| SF.260 | |
|---|---|
.jpg) A SF.260 of theLibyan Air Force | |
| General information | |
| Type | Trainer/Light attack |
| Manufacturer | SIAI-Marchetti Aermacchi Alenia Aermacchi Leonardo S.p.A. |
| Designer | |
| Status | In service |
| Primary users | Italian Air Force |
| Number built | 900 (2012)[1] |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1964–2017 |
| Introduction date | April 1966 (FAA certification)[2] |
| First flight | 15 July 1964 |
TheSIAI-Marchetti SF.260 (nowLeonardo SF-260)[3] is an Italian lightaircraft which has been commonly marketed as a militarytrainer andaerobatics aircraft.
The SF.260 was designed by Italian aircraft designerStelio Frati, while production work was originally performed byMilan-based aviation manufacturerAviamilano. On 15 July 1964, the firstprototype performed itsmaiden flight (then designatedF.260). Shortly thereafter, responsibility for production was transferred toSIAI Marchetti, who had purchased the rights to the design; manufacturing continued to be performed by this firm until the company was bought byAermacchi in 1997.
The SF.260 has been largely sold to military customers as a trainer and light combat aircraft. In addition, there have been limited civil sales to private operators; during the late 1960s, the type was marketed in theUnited States under the nameWaco Meteor. Armed military versions, sold as theSF.260W Warrior, proved to be popular with smallerair forces, which could arm the type for use in theclose air support role. Bothpiston-powered andturboprop-powered models have been developed.
During the early 1960s, Italian aircraft designerStelio Frati commenced work on a new three-seataerobatic design, which was primarily intended to serve as asport aircraft.[4] Unlike many of its peers of the era, it was developed to possess aerobatic capabilities akin to contemporarycombat aircraft, as well as being equipped forinstrument flight rules (IFR) flight.[5] This design drew heavily upon his previous projects, including thejet-poweredCaproni Trento F-5 prototype trainer and theFalco F8L twin-seat aerobatic aircraft, sharing the same wing and a similar structure to the Falco.[6] The envisioned aircraft, initially designated as theF.250 due to thehorsepower of its engine, was Frati's first all-metal aircraft.[6]
On 15 July 1964, the type performed itsmaiden flight.[6] In the aftermath of the maiden flight, prime responsibility for the type's manufacture was acquired fromAviamilano bySIAI Marchetti, which had purchased the rights to the design outright. Shortly after entering production, the SF.260 found itself in high demand by military customers, who often adopted it interchangeably as a military trainer or as a lightweight ground-attack aircraft.[5] Between 1964 and 1984, the majority of customers for the type were military, while a small number of private pilots had been able to obtain a few, although supply in this respect was constrained.[5]
During the late 1960s, the aircraft was marketed in theUnited States market as theWaco Meteor, although it had no connections of any form with theWaco Aircraft Company; the venture was relatively unsuccessful.[7] During the late 1970s and 1980s, American airline pilot Frank Strickler became a major reseller of the type, being credited with re-launching civil sales of the SF.260 in the region, acquiring them from SIAI Marchetti in small batches and individually selling them on to US-based customers.[5]
During the late 1970s, an improved model of the SF.260A, designated as theSF.260C, had replaced it in production.[8] This model featured various improvements, including redesigned tabs on theailerons, a strengthenedwing, a re-profiledaerofoil for improved low-speed handling, and an elongated tail/rudder. The SF.260C was designed for compliance with the requirements of military specifications.[8] The only structural difference between the SF.260C and its armed brethren, theSF.260W Warrior andSF.260SW Sea Warrior, is the presence of underwinghardpoints for attaching equipment and armaments.[8]
During 1980, SIAI Marchetti performed the first flight of aturboprop-powered SF.260TP, powered by anAllison Model 250 engine flat-rated at 350 shp.[9] This variant was marketed towards the military trainer market, which soon adopted the type. In August 1986,Gates Learjet was approached by SIAI Marchetti to modify the SF.260TP for it to be compliant with the requirements ofFederal Aviation Administration's (FAA)FAR Part 23, thus allowing it to be certified for civil use.[10] Modifications were made in order to achieve lower stall speed and greater payload capacity, these performance improvements were principally achieved through aerodynamic alterations, such as the adoption of 'shark's teeth' along the wing'sleading edge.[11]
