route between Australia and New Zealand, her owners transferred her to the Australian coastal service.^[11] By 1871 her tonnages had been reassessed to 675 GRT and 459 NRT.^[2]

In 1873Gothenburg was rebuilt atAdelaide to increase her range, cargo capacity and passenger accommodation.^[6][12]

As rebuilt, her registered length was 196.6 ft (59.9 m), her beam was 28.2 ft (8.6 m) and her draft was 20.5 ft (6.2 m). Her tonnages were increased to 737 GRT and 501 NRT. By 1874 her owners were registered as McMeckan and Blackwood.^[13]

In November 1874, several shipowners were contracted for two years by theGovernment of South Australia to provide ten round trips between the colonial capital of Adelaide and its furthest outpost,Port Darwin.^[10] Port Darwin was feeling the effects of agold rush atPine Creek and growing quickly as a trading post with theDutch East Indies. However, all the local banks sent their money, together with government paperwork and theRoyal Mail, around the east coast to Adelaide.^[14] On successful completion of each voyage, the South Australian government would pay the owners £1,000 sterling.

WhenGothenburg left Port Darwin on Tuesday, 16 February 1875, Captain Robert George Augustus Pearce^[15] was under orders to make best possible speed. Pearce had been her captain on the Adelaide – Darwin run for some time and had built up a solid reputation. He was a man of the sea, a man of sobriety and kindness, and was well respected by his fellow sea captains.^[7]

Amongst the approximately 98 passengers and 37 crew (surviving records vary) were government officials, circuit court judges, Darwin residents taking their firstfurlough, and miners.^[14] Also aboard was the FrenchVice Consul Edouard Durand andJames Millner, the medical officer inGeorge W. Goyder's 1869expedition to found the first colony at Port Darwin. There were also several prisoners aboard, bound for the Adelaide jail. Locked in the Captain's cabin was about 93 kilograms (3,000 ozt) of gold valued at £40,000 consigned to theES&A Bank in Adelaide,^[16] worth about US$2.6 million in 2008. Durand reportedly also carried a tin box with him containing goldsovereigns and coins worth in excess of £3,000.^[7]

In three days of fine weather,Gothenburg travelled 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) from Palmerston (Darwin) toSomerset onCape York. The weather began to worsen so the ship stopped to take onballast at Somerset. While she was anchored, conditions deteriorated to a point where both anchor chains parted.^[17] After the loss of the anchors,Gothenburg was forced to prematurely steam out 13 kilometres (7.0 nmi) because of strong currents; at that point, she brought up for the night.^[7]

Two days later, Tuesday 23 February,Gothenburg passedCooktown at about 2:00 pm.^[18] The wind and rain severely increased and cloud cover became so thick it blocked out the sun. Despite this, she continued the journey south into worsening weather, in a deep water passage between the NorthQueensland coastline and theGreat Barrier Reef, known as the inner route. Although taking this route provided some protection from the open sea, captains had to navigate and thread their way through a number of then-uncharted reefs.^[14] All passengers and crew expected to be inNewcastle on Sunday evening for a scheduled stopover.

class=notpageimage|

Wreck ofGothenburg

On the evening of 24 February 1875, the ship was still heading south in almostcyclonic conditions with fore, top, and mainsails set and the steam engines running at full speed. Flooding rains lashed the entireQueensland coast and Captain Pearce reportedly could not see land or sun.^[7] At about 7:00 pm, and for reasons undetermined, he changed course and shortly afterwards, at full speed (11 to 12knots), hit a section of theGreat Barrier Reef atlow tide 31 miles (50 km) northwest ofHolbourne Island.Gothenburg struck with such force that she was left high up on the reef. Immediately, an order came out to lower the sails. At first, there was nopanic and many passengers returned to their cabin bunks expectingGothenburg would come off the reef athigh tide.^{[19][full citation needed]}

