TheRyukyu Disposition (琉球処分,Ryūkyū shobun;Okinawan:Ruucuu-sjubn),[2][3] also called theRyukyu Annexation (琉球併合,Ryūkyū heigō)[4][5][6] or theannexation of Okinawa,[7][8] was the political process during the early years of theMeiji period that saw the incorporation of the formerRyukyu Kingdom into theEmpire of Japan asOkinawa Prefecture (i.e., one of Japan's"home" prefectures) and its decoupling from theChinese tributary system.[9][10] These processes began with the creation of theRyukyu Domain in 1872 and culminated in the kingdom's annexation and final dissolution in 1879; immediate diplomatic fallout and consequent negotiations withQing China, brokered byUlysses S. Grant, effectively came to an end late the following year.[1][11] The term is also sometimes used more narrowly in relation to the events and changes of 1879 alone.[12] The Ryūkyū Disposition has been "alternatively characterized as aggression, annexation, national unification, or internal reform".[9]
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Early in theEdo period, with theinvasion of 1609, theRyukyu Kingdom entered into a vassal-suzerain relationship with the JapaneseSatsuma Domain, also sendinga series of missions over the following two hundred and fifty years toEdo, thede facto capital ofTokugawa Japan.[13][14] At the same time, the Kingdom continued its tributary relationship withImperial China, bothreceiving andsending missions; this dual status is sometimes reflected through afour character idiom that means "belonging to the family both ofNippon andShina" (日支両属).[12][14] Thus the political status ofthe Ryūkyūs vis-à-vis the rest of Japan was exceptional in at least three ways: part of thehan system, but not directly; ruled over bykings; and the locus of semi-autonomous diplomatic ties with foreign powers, despitesakoku or the "closed country" policy.[12]
The years following theMeiji Restoration of 1868 saw not only theabolition of thehan system (Ryūkyū subject for the time being to the jurisdiction ofKagoshima Prefecture) but also efforts to "consolidate" the borders of the newnation state.[1][12] With theMudan incident, the massacre of dozens of shipwreckedRyūkyūans (from theMiyako Islands) inQing-ruled Taiwan in 1871, the "Ryūkyū problem [zh]" was brought to the fore.[1][12] In May the following year, negotiations with China over the incident still ongoing,Vice Treasury MinisterInoue Kaoru proposed annexation of the Ryūkyūs, arguing that they had long been subordinate to Satsuma, and that their "return to Japanese jurisdiction" would allow for a "single system for the homeland".[8][11]
In the New Year of 1872,Narahara Shigeru andIjichi Sadaka [ja] crossed to Ryūkyū where, in discussion with court officials, they agreed to waive the Kingdom's former debts to theShimazu clan of Satsuma.[10] Then in July, the Ryūkyū government was informed it should send its congratulations on the success of theMeiji Restoration.[8]Prince Ie andGinowan Uēkata were duly dispatched to Tōkyō, arriving early in September.[8] Meeting with theMeiji Emperor on the 14th, they presented their letter (originally signed by "King of Ryūkyū,Shō Tai, Kingdom of Ryūkyū", but amended in consultation with theMinistry of Foreign Affairs to "Shō Tai of Ryūkyū") and listened to a speech by the Emperor in which he referred to the long history of subordinate status to Satsuma.[8][15] The Emperor also hadMinister of Foreign AffairsSoejima Taneomi read out an Imperial Proclamation in whichShō Tai was elevated to "King of the Ryūkyū Domain" (琉球藩王,Ryūkyū Han Ō) (despite the earlierabolition of the han system).[8][15] According toGregory Smits, "Strictly speaking, the establishment of the Domain of Ryukyu marked the start of theRyūkyū shobun."[11] This was followed a fortnight later by a decree of theDajō-kan whereby the treaties agreed in the 1850s between the Ryūkyūs and USA, France, and the Netherlands were inherited by Tōkyō.[8]
In May 1874, Japan launched apunitive expedition against Taiwan; Britain acting as mediator, in the peace settlement of 31 October that year, China not only agreed to pay an indemnity but also referred to the Ryūkyūans as "subjects of Japan" (日本国属民), a fact described the following year byGustave Boissonade as "the happiest outcome of the treaty".[8][11][12] Meanwhile, on 12 July 1874, responsibility for the Ryūkyūs was transferred from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to theHome Ministry.[8] In November 1874, the Ryūkyū government sent atributary mission to China, drawing criticism from Home MinisterŌkubo Toshimichi, who set out in a report of enquiry a number of steps to be taken to address the Ryūkyū Domain's adherence to "ancient outdated laws" and failure to see "reason", while senior Domain officials were summonsed to Tōkyō.[8]
