SARH with all missile model, andARH in 40N6E, 9M96E2, 9M96E and 9M96 missiles
TheS-400 Triumf (Russian:C-400 Триумф – Triumf; translation:Triumph;NATO reporting name:SA-21 Growler), previously known as theS-300 PMU-3,[4] is a mobilesurface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed in the 1990s by Russia'sNPO Almaz as an upgrade to theS-300 family of missiles. The S-400 was approved for service on 28 April 2007 and the first battalion of the systems assumed combat duty on 6 August 2007. The system is complemented by its successor, theS-500.
The development of the S-400 began in the early 1980s to replace theS-200 missile system, but was rejected by a state commission due to high cost and inability to address the threat of cruise missiles. In the late 1980s, the programme was revived in under the codename Triumf as a system capable of engaging aircraft at long range plus cruise missiles and stealth aircraft.[5] The Soviet government approved the Truimf programme on 22 August 1991, but the collapse of the Soviet Union put development into limbo. It was announced by the Russian Air Force in January 1993.[6] On 12 February 1999 successful tests were reported atKapustin Yar inAstrakhan, and the S-400 was scheduled for deployment by the Russian army in 2001.[7] The S-400 was officially revived on 7 July 1999, albeit as a modernization of the S-300PM rather than an S-200 replacement.[5] Alexander Lemanskiy of Almaz-Antey was the Chief Engineer on the S-400 project.
In 2003, it became apparent that the system was not ready for deployment. In August, two high-ranking military officials expressed concern that the S-400 was being tested with older interceptors from theS-300P system and concluded that it was not ready for deployment.[7] The completion of the project was announced in February 2004. In April, a ballistic missile was successfully intercepted in a test of the upgraded 48N6DM missile.[8][9] The system was approved for service by the government on 28 April 2007.[10] Russia had accepted for service the 40N6 long-range missile for the S-400 air-defence system, a source in the domestic defense industry told TASS news agency in October 2018.[11]
S-400 missile systems are organized around the30K6E administration system, which can coordinate eightdivizions (battalions).[14][15][16]The55K6E is a command and control center based on theUral-532301 vehicle. The91N6E[14] is a panoramic radar detection system with a 340 km (210 mi) range and protection against jamming, and is mounted on anMZKT-7930 vehicle.[better source needed] Six battalions of 98ZH6E surface-to-air missile systems (an independent combat system)[17] can track no more than six targets on their own,[18] with an additional two battalions if they are within a 40-kilometre (25 mi) range. The92N6E (or 92N2E) is a multi-functional radar with a 340-kilometre (210 mi) range, which can track 20 targets.[19] The 5P85TE2transporter-erector-launcher and the 5P85SE2 on a trailer (up to 12 launchers) are used for launch. The48N6E,48N6E2,48N6E3,48N6DM,9M96E,9M96E2, and the ultra-long-range40N6E missiles have been authorized by a Russian presidential decree.[20]
S-400 92N2 radar and 5P85T2
Optional elements of the S-400 (98ZH6E)[17][21] include the 15I6ME–98ZH6E, which extends coverage 30, 60, and 90 km (19, 38, and 57 mi) from that provided by the 30K6E. The96L6E[22] has a 300-kilometre (190 mi) detection range. The 40B6M is housing for the 92N6E or 96L6E radar. The Protivnik-GE is an anti-stealthUHF radar with a 400-kilometre (250 mi) range.[23] The Moscow-1 passive sensor is2+1⁄2 times more effective than the Protivnik, with a 400-kilometre (250 mi) range[24] Orion[25] for a target-designation on-the-air defense system, and the Avtobaza-M[26] and Orion+ Avtobaza add high-precision detection. The 1RL220BE[17][27] versions were reportedly used for jamming.[28] The 400-kilometre (250 mi)-range S-200D Dubna (SA-5c) missiles and S-300 P-family radar systems can be used without additional command-and-control centers.[29] S-300 (SA-20A, SA-20B) missiles may also be guided.[30]Beriev A-50[14] aircraft provide early warning and command-and-control target designation.[31]
The 30К6Е control system can be integrated with the[17] S-400 Triumf 98ZH6E system; the S-300PMU2 (through the 83М6Е2 control system); the S-300PMU1 (through the 83М6Е control system); theTor-M1 through theRanzhir-M battery-command post; thePantsir-S1 through the lead battery vehicle. TheProtivnik-GE andGamma-DE radars, integrated with the 92H6E radar system, enables communication between each battery withBaikal-E senior command posts and similar types; nearby 30К6Е, 83М6Е and 83М6Е2 administration systems; thePolyana-D4М1 command post; fighter-aircraft command post, and mobile long-range radars. The system'sVHF component provides sector search-and-tracking, with theX- andL-band components providing fine-tracking capability. Good placement of the radars relative to the threat axis enables the L- and X-band components to illuminate the incoming target from angles where the targetradar cross-section (RCS) is sub-optimal. The RLM-S and RLM-D have better elevation-tracking accuracy than the RLM-M, and theNebo-M should be capable of producing high-quality tracks suitable for mid-course guidance of modernsurface-to-air missiles and trajectory guidance of legacy SAMs.[32]