In an attempt to refloat her, Captain Pearce orderedGothenburg to be lightened forward. Water casks used as ballast and passengers were positionedaft in an endeavour to refloat her as the tide rose, but without success. Finally, a fatal attempt was made to refloat her, by reversing the engine hard. The vessel came half off the reef, but holed herself badly and then slewedbroadside to the waves, in a much worse position.^[4][20] However, with the tide rising and some cargo now being dumped overboard, all aboard still expectedGothenburg to float free. With strong winds changing direction and seas increasing, the boiler fires were extinguished by water rising through the damagedstern. Around midnight, the chief engineer came on deck to report that the engine room was flooded and the engine was of no further use. With heavy seas now rushing down hatchways and into the cabins,Gothenburg was doomed and Captain Pearce was forced to admit that the situation had become desperate.^[20]

The storm made launching thelifeboats almost impossible. At about 3:00 am, Captain Pearce ordered the twoport lifeboats lowered, each with four crew on board. While being passed astern one of the boats broke thepainter and became adrift. Her crew tried hard to pull up to the ship's side, but it was impossible in the heavysquall. The other was accidentally let go and both boats, in heavy seas, were unable to be retrieved.^[18]

At about 3:30 am on Thursday, 25 February,Gothenburg continued to heel over. The deck became so steep that passengers and crew had to climb over the rails to get on her side.^[7] At about 4:00 am, the two remainingstarboard lifeboats were lowered and were rushed by the passengers. One starboard lifeboat, crammed with women and children, capsized when others tried to board it. Some half dozen men righted her in the water, but, damaged and without oars, food, or water, it quickly drifted away and was never found.^[21] The second starboard lifeboat also capsized when the sea crashed over, washing all the occupants into the sea. One passenger recalled the sea on thedownwind side of the ship being covered with human heads bobbing up and down like corks.^[10] Five or six men and one woman climbed onto the upturnedhull. The boat was still connected to itspainter, but it was unable to be recovered from the heavy sea and wind which swept the woman off and drowned her.^[18] A passenger, John Cleland, swam to the connected, but upturned lifeboat and further secured it with a rope tied toGothenburg. In less than fifteen minutes, nearly 100 people had drowned; washed away, or trapped in their water-filled cabins.^[7] By this time, several sharks were circling the wreck.^[4]

Those still on boardGothenburg tried to cling to the rigging, but throughout the early morning of 25 February, several more people were drowned after they were swept overboard by large broadside waves.^[4][22] Many passengers associated with the gold diggings were unwilling to let go of their gold and money belts, as it was probably their life savings; these individuals insisted on keeping them tied and once overboard reportedly drowned very quickly.^[17]

By the morning of 25 February, only the masts were visibly protruding from the water, with 14 people clinging to therigging, where they remained for the next twenty-four hours in cyclonic weather.^[18] At low tide,Gothenburg sank stern first and the wreck fell apart. However, the remaining starboard lifeboat, which had capsized, was still held by herpainter and the rope attached by Cleland. At firstlight on 26 February the weather eased and the survivors managed to right the boat and bail it out; they prepared a makeshift sail and paddled for the mainland. About seven hours later they realised they could not make the mainland, so they altered course for an island that could be seen in the distance. When they arrived, they were met by four of the crew from one of the port lifeboats. Their lifeboat had been severely damaged on the rocks on the opposite side of the island in an attempt to land there the day before.^[20]

The other port lifeboat, with four crew on board, was picked up by thesteamerLeichhardt at an island at the entrance toWhitsunday Passage. The steamer immediately reversed course back towards the wreck, which she reached about 3.30 pm on Friday, 26 February.Gothenburg was a complete wreck; the funnel was gone and she had sunk to the eyes of the lower rigging.Leichhardt's Chief Officer and four hands went alongside, but nothing other than her masts could be seen above the water except for the body of a naked man floating nearby. They assumed the other victims had been taken by sharks.^[23]Leichhardt searched for survivors until last light and then made way forBowen where the alarm was raised.^[20]

