Magnetic field explorer with BOlometers and Polarizers
TheSpace Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA), was a proposedinfraredspace telescope, follow-on to the successfulAkari space observatory. It was a collaboration between European and Japanese scientists, which was selected in May 2018 by theEuropean Space Agency (ESA) as a finalist for the next Medium class Mission 5 (M5) of theCosmic Vision programme, to launch in 2032.[6] At the time the other two finalists wereTHESEUS andEnVision, with the latter that was eventually selected for further development.[7] SPICA would have improved on the spectral line sensitivity of previous missions, theSpitzer andHerschel space telescopes, between 30 and 230 μm by a factor of 50—100.[8]
A final decision was expected in 2021,[4] but in October 2020, it was announced that SPICA was no longer being considered as a candidate for the M5 mission.[9][10]
In Japan, SPICA was first proposed in 2007, initially calledHII-L2 after the launch vehicle and orbit, as a large Strategic L-class mission,[11][12][13] and in Europe it was proposed to ESA'sCosmic Vision programme (M1 and M2),[11] but an internal review at ESA at the end of 2009 suggested that the technology readiness for the mission was not adequate.[14][15][16]
In May 2018, it was selected as one of three finalists for theCosmic Vision Medium Class Mission 5 (M5) for a proposed launch date of 2032.[4] Within ESA, SPICA was part of the Medium Class-5 (M5) mission competition, with a cost cap of 550M Euros.[17]
It stopped being a candidate for M5 in October 2020 due to financial constraints.[9]
The observatory would have featured afar-infrared spectrometer and was proposed to be deployed in ahalo orbit around theL2 point. The design featured V-groove radiators and mechanicalcryocoolers rather thanliquid helium to cool the mirror to below 8 K (−265.15 °C)[2] (versus the80 K or so of a mirror cooled only byradiation like Herschel's) which provides substantially greater sensitivity in the 10–100μm infrared band (IR band); the telescope was intended to observe infrared light at longer wavelengths than theJames Webb Space Telescope. Its sensitivity would have been more than two orders of magnitude over both theSpitzer andHerschel space telescopes.[2]
SMI-LRS (Low-Resolution Spectroscopy): 17–36 μm. Its aim would have been the detection of PAH dust emission as a clue of distant galaxies and emission of minerals from planet formation regions around stars
SMI-MRS (Mid-Resolution Spectroscopy): 18–36 μm. Its high sensitivity for line emission with a relatively high wavelength resolution (R=2000) would have enabled the characterization of distant galaxies and planet formation regions detected by SMI-LRS
SMI-HRS (High-Resolution Spectroscopy): 12–18 μm. With its extremely high wavelength resolution (R=28000), SMI-HRS could study the dynamics of molecular gas in planet formation regions around stars
B-BOP (B-BOP stands for "B-fields with BOlometers and Polarizers"):[8] Imaging polarimeter operating in three bands, 100 μm, 200 μm and 350 μm. B-Bop would have enabled the polarimetric mapping of Galactic filamentary structures to study the role of magnetic fields in filaments and star formation.
Setting constraints on the emission of ground state Н2 emission from the first (population III) generation of stars
The detection of biomarkers in the mid-infrared spectra of exo-planets and/or the primordial material in protoplanetary disks
The detection of Н2 haloes around galaxies in the local Universe
With sufficient technical development of coronagraphic techniques: the imaging of any planets in the habitable zone in the nearest few stars
The detection of the far infrared transitions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the interstellar medium. The very large molecules thought to comprise the PAHs, and which give rise to the characteristic features in the near-infrared, have vibrational transitions in the far-infrared which are widespread and extremely weak
The direct detection of dust formation in super novae in external galaxies and the determination of the origin of the large amounts of dust in high redshift galaxies
^Goicoechea, J. R.; Isaak, K.; Swinyard, B. (2009). "Exoplanet research with SAFARI: A far-IR imaging spectrometer for SPICA".arXiv:0901.3240 [astro-ph.EP].