92N6A radar for S-400
TheGamma-C1E SHF mobile radar station has a 300-kilometre (190 mi) detection range.[33] The Nebo-M VHF mobile radar station and the Resonance-NE radar station have a detection range of 400 kilometres (250 mi), and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to an altitude of 500 metres (1,600 ft). All Nebo-family locators are doubled for army air defense.[34] During the 1970s, the long-range mobile UHF 5H87, and SHF 5H69 low-altitude locators were used.[35] A goal of the 1980s was detection at an altitude of 10 metres (33 ft) at a distance of 40 km (25 mi).[36] TheElbrus-90 computer is used to control the system.[37]
Components
According to the Almaz-Antey product brochure,[better source needed] the92N6E multi-function radar acts as the primary radar with an actual detection range of 340 km. An interceptor missile is highly dependent on 92N6E multi-function radar rather than Nebo-SVU high-altitude VHF radar.
The91N6E panoramic radar[38] has a declared targeting range of 150 km (93 mi)[39]Maximum targeting ranges (detection ranges are wider) are:
For targeting of strategic-bomber sized types: 340 km (210 mi)[better source needed]
96L6 high-altitude radar
The96L6 high-altitude detector (TSBS)[40][41] radar and equipment operates independently of the96L6E low-level radar detector. The 96L6E2 export version can track a maximum of 20 targets,[better source needed] and is resistant to false returns of clutter in mountainous terrain. It can perform the functions of a command post for battalions of S-300 (SA20/20A/20B)[42] or S-400. The 96L6-1[43] serves as command of S-400 and S-500 batteries.
PBU 55K6E command center[44] with a maximum distance between the command center and the battalion of 98ZH6E when re-transmitters are being used is 100 km (62 mi).
Missiles are launched from 5P85TE2 self-propelled launchers or 5P85SE2 trailer launchers operating in conjunction with a BAZ-64022 orMAZ-543M tractor-trailer. A new type of transporter was introduced in 2014 to improve mobility while reducing fuel consumption. The cost of transporters in 2014 is 8.7 million rubles.[45] The MAZ launcher chassis are reportedly of higher quality than the domestic equivalent.[46]
One system comprising eightdivizion (battalions) can control 72 launchers, with a maximum of 384 missiles[47] (including missiles with a range of less than 250 km [160 mi]).[48][49][better source needed] A gas system launches missiles from launch tubes. At 30 metres (98 ft) downrange rocket motor ignition activates.[30] In April 2015, a successful test firing of the missile was conducted at an airborne target at a range of 400 km (250 mi);[50][51]transporter erector launchers (TELs) carrying the long-range 40N6 may only hold two missiles instead of the typical four due to their large size.[52] Another test recorded a 9M96 missile using an active radar homing head that reached an altitude of 56 km (35 mi).[53] All missiles are equipped with directed explosion warheads, which increases the probability of complete destruction of aerial targets but are less effective against ballistic targets.[54] In 2016, Russian anti-aircraft missile troops received upgraded guided missiles for S-300 and S-400 defense systems.[55] The anti-aircraft version of the missile system, designed to destroy aircraft, cruise, and ballistic missiles, can also be used against ground targets.[56] The S-400 is able to interceptcruise missiles at a range of only about 40 km (25 mi) due to their low-altitude flight paths.[57]
Claimed high hit probability with one missile against fast, maneuvering targets. Aircraft = 0.9; UAV = 0.8; Cruise missile = 0.7.[14][62] Load factor of more than 20 g at 30 km (19 mi) altitude greatly increases the probability to destroy short- to medium-range ballistic missiles.[29]
The new anti-ballistic missiles 77N6-N and 77N6-N1 to enter service in 2022 supposedly add inert/kinetic anti-ballistic capability to the S-400 system and are too large for the SA-20.[66] The same missiles will also be used by theS-500, which has a clearly stated ABM role.[67]
Missile gallery
9M96E2 SAM at the 2017 MAKS airshow
9M96E2 SAM at the 2017 MAKS airshow
9M96E2-1 at the 2017 MAKS airshow
5P85TM TEL for S-400 missile system
5P85SE2 TEL for S-300PM2
5P85TE2 TEL
S-400 firing in 2020 at theAshuluk Training Ground
S-400 firing in 2013 at the Ashuluk Training Ground