AtHolbourne Island, the other 18 survivors were living off raw bird's eggs and rainwater that had pooled in the island rocks.^[19] Because rescue was uncertain, theyengraved ship details and their names on theconcave side of a large turtle shell, in the hope that it would be found in the future. On Sunday, 28 February, 15 of them set off in the starboard lifeboat for an island about 20 miles away to the south, which appeared to be closer to the main shipping lane. A rescue ship sent looking for survivors, picked up the group and took them safely to Bowen. Another rescue ship,Bunyip from Townsville, subsequently returned to Holbourne Island and rescued the three remaining survivors.^[4]

Although reports vary, records show that between 98 and 112 people drowned.^[24] Most records state the death toll at 102. Only 22 people survived (12 crew and 10 passengers).^[25] All 25 women and children aboard and all the officers died.^[26]

Edward W. Price, Magistrate and Commissioner Circuit Court of theNorthern Territory, who remained behind in Darwin, lost his wife and six children.^[27] Devastated by the news, he was given six months leave on full pay by the government. The retired fifthPremier of South Australia,Thomas Reynolds and his wife, Anne, both drowned as did Eduard Durand, the French Vice Consul.^[21]

Other notable passengers who died wereDr James Millner and his family,JusticeWilliam A. WearingQC,^[28] Circuit Court Judge; Joseph Whitby, actingSouth Australian Crown Solicitor; Richard Wells,NT Times & Gazetteeditor; Lionel Pelham, a seniorpublic servant;Commander Andrew Ross of theRoyal Navy; C. J. Lyons, Justice Wearing's senior assistant; William Shoobridge,Secretary to several mining companies; A. L. McKay,GovernmentSurveyor; and severalOverland Telegraph employees.^[29]

Never before in Australian history had so many high-profile public servants, dignitaries, and diplomats died in a single tragedy.^[20] Many passengers who died were Darwin residents and news of the tragedy severely affected the small community, reportedly taking several years to recover.^[30] Most ofGothenburg's crew were from Melbourne and as a result of the shipwreck, 11 widows and 34 children were left destitute in Victoria.^[10]

At Bowen, twelve survivors left with Captain Lake on the shipVictoria headed for Sydney. They all got free passage from McMerkan, Blackwood and Co, the owners ofGothenburg.^[31] The four survivors from the second port lifeboat that were picked up by the steamerLeichhardt, remained with that ship and subsequently made way forBrisbane.^[10][31]

Two weeks later ahard-hat diver, sent down to recover the gold and other valuables, found the bodies of two women at the foot of the saloon staircase, one with her arm around the other. The diver tried to reach them to take a lock of hair or some other personal item that could be identified by their loved ones, but the restriction of the air line made it impossible. The gold in the Captain's cabin was recovered after much difficulty.^[32] While recovering the gold, several sharks that were caught near the wreck were found to contain human bones, remains and jewellery.^[4][7]

There were three heroes identified that tragic night, all attested to by all the other survivors, for their attempts to save other passengers.^[10] In recognition of their bravery, on 26 July 1875, theGovernor of South Australia,Sir Anthony Musgrave, presented passengers James Fitzgerald and John Cleland and crewman Robert Brazil with gold medals and a gold watch.^[19] TheGothenburg Relief Fund Committee also presented each of them with a gold chain.

The report of the Marine Board of Queensland determined that:

the loss of theGothenburg may in a great measure be attributed to an unexpected offset seawards, caused by heavy floods in theBurdekin and other rivers discharging themselves into the sea at that portion of the coast; at the same time they do not consider that due caution was observed in the navigation of the vessel, as they are of the opinion that some attempt should have been made to sightCape Bowling Green Lighthouse, orCape Upstart, and, failing that, that thelead should have been used, which, on this part of the coast, is a sufficient guide for keeping clear of theBarrier; a vessel carrying a depth not exceeding 15 fathoms (27 m) or 16 fathoms (29 m) being well clear of that danger, while a less depth would show an approach to the shore of the mainland.^[26]