In 1991–1992, SIAI-Marchetti proposed an updated SF.260, with an enlarged cockpit canopy and a revised fuel system to meet theUnited States Air Force's Enhanced Flight Screener competition. While the bid was unsuccessful (with theSlingsby T67 Firefly being preferred), it formed the basis for future production, as the fuel injected SF.260E and the normally aspirated SF.260F.[12] During 2005, a batch of thirty SF.260EA were delivered to theItalian Air Force for a total price of €33 million ($40 million).[13] This model, which had been specially developed to meet an Italian Air Force requirement for an advanced piston-engine aircraft, is used for screening and principal training activities.[13]
Production of the SF.260 continued at a low rate until 2017.[14] A total of 976 aircraft, including prototypes, were built.[15]
The SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 is a low-mountedcantilever wing monoplane, complete with a retractabletricycle undercarriage. It has been often praised for its sleek lines and sporty aesthetic appearance, while maintaining function as well, possessing jet-like handling as a result.[7] The construction is typically known for having a high level of workmanship, while exterior is extensively flush-riveted to reduceaerodynamic drag, except for a few locations such as theflaps and some fairings.[16] The SF.260 has a compact, dense structure which possesses ballistics similar to a jet aircraft, and is approved to performaerobatic manoeuvres.[2] In comparison to most single-engine aircraft, it possesses superior power loading and above average wing loading.[5]
The original model of the SF.260 was powered by a singleLycoming O-540 engine, capable of providing 260 hp.[5] The standard engine made use of acarburetor, while afuel injected engine was available as an optional extra.[8] The SF.260 has been described as having the power to be immune to the gyration-like effects ofturbulence and possessing a high rate of climb. During the 1980s, aerospace publicationFlying stated the SF.260 to be: "the fastest normally aspirated piston single in production".[5] The SF.260 holds the airspeed records for aircraft in its class over the 100 km (62 mi) and 1,000 km (620 mi) closed circuits.[citation needed] Later-built models often made use ofturboprop engines; the initial model to be equipped as such, designated as theSF.260TP, was powered by a singleAllison Model 250 engine, flat-rated at 350 shp.[9]
Thepilot and up to two passengers (or pilot and one student in trainer versions) are accommodated under a broad, extensively glazedcanopy.[2] The pilot, who accesses the aircraft via purpose-built walkways along the wing, would be typically seated on the right-hand side of the cockpit; military pilots are trained to control the aircraft using their right hand on the stick and their left on the throttle.[17]
While being a fully aerobatic aircraft, it possesses favourable handling qualities, including relatively tamestall characteristics. Controllability during stalls is augmented by vanes located on the wing tip tanks which accelerate airflow over the tips and ailerons.[8] The SF.260 is a relatively fast aircraft, complete with responsive controls; as a product of the latter, pilots need to maintain awareness of speed dips, although ample aerodynamic warning is typically present.[18] Piston-engined and turboprop-engined SF.260 models generally share similar handling and flight performance.[19] Speed limitations on the landing gear has been highlighted as a negative attribute.[20] In order to safely perform aerobatics, the rear seat has to be unoccupied and the tip tanks must be empty of fuel prior to commencing any such manoeuvers, reducing the SF.260's flight endurance to roughly one and a half hours.[21]
This small air force operated six Warriors[22] these Warriors were sold from thePhilippines viaBelgium in 1986, and were complemented by other four new Warriors coming directly from Italy,[22] and employed during theAgacher Strip War withMali in 1986. These aircraft were in service withEscadrille de Chasse ("Fighter Squadron") in theForce Aérienne du Burkina Faso (FABF), theBurkina Faso Air Force.[22]
Chad informed the United Nations that, during the conflict with Libya, it had destroyed eight Libyan Air Force SF.260WLs and captured nine others, besides destroying and capturing other equipment. As many as six former Libyan SF.260WLs may have been pressed into service with Chad's Air Force.By 1988, four SF.260Ws were identified as being in service, two of them were overhauled one year later in France.