A separate independent air defense system, the42S6 Morfey (Morpheus) is being developed. This system is designated as a short-range air defense system to protect the S-400 from various threats during its terminal phase, and will also act together with theS-350E as a supplement to the S-400. Together, these systems form part of theRussian Aerospace Defence Forces.[68]
Development of Morfey started in 2007 and was planned to be introduced in 2013, but was delayed until at least 2015, in 2023 the development is not completed.[69][70][71] The missile system consists ofomnidirectional 29YA6 radar and 36 missiles.[68] The missiles have up to 10 km (6.2 mi) range and an altitude of up to 3500 m.[68][72]
An external independent target system is in the works (RLS "Niobium"). Mobility looks to be in the 5 minute range. It uses multiple frequency capability (band S and UHF) with a declared detection parameter of a 1 square meter RCS at 430 km (270 mi) including a target speed of 8000 km/h (4791 mph, Mach 6.35). The detection system requires the operator to transfer command of targeting to subordinate systems; in this application, the maximum target speed is obtained by use of the subordinate systems.[73]
Ballistic missiles with low probability (range up to 3,500 km)[63][75]
All-purpose maximum radial velocity is 4.8 kilometres per second (17,000 km/h; 11,000 mph; Mach 14); absolute limit 5 kilometres per second (18,000 km/h; 11,000 mph; Mach 15),[63] the minimum target speed is zero.[17]
The complex can move on roads at 60 km/h (37 mph) and off-road at speeds up to 25 km/h (16 mph).[84]
According to thePravda state newspaper, the price of one battalion (about 7–8 launchers) is US$200 million.[85]
Deployment history
Russia
S-400 crew on duty
On 21 May 2007 the Russian Air Force announced that S-400 systems would be put on combat duty near the town ofElektrostal inMoscow Oblast, to defend Moscow and Central Russia, by 1 July 2007.[86] On 6 August 2007 the first regiment equipped with S-400 systems entered active service near Elektrostal, according to Channel One Russia. The regiment was the 606th Guards Anti-air Rocket Regiment, 9th PVO Division, 1st PVO Corps, of theSpecial Purpose Command.[87]
On 8 February 2008 Lt. Gen. Vladimir Sviridov announced that Russia would be replacing the S-300 systems in the northwest of Russia with the S-400. Military experts expect Russia's use of the system as a major component of their ballistic missile defense until 2020.[88]
In September 2006 Deputy Prime MinisterSergei Ivanov announced the purchase of 18 S-400 battalions for internal defense for the period 2007–2015.[89]
The Baltic Fleet in Kaliningrad received S-400 SAM systems which went into operational status in April 2012.[90] One S-400divizion is deployed on combat duty in the Russian far east city ofNakhodka.[91]
As of 2012, one system (in Electrostal) was operational, with three more S-400 battalions being deployed. All 56 battalions will be delivered by 2020.[92][needs update]
Russia plans to recommission theKirov-class battlecruiserAdmiral Nakhimov in 2023. Plans called for the installation of the 48N6DMK anti-aircraft missile derived from the land-based S-400. This will extend theKirov's air defense from 100 km (62 mi; 54 nmi) to 250 km (160 mi; 130 nmi).[93][needs update] Adm. Vladimir Korolev stated at that time that Russia's Northern Fleet's Coastal Forces had deployed S-400s.[94][95]
On 1 March 2016 the acting commander of the 14th Air Force and Air Defense Army, major general Vladimir Korytkov, said that six S-400 units had been activated at the air defense formation in Russia'sNovosibirsk Oblast.[96] TASS also reported that as of the end of 2015, a total of eleven Russian missile regiments were armed with S-400, and by the end of 2016 their number was expected to increase to sixteen.[96]
It was reported in November 2015 that S-400s would be deployed toSyria along with the contingent of Russian troops and other military hardware in the course of theair campaign conducted by the Russian forces in support of theSyrian government.[97] However, those claims were refuted by Russia.[98] On 25 November 2015 the Russian government announced it would deploy S-400s in Syria as a response to thedowning of its Su-24M jet by Turkey.[99] By the next day, deployment of S-400 air defense systems to Syria was underway.[100] The first S-400 unit was activated at theKhmeimim Air Base inLatakia Governorate.[101] In April and July 2017 a second S-400 unit was activated 13 km (8.1 mi) northwest ofMasyaf,Hama Governorate.[101] Although these systems are located in Syria, they are under the command of theRussian military and not theSyrian (norIranian) military,[102] making theRussian government liable if used against another state (that is, its use would be considered an attack by Russia rather than Syria).