There was also much speculation at the time in the Adelaide and Melbourne press on why the lifeboats had not been launched earlier. Survivor James Fitzgerald pointed out in his recollection that, had the lifeboats been filled to capacity, no one would have survived the severe weather conditions experienced. He also commented that passenger vessels were not required to carry enough lifeboats, concluding that there were insufficient places for allGothenburg's passengers and crew.^[33]It was not until some 37 years later, afterRMSTitanic had sunk in 1912, that it was made compulsory for all British registered ships to carry enough lifeboats for everyone aboard.^[34]

Today, only parts of the deteriorated ironhull and the coal-fired square boilers ofGothenburg remain. The wreck lies in 9 to 16 metres (30 to 52 ft) of water on the western side of Old Reef, 130 kilometres (81 mi) southeast ofTownsville.^[35] TheGothenburg shipwreck is registered on the Queensland National Estate (place ID #8923) as aHeritage site, and is protected under Section 7 of the (Commonwealth)Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976, which requires that divers have a permit to enter the 200m protected zone that has been declared around the wreck.^[36] Its official location is: Old Reef, Great Barrier Reef, 75 kilometres (47 mi) north-east ofAyr, at19°22′06″S148°03′21″E / 19.36833°S 148.05583°E /-19.36833; 148.05583.^[37] The reef around the wreck provides gooddiving with an extensivecoral garden. A strict non-disturbance policy applies to marine flora and fauna as well as to the fabric of the wreck.Pelagic fish andreef sharks are common.^[38]

The northernDarwin suburb ofMillner was named after Dr James Millner who, together with his family, lost their lives onGothenburg. Most streets in the northern Darwin suburb ofCoconut Grove and some in the adjacent suburb of Millner, were named after local Darwin residents, interstate visitors, and crew who lost their lives in the shipwreck.^[39] Gothenburg Crescent, in the inner Darwin suburb ofStuart Park, was named after the ship.^[40]

The large turtle shell, which was engraved by the 18 survivors atHolbourne Island, is displayed at theSouth Australian Museum, onNorth Terrace, Adelaide.^[19]

By August 1866 there was a pub namedThe Gothenburg inFlinders Street, Melbourne.^[41] It had an image of the ship above the entrance.^[42]The pub, which had a raffish reputation, was renamed theCrown and Anchor around 1870,^[43] five years before the tragedy.

In 1875, a detailed list of all passengers and crew was published by JH Lewis, Printer & Publisher, albeit with several errors and spelling mistakes.^[29] That document was used as the main source of the following survivors' table.

The survivors' surnames have been reconciled against rescue ships' log books, other records and a photo of the engraved turtle shell. Known discrepancies have been clarified, where possible, in the comments section.^[10]

• List of disasters in Australia by death toll
• List of shipwrecks of Australia
• Timeline of Australian history
• Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976#Historic shipwreck protected zones – Australian legislation

• 1854 ships
• Australian Shipwrecks with protected zone
• Barquentines of Australia
• Great Barrier Reef
• History of Australia (1851–1900)
• History of Darwin, Northern Territory
• Iron and steel steamships of Australia
• Maritime incidents in April 1854
• Maritime incidents in February 1875
• North Queensland
• Ships built in Millwall
• Shipwrecks of Queensland
• Victorian-era merchant ships of Australia
• Victorian-era merchant ships of the United Kingdom
• Wreck diving sites

• Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas
• CS1 maint: location missing publisher
• All articles with dead external links
• Articles with dead external links from August 2024
• Articles with permanently dead external links
• Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2022
• All articles with incomplete citations
• Articles with incomplete citations from February 2022
• Webarchive template wayback links
• CS1 errors: ISBN date
• All articles lacking reliable references
• Articles lacking reliable references from February 2022
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Articles lacking page references from February 2022
• Use Australian English from January 2018
• All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English
• Use dmy dates from February 2021
• Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2022
• Coordinates on Wikidata
• Good articles