In March 1875, the Japanese government decided upon the "disposition" of the domain.[8] Home Ministry officialMatsuda Michiyuki was appointed Disposition Officer (処分官) and sent with over seventy envoys to Ryūkyū.[8] EnteringShuri Castle on 14 July, they met withPrince Nakijin, Shō Tai being indisposed, and presented a list of nine demands: (1) an end to the sending of tributary and congratulatory missions to China, and (2) to the reception of Chinese envoys in return; (3) adoption ofJapanese era names; (4) the dispatch of three officials to Tōkyō in relation to implementation of a new code of criminal law; (5) reform of Domain administration and hierarchies; (6) the dispatch of ten or so students to Tōkyō for study; (7) abolition of theRyūkyū-kan inFujian; (8) a visit to Tōkyō by the King; and (9) the establishment of a Japanese garrison.[8] The local government agreed to the sending of officials and students and to a minimal garrison, while rejecting sole use of the Japanesenengō, domestic reform (citing societal differences), and restriction of its diplomatic rights, excusing Shō Tai from travel due to his illness.[8] In his report toPremierSanjō Sanetomi of 25 September, a frustrated Matsuda made mention of the possible future abolition of Ryūkyū Domain and establishment in its place ofOkinawa Prefecture.[8]
In September 1876, a barracks was completed near the port ofNaha and twenty-five soldiers from the Kumamoto garrison installed.[8] Three months later, the Ryūkyū Domain sent a secret mission to China, where they drew attention to Japanese interference in theirtributary missions.[8] In 1878, Chinese diplomat He Ruzhang would meet twice with Minister of Foreign AffairsTerashima Munenori to complain of the end to diplomatic relations with Ryūkyū.[8] A few months earlier, Ryūkyū representatives in Tōkyō sent secret letters to their US, French, and Dutch counterparts to complain of Japan's treatment and attempt to secure assistance.[8][15] Some fourteen petitions were also submitted to the Japanese government, requesting a return to the old system of dual allegiance, arguing that "Japan is our father, China our mother", but meeting with the response that "to serve two emperors is like a wife serving two husbands".[15] At the close of the year, Home MinisterItō Hirobumi having taken the decision to replace the domain with a prefecture, Ryūkyū officials were expelled from Tōkyō and their official residence in the city closed.[8][15]
In January 1879,Matsuda sailed south a second time, meeting with Domain officials inShuri and reading out a message fromSanjō Sanetomi demanding severance of diplomatic ties with China.[12][15] By letter and through his officials, Shō Tai responded that failure to pay tribute and offer congratulations would be punished by China, and sought understanding for the difficulty of his position".[15] On 11 March 1879, Matsuda received his instructions from Sanjō Sanetomi to travel to Ryūkyū once more.[8] This time he took with him, in addition to thirty-two officials from the Home Ministry and nine other officers, one hundred and sixty policemen, and three[12] or four[8] hundred soldiers, from the Kumamoto garrison.[8][12] Arriving in Naha on the 25th, two days later Disposition Officer Matsuda gave notice toPrince Nakijin that, on the last day of the month,Ryūkyū han would be abolished andOkinawa ken instituted, instructing thatShuri Castle be vacated by that date.[8][12] On the 29th the king departed and two days later Matsuda marched unopposed with his men intoShuri Castle.[1][11] On 5 April, on the front page of theYomiuri Shimbun, theDajō-kan announced to the public that Ryūkyū Domain had been abolished and Okinawa Prefecture created in its place.[1] A few days later, the Emperor sentTominokōji Hironao [ja] to enquire into Shō Tai's health and invite him to Tōkyō, placing theMeiji Maru at the former king's disposal; Shō Tai's illness ongoing, Tominokōji returned instead withShō Ten.[15] After some further weeks of delay, possibly with a view to giving China time to intervene (leading Ryūkyūans crossed over to the continent and a letter fromPrince Gong was sent to the Japanese ministry in Beijing drawing attention to China's respect for Ryūkyū's sovereignty and calling on Japan to abandon its plans, the response being that this was an internal affair and other countries had no right to interfere), on 27 MayShō Tai sailed for Tōkyō, where, after an audience with the Emperor, he took up his position asMarquis in thekazoku peerage system.[1][11][15]
AsSmits notes, however, the "issue of Ryukyuan sovereignty ... was not yet settled in the international arena".[11] With the Qing government vehemently protesting the annexation, spurred on byhawks advocating armed resolution, the Ryūkyū question became an important contributing factor in the build up to theFirst Sino-Japanese War.[12] At the urging ofLi Hongzhang, and after mediation byvisiting former US PresidentUlysses S. Grant, in 1880 Japan entered into negotiations with China.[11][12] Both sides proposed to divide the Ryūkyūs: Japan offered to hand over some of its home territory, in the form of theYaeyama Islands andMiyako Islands, in return for revision of theSino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty, whereby Japan might trade in the interior of China and be accordedmost favoured nation status; the Chinese proposedAmami Ōshima and thesurrounding islands go to Japan,Okinawa to the Ryūkyū King, and the Yaeyama and Miyako Islands to China, which would then restore them to the Ryūkyū King.[11][12] Negotiations reached an advanced stage, but at the end of the year China refused to ratify the agreement and thestatus quo continued.[11][16] Meanwhile, in its "Memorandum of Japan's sovereign rights to the Ryūkyū Islands, in response to the Chinese government