On 22 May 2018Israeli Air Force commander Major GeneralAmikam Norkin reported thatIsrael became the first country in the world to use theF-35I Adir in combat duringrecent clashes with Iran in Syria.[103] In mid-2020, several media outlets, including Turkish media, questioned the combat capability of the S-400 air defense system.[104] In late December 2021, the Israeli Air Force flew military jets over areas protected by S-400 andPantsir SAM in Syria and bombed Iran-backedHezbollah militia based inLatakia.[better source needed] Russia operatesa naval base in the port ofTartus, 85 km (53 mi) to the south near theport of Latakia.[105][106] Considering the engagement range advertised by the Russians, the S-400 could have engaged Israeli aircraft but did not. Neither Russian fighter jets nor the S-400 systems attempted to intercept the Israeli aircraft.[102] It is widely believed thatRussia and Israel have an agreement that Israel will guarantee the safety of Russian personnel and assets duringits strikes on non-Russian targets in Syria and in return, Russia will not target Israeli aircraft nor repel Israeli strikes.[102]
Initial Ukrainian sources claimed that, on 25 February 2022, theSu-27 of Ukrainian ColonelOleksandr Oksanchenko was shot down by an S-400 overKyiv.[107]
In August 2022, Ukraine claimed that a 92N6E radar used in the S-400 SAM system was destroyed in Kherson region.[78]
On 16 October 2023, units from the Ukrainian Special Operations Forces carried out precision strikes targeting two key Russian airbases in Berdiansk and Luhansk destroying S-400 surface-to-air missiles.
On 30 October 2023, Ukraine launchedATACMS missiles with M39 munition[110] that destroyed Russia's S-400 surface-to-air missile in Luhansk Oblast.
On 23 August 2023,GRU released a video of two alleged elements of an S-400 battery being destroyed inOlenivka, Crimea, 120 km (75 mi) south of Kherson, by a barrage of Ukrainian missiles.[111][112] Ukrainian forces, according to Ukrainian media, used aR-360 Neptune and a drone to destroy the missile's radar.[113][114]
On 14 September 2023, Ukraine claimed to have destroyed a Russian S-400's radar nearYevpatoria, Crimea.[115] On 4 October 2023, Ukrainian kamikaze drone destroyed one radar and a missile launcher of S-400 system in Belgorod region.