In November 2006, Libya supplied Chad with four SF.260W aircraft, including crew, due to tensions between Chad and Sudan over theDarfur area. One newly supplied SF.260W was shot down on 28 November – its first mission in Chad – by rebel forces, killing the crew.[23]
Libya was a major customer of the SIAI Marchetti SF.260 with an order of 240 SF.260WLs. The first 60 aircraft were manufactured in Italy, while the others were delivered asknock-down kits, and assembled in a new plant inSebha, under the supervision of Italian technicians.[24]
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The SF.260WL was intended for pilot training, but was also used for ground support during thewar in Chad.[25] Dozens of Italian pilots served as instructors for Libyan cadets from 1977. Their number decreased in 1982, as they were supplemented by a group of 15 Libyan instructors, who had been trained at SIAI Marchetti's facilities in Italy.[26] Libyan SF.260s played an important role during the country's involvement in Chad. They were used as light ground attack aircraft, using machine gun pods, rockets and bombs. Their first known actions took place in February 1978, when they participated in air strikes on theChadian army garrison ofFaya-Largeau together withMil Mi-25 helicopters. As a result of the sustained bombardment, the majority of the 5,000 troops deployed there fled, and around 1,500 of them weretaken prisoners on February 18.[27]
Gaddafi finally succeeded in installing a generally pro-Libyan government inN'Djamena in 1979 (theTransitional Government of National Unity or GUNT). However, the new Chadiandefence minister,Hissène Habré, was fiercely anti-Libyan, and immediately started distancing himself from the rest of the government. This culminated in Habré's forces taking N'Djamena on 1 April 1980. Pro-Libyan factions fled to Libya, where they were reorganized and re-armed. These forces came back to Chad in October of the same year, together with theIslamic Legion. Once again, SF.260s were involved in heavy airstrikes onFaya-Largeau, together with Mi-25 helicopters,Mirage 5s andTupolev Tu-22s. The quasi-continuous bombardment, which lasted for almost a week, had a big impact on the morale of the defenders. Hence, the pro-LibyanGUNT forces easily took control of Faya-Largeau in early November 1980.[28]
After continuing the advance towards the south, by late November, pro-Libyan units had reached Dougia, only 60 kilometres north of N'Djamena. Libyan SF.260s were forward-deployed there, together with Mi-25s. On 8 December, these aircraft, joined on 12 December by Tu-22 bombers,D-30 howitzers, andM-46 field guns, started attacking N'Djamena. The week-long bombing caused a huge amount of destruction in the Chadian capital, and a number of civilian casualties that remains unknown today. After Habré fled toCameroon, resistance collapsed and his surviving fighters escaped toSudan.[28]
In August 1981, Gaddafi ordered theLibyan Arab Air Force to attack Habré's bases inside Sudan.[29] On 16 September, a SF.260 was shot down by ground fire near Junaina in theDarfur region of Sudan; both crew members were killed.[30]
In May 1982, Habré's forces came back to Chad from their Sudanese bases, and in June 1982 they expelled the GUNT from the capitalN'Djamena. Once again, its chiefGoukouni Oueddei had to flee to Libya with his remaining forces.[31] After another Libyan/GUNT offensive in 1983, France launchedOperation Manta, resulting in a general stalemate that lasted until 1986; pro-Libyan GUNT forces retained control of the northern parts of the country.[32] In February of that year, a new attack was launched towards the south, supported by SF.260s and helicopters. However, this offensive collapsed after only four days.[33]
Libyan SF.260s were used in the last phase of the conflict in Chad, theToyota War, which started in December 1986. In February 1987, SF.260s were involved in attacks againstFANT columns active in the area north ofFaya-Largeau, using unguided rockets. ChadianMANPADS teams armed withFIM-43 Redeyes and9K32 Strela-2s claimed to have shot down one LAAF SF.260 on 14 March nearFada.[34] Five days later, when Chadian forces ambushed a Libyan armoured column, another SF.260 was shot down, either by Chadian-operated Redeyes or byFIM-92 Stingers operated by a French special forces team from the11e régiment parachutiste de choc.[35] Moreover, twelve SF.260s were lost when Chadian forces overran the airfield at Ouadi Doum on 21 March, including five captured intact.[36] In an attempt to destroy as much of the captured equipment as possible, the Libyans heavily bombed the airfield from the air until late April. SF.260s were involved in these attacks. On 29 March, an SF.260 was claimed shot down by Chadian MANPADS north ofZouar.[37] Lastly, in 1988, as Chad and Libya were negotiating a settlement for the conflict, pro-Libyan insurgents were infiltrated into Sudan, from where they started attacking garrisons inside Chad. They were often supported by SF.260s, and one of these was shot down on 28 November, and its crew captured.[38]
The Libyan government supported friendly countries with arms, and several SF.260Ws were handed over to air forces such as those of Burkina Faso, Burundi, Nicaragua, Uganda and possibly others. In 1987 Chad reported to the United Nations the destruction of eight SF.260s and the capture of nine others during its border war with Libya; some of these secondhand Libyan aircraft may even have found their way onto the US market.[citation needed]
Alenia Aermacchi refurbished twelve SF.260 primary trainers for the Libyan Air Force; the work was performed jointly by Alenia Aermacchi and Tripoli-based Libyan-Italian Advanced Technology. The work included overhaul of the airframes and systems, including propellers and engines. Work began in late 2007 and ran through 2008.