In late October 2023, Russian sources claimed that the S-400 was used in conjunction with theBeriev A-50 flying radar to shoot at Ukrainian air targets with new warheads of anti-aircraft guided missiles.[116][117]
On 9 November 2023, theUK MoD intelligence assessment indicated that due to the destruction of "several" Russian S-400s in Ukraine, Russia may have to redeploy S-400 systems from "distant parts" of Russia's borders to Ukraine.[118][119]
On 19 April 2024, Ukraine launched ATACMS missiles at Russian military airfield in Crimea and destroyed Russia's S-400 launchers, three radars and Fundament-M air surveillance system.[120][121]
On 23 April 2024, Ukraine's Tivaz Artillery Battery launched American-madeHIMARS at Russia's S-400 missile system's 92N2 radar and 96L6 high-altitude radar and destroyed both of the radar system.[117][121]
On 28 April 2024, Ukraine launched multiple ATACMS missiles at Russian based in the occupied Crimean peninsula and destroyed Russian S-400 air defence systems.[121]
On 6 May 2024, Ukrainian forces reportedly destroyed a tracked version of Russian S-400 missile launcher in the occupied Zaporizhzhia region.[120]
On 30 May 2024, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) destroyed a RussianNebo-SVU long-rangeVHF surveillance radar system in Crimea.[122] The Nebo-SVU is a surveillance radar deployed as part of the S-400 missile system.[123]
Russians have been reported to use reprogrammed S-400 missiles to launch ballistic ground-to-ground attacks. In one such attack on 13 December 2023 out of 10 missiles fired at Kyiv, all were supposedly downed, but falling debris still caused some damage in residential regions. The missiles were most likely reprogrammed 48N6.[124][125]
On 3 June 2024, Ukrainian forces destroyed for the first time an S-400 air defence missile system in Belgorod using a U.S.-supplied M142 HIMARS rocket launcher.[126]
On 10 June 2024, Ukrainian forces struck a Russian antiaircraft missile system, including S-400 missile launchers in the Dzhankoy area in Crimea.[127] According to a Newsweek report, visual confirmation and satellite mapping confirmed that Russia lost fifteen air defence systems in Crimea, including missile launchers, power supply units and radar stations to Ukrainian ATACMS and drone strikes.[128]
On 2 August 2024, Ukraine struck four Russian S-400 surface-to-air missile systems in Crimea. According to CNN news, four S-400 systems were severely damaged by the Ukrainian attacks.[129][130]
On 24 November 2024, Ukraine struck one Russian S-400 surface-to-air missile systems in Kursk region. The S-400 missile launchers were targeted by U.S.-madeATACMS missile.[131]
On 27 January 2025, videos emerged of a 96L6E radar of the S-400 reportedly being hit by a Ukrainian HIMARS missile.[132][133]
On 29 August 2025, a video emerged of a Russian 91N6E radar of the S-400 reportedly being hit in Crimea by a Ukrainian drone.[134]
Belarus
In 2011 State Secretary of theUnion State of Russia and Belarus Pavel Borodin stated that Russia will supply the S-400 air defense system toBelarus.[135] On 1 December 2021 Belarus PresidentAlexander Lukashenko, in response to a reporter's question, replied that a Belarusian training center already has S-400 systems. The president said: "Yes. We train our guys in this training center. I'd like to ask the president [of Russia] to leave this system here."[136]
China
In March 2014, it was announced that Russian president Vladimir Putin had given authorization to sell the S-400 system toChina.[137] On 13 April 2015, the chief executive of the Russian state-run arms traderRosoboronexport confirmed that China secured a contract for the purchase of the S-400 air defense system.[138] Delivery of the system began in January 2018.[139] China test fired Russian S-400 systems for the first time in early August 2018.[140][141] Deliveries were reportedly postponed after the delivery of two S-400 units.[142]
The acquisition of S-400, reported to initially consist of six batteries, improves China's air space defense. A reported 400 km (250 mi) coverage range would allow China's defense to cover all of the Taiwan Straits and theDiaoyu Islands. Taiwan plans countermeasures usingsignals intelligence units to locate and destroy S-400 systems before they can be used.[143]
Turkey
In late 2017 Turkish and Russian officials signed a US$2.5 billion agreement for delivery of the S-400 air defense system toTurkey.[144][145] The US Secretary of State raised concerns over the deal,[146] which were rebuffed by President Erdogan and other Turkish officials, citing the US refusal to sell the upgradedMIM-104 Patriot to Turkey, considered to be an important American ally by the US. Turkey received its first installment of the Russian S-400 missile defense system on 12 July 2019.[147] On 17 July 2019, Turkey was suspended from theF-35 program, the US stating "F-35 cannot coexist with a Russian intelligence collection platform that will be used to learn about its advanced capabilities"[148] and on 14 December 2020, the US imposedCAATSA sanctions on Turkey.[149] As of 2020, 4 batteries consisting of 36 fire units and 192 or more missiles were delivered to Turkey.[150]
India
Contracts
A deal to purchase S-400 systems by India was first reported in October 2015.[151] On 15 October 2016, during theBRICS Summit, India and Russia signed an Inter-governmental Agreement (IGA) for the supply of five S-400 regiments toIndia.[152] On 1 July 2018, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by the thenDefence MinisterNirmala Sitharaman, cleared the procurement. The deliveries were expected to commence within 24 months after contract signing (October 2020) while they would complete all deliveries within 60 months (April 2023).[153][154] On 26 September 2018, theCabinet Committee on Security (CCS), headed by theprime ministerNarendra Modi further cleared the acquisition.[155] The US$5.43 billion deal (₹40,000 crore) was formally signed on 5 October 2018, ignoring the threat of US sanctions.[156][157]
In March 2021, U.S. Secretary of DefenseLloyd Austin discussed India's planned purchase of Russia's S-400 air missile system and warned that the purchase of S-400 could triggerCAATSA sanctions.[158]
On 5 August 2025, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) accorded the Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for the comprehensive annual maintenance contract of S-400 missile systems.[159][160] Russia is expected to set up an MRO facility in India for the missile system.[161]
In October, it was reported that top officials from the Indian defence ministry is expected to meet their Russian counterparts for the purchase of five additional systems of S-400. These systems will be either directly delivered from Russia or jointly manufactured in India. The cost of these systems will be based on the 2018 deal except for compensating the annual price escalations. The deal was expected to be cleared before the scheduled visit ofRussian president,Vladimir Putin, to India on 5 December. Reports also debunked the purchase of anyS-500 missile system by India.[162][163] The purchase is one of the agenda during the Modi-Putin discussions.[164][161]
As reported on 21 October 2025, the DAC is expected to approve a deal worth₹10,000crore (US$1.2 billion) to procure 280 missiles[165] to equip the S-400 systems. The approval is expected to be granted during the DAC meet scheduled on 23 October.[166] By 28 November, aRequest for Proposal was soon expected to be issued toRosoboronexport. This would be followed by clearance from the Cost Negotiation Committee (CNC) andCabinet Committee on Security (CCS), with the deal set to be finalised by the end offiscal year.[167][161]
On 12 February 2026, the DAC accorded the Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for the purchase of 120 short-range missiles and 168 long-range missiles under Fast Track Procurement (FTP) mode. The Air Force is also preparing acase for acquisition of five additional S-400 systems as well asPantsir missile system.[168]These missiles are expected to replenish stocks used during the 2025 India-Pakistan conflict.[169]
Delivery of the remaining two systems are likely to be dependent on the resolution of issues such as insurance and establishment of mechanism for balance payments which are delayed due to sanctions on Russia due to Russo-Ukrainian war. Delivery expectations were later revised to August 2026.[178][179][180]
In February 2025, it was reported that in the fourth regiment is to be delivered by the end of the year while the last regiment would be delivered by 2026.[175] As of November 2025, Both the regiments are now expected to be delivered by November 2026.[161]
Organisation
The S-400 system is named Sudarshan Chakra in Indian service, afterSudarshan Chakra[181] and is unified with theIntegrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS). Each battalion is composed of two batteries. Each battery (or firing unit) is equipped with 6 launchers, a radar and a control center with 128 missiles. A battalion has a total of 16 vehicles. India bought a total of 60 launchers with around 6,000 missiles including 9M96E2 (120 km), 48N6E2 (200 km), 48N6E3 (240 km) and 40N6E (380 km).[172][175][155]
Service history
In July 2024, during an air defence exercise of the Indian Air Force, the S-400 system 'shot down' 80% of the 'aggressor aircraft'. Some Indian jets were used as aggressor jets which were tracked, targeted andlocked on by the S-400 system.[181][182]
India claimed stellar performance for its S-400 air defense system in 2025 India–Pakistan conflict.[183]
On 10 May 2025, it was claimed by several media outlets that an IAF S‑400 system intercepted and destroyed a PAF AWACS aircraft approximately 314 km inside Pakistani airspace.[184][185][186]