During thecivil war, on May 7, 2011, this aircraft (along with a formation of pro-Gaddafi planes) was probably involved in a successful air raid over the rebel-held fuel depots atMisrata, setting them on fire.NATO failed to intercept the flight, despite the introduction of a no-fly zone over Libya in March. At the beginning of the uprising, one aircraft was crushed under a tank during a rebel attack on Misrata air base.[39]
As of 2013, at least six airframes are still in service with thenew Libyan Air Force and are involved in patrols and possibly airstrikes against smugglers in the porous and remote borders.
At least seven SF.260WLs were received by the Fuerza Aérea Sandinista as support from Libya in 1984–1985.[40] They may have been used in theCOIN role against theContras and in the pilot training role. No further details are known. Three SF.260s surfaced in the USA on the secondhand market, a fourth is slowly being rebuilt in Guatemala. No longer in service.
In the early 1970s, an order was placed for 48 SF.260s (32 SF.260M; 16 SF.260W). The first six were delivered in May 1973, replacing the Beech T-34A Mentor with 100th Training Wing at Fernando Air Base.[41]
The 15th Strike Wing on airbase Sangley Point received the SF.260W Warrior as an addition to the North American T-28 Trojans. They were possibly used in combat against rebel forces in the south of the Philippines. But little is known about its service life. In the early 1980s, the surviving Warriors were disarmed and transferred to the training role with 100th Training Wing.[41]
The Philippines Air Force signed with Agusta a contract for the delivery of 18 SF.260TP turboprops on 31 December 1991, replacing the SF.260M/W in the training role. The first SF.260TP was noted in country on 1 July 1993.[41]
Under "Project Layang" the Philippines Air Force plans to upgrade 18 SF.260M/W aircraft to the SF.260TP standard, by replacing the Lycoming piston engine with the Allison 250-B17D turboprop engine and newer avionics. The first upgraded SF.260 was delivered in 1996, no further details are available.[41][42]
The Philippines has finalized a deal with Alenia Aermacchi for 18 new-build SF.260F primary/basic trainers. All 18 were delivered by Aermacchi Italy which was locally assembled by Aerotech Industries Philippines by April 2011.[43]
Six Warriors were sold to Burkina Faso via Belgium in 1986.[44]
Despite an arms embargo, two batches of SF.260 aircraft were delivered in 1977. Because of the embargo, several buying teams travelled the world looking for suitable equipment. Through various routes, 17 SF.260C and 14 SF.260W aircraft arrived, the former to be used in the training role, while the warriors were being used for light attack duties and escort of convoys.In 1984–85, reportedly eight SF.260Ws were converted to SF.260TP standard by replacing the piston engine with a turboprop engine.
Six SF.260TPs were delivered to theSri Lanka Air Force (SLAF) in 1985, to be used in the pilot training role, although they were later brought into the government's effort to subdue theTamil Tigers. Two former factory demonstration aircraft were delivered in 1986 to replace lost aircraft, added by three new built aircraft in 1988. All SF.260 aircraft are based withNo. 1 Flying Training Wing on the airbaseSLAF Anuradhapura. The SF.260TP fleet was expanded in 1990–91 with the delivery of twelve former Myanmar SF.260Ws.The SF.260W fleet was withdrawn from use in 2001, being replaced by ChineseNanchang PT-6 aircraft. The SF.260TP fleet was also retired a few years later.
In 1990, theTurkish Air Force placed an order for 40 planes. The first six were produced in Italy and the remaining 34 were produced byTurkish Aerospace Industries in Turkey, under licence. All of the planes are used in training and are deployed at the 123rd Basic Training Squadron stationed atİzmir.[45]
It was announced at the 1997 Paris Salon that the Air Force of Zimbabwe had ordered six F.260F aircraft, thus becoming the first operator of this new model. All six should have been delivered in 1998.[citation needed]
Democratic Republic of the Congo (from 1971 to 1997
Zaire)
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Out of about 860 SF-260s produced, around 180 have been sold to civil users. Most of these are in private hands, although at least four airlines,Alitalia,Sabena,Royal Air Maroc andBritish Midland Airways purchased the aircraft as a trainer forairliner pilots. Air Combat USA operates 9 SF-260s.[64]
Data fromJane's All the World's Aircraft 1988–89[65]
General characteristics
Performance
| External videos | |
|---|---|
 Footage of SF260 Aerobatic Team Breitling Devils during training at Thiene Airport, Italy | |
| Mock combat involving an SF260 in a Hollywood movie | |
| In-cockpit view of a SF260 inflight |
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