In August 2025, Indian Air Chief MarshalAmar Preet Singh claimed India had, in May, shot down five Pakistani fighters. Singh also stated that in addition, a "large aircraft" had been shot down at a distance of 300 km, and described it as the "largest-ever recorded surface-to-air kill that we can talk about". The Marshall attributed most of the downed aircraft to the S-400 system. Pakistan has rejected these claims.[187][188]
During the 2025 India–Pakistan conflict, the Pakistan Air Force had claimed they destroyed components of India's S‑400 air defence system deployed atAdampur Air Force Station.[189]TheIndian Ministry of External Affairs however rejected Pakistan's claim of damage to the S-400 system.[190][191][192][193][194].Later, the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi visited the Adampur Air Force Station in Punjab on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 system that appeared visually undamaged.[195][196] The system was also presented as a part of India'sRepublic day parade in 2026.[197]
Foreign interest
Saudi Arabia
In September 2009 the S-400 was reportedly part of a US$2 billion arms deal between Russia andSaudi Arabia.[198] The Saudis wanted to acquire the S-400, but Russia was only willing to sell S-300 air defense system at the time.[199] By November 2019 the deal had still not been finalized.[200] Saudi Arabia is no longer considering the Russian S-400 air defense system, following the kingdom's deal for an American alternative. The AmericanTerminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system has been cleared for sale to the Saudis by theU.S. State Department. The sale of the THAAD package sold to Saudi Arabia is estimated at $15 billion in 2017 dollars.[201]
Iran
In June 2019 some Iranian officials expressed interest in procuring the S-400 missile system to further improve its defense capabilities along with the previously purchasedS-300PMU2. Russia stated at the time it was ready to sell the S-400 system to Iran if an official request was made.[citation needed] In November 2024, Davood Sheikhian, deputy for operations of theIRGC Aerospace Force, stated that Iran never requested the S-400 systems, and that Iran's current capabilities were far superior to them, additionally stating that Iran is actively using the S-300.[202] This is in contradiction both to reports from Iran's media outlets addressing its attempts to acquire the S-400, and to other reports of the disabling of all active S-300 systems belonging to Iran duringIsraeli airstrikes.[202] An Iranian lawmaker said on 23 September 2025 that S-400s are being supplied to Iran "in significant numbers".[203]
Egypt
In February 2017Sergey Chemezov, CEO ofRostec, stated that Egypt was interested in the S-400 air defense system. He explained that Russia offered to sell Egypt either theAntey-2500 or S-400. According to Chemezov, the negotiations were delayed due to Egypt's financial issues.[204]
Iraq
In February 2018Iraqi Minister of Foreign AffairsIbrahim al-Jaafari confirmed ongoing rumors that his country had shown interest in the S-400 and that negotiations with Russia were underway.[205][206][207] In May 2019 Iraq's ambassador to Russia, Haidar Mandour Hadi, said the Iraqi government had decided to procure the S-400 air defense system.[208]
Serbia has also expressed interest in the system.[211][212]
Foreign variant
South Korea
South Korea is developing theKM-SAM, a medium-range SAM system based on technology from the 9M96 missile, with assistance fromNPO Almaz. The prime contractor isHanwha Group (formerly Samsung-Thales, a defunctjoint venture between South Korea'sSamsung and France'sThales).[213] The KM-SAM will consist of anX-band multifunction radar vehicle built by Hanwha in technical cooperation with Almaz,[214] withfire control andTEL vehicles built byDoosan.[215] Missiles will be provided byLIG Nex1.[216]
Operators
Current operators: Russia, Algeria,[217] Belarus,[136] China,[218] Turkey,[219] India
Indian Air Force – A contract was signed in October 2018 during an official meeting between Russia's presidentVladimir Putin and India's prime ministerNarendra Modi in New Delhi. The deal, worth US$5.43 billion, includes delivery of the 1st regiment of the S-400 beginning November 2021. India deployed the 1st regiment of the S-400 in April 2022. 3 regiments delivered, with 2 more to join by August 2026.[179][180]
S-400 surface-to-air missile systems during the Victory parade 2010
S-400 system during a rehearsal for Russia's 2009 Victory Day parade in Moscow.
Russian 15.00 rubles stamp commemorating the 150th anniversary of theObukhov State Plant
9M83ME and 9M82ME SAM for S-300VM Antey-2500 missile system and 48N6E3 SAM for S-400 system
The self-propelled launch vehicle 5P90S on a BAZ-6909-022 chassis for the S-400 system
The all-altitude detection radar 96L6E of S-300/400 systems, mounted on the chassis of MZKT-7930
The BAZ-69092-021 towing vehicle for the 5I57A power generator and the 63T6A power converter for the S-400 system
76N6 Clam Shell FMCW acquisition radar is used to support the Flap Lid SA-10 fire control radar. NATO code name: "Clam Shell."
The BAZ-69092-021 towing vehicle for the 5I57A power generator and the 63T6A power converter for the S-400 system
Two 5P85SM surface-to-air missile launchers and a 92Н6 radar guidance at Russia'sKhmeimim airbase in Syria
Anti-access/area denial bubble created byIskander-M and S-400 systems deployed at Russia'sKhmeimim airbase in Syria. Red – ballistic missile range (700 km). Blue – maximum range of the S-400 system with 40N6 missile (400 km).
^Sudakov, Dmitry (25 September 2017)."Russia's S-400 air defence systems for NATO armies". Pravda Report.Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved3 November 2018.The S-400 works equally well in 360 degrees of activity area. Its phased array radar antenna with Elbrus-90 computer ensures the detection range of up to 600 kilometres.
^"С-400 против MEADS" [S-400 against MEADS].Правда.Ру (in Russian). 27 February 2013.Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved14 November 2014.
^"Systém S-400 připraven k obraně Moskvy" [The S-400 system is ready to defend Moscow].ATM online (in Czech). CS.RIA Novosti. 31 May 2007. Archived fromthe original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved9 December 2010.... S-400 ... will be put in full combat readiness to defend Moscow and central Russia (near the city of Elektrostal in the Moscow Region) on 1 July 2007.
^"Russia to Belarus fearing of Ukraine".Charter 97.org. 15 April 2008.Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved10 December 2010....sources report the regiment based at Elektrostal is the 606th Guards Anti-air Rocket Regiment, 9th PVO Division, 1st PVO Corps, of the Special Purpose Command
^Оружия не хватит – Для переоснащения армии нет средств [The Army cannot afford enough weapons for retooling].Vedomosti (in Russian). 8 August 2008.Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved9 December 2010.LG-2015 provides for... the purchase of... 18 anti-aircraft missile battalions of S-400
^abc"When Israel bombs Syria, Russia turns a blind eye | Nikola Mikovic".AW. 3 January 2022. Retrieved9 January 2022.That night, neither Russia's S-400 nor Syria's air defence systems attempted to hit the Israeli planes. The truth is, Russia never activates its air defence systems against Israeli jets. Such passivity is believed to be part of a wider deal between the two countries. After the Kremlin started its military adventure in Syria in 2015, it reached an agreement with the Jewish State: Israel reportedly pledged to guarantee the safety of Russian citizens and military installations in Syria during its strikes on Iranian militias and Syrian military targets. In return, Moscow promised not to use its weapons to repel Israeli attacks. [...] Although the Russian military operating in Syria has the power to prevent Israel from hitting Iranian and Syrian targets, Russia constantly turns a blind eye to Israel's activity in Syria. The attack on Latakia port was no exception.
^Beirut, Agence France-Presse in (28 December 2021)."Israeli airstrike sets port of Latakia ablaze, says Syrian media".The Guardian.Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved9 January 2022.The Syrian government's other major ally, Russia, operates a naval base in the port of Tartus, 53 miles (85 km) to the south.
^"Israeli attack on Syria port causes 'significant material damage'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved9 January 2022.Russia, which has been President Bashar al-Assad's most powerful ally during the war, alongside Iran, operates an airbase at Hmeimim, some 20 km (12 miles) south of the city.
^Dominguez, Gabriel (18 January 2018)."Russia begins delivering S-400 air defence systems to China, says report".Jane's Information Group.Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved19 January 2018.Russia has begun delivering the Almaz-Antei S-400 Triumf self-propelled surface-to-air missile (SAM) system to China under the terms of a contract signed in 2014, TASS news agency cited an unnamed source close to the Russian military-industrial complex as saying on 18 January.
^abGould, Joe (29 June 2020),"US could buy Turkey's Russian-made S-400 under Senate proposal",Defense News website, retrieved2 September 2022,Senate Majority Whip John Thune, R-S.D., has proposed an amendment to the 2021 National Defense Authorization Act that would allow the purchase to be made using the U.S. Army's missile procurement account. The move comes a year after the U.S. expelled NATO ally Turkey from the multinational F-35 program because it received the S-400 in a $2.5 billion deal.
^"Serbia and S400". TASS. 6 November 2019.Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved2 December 2021.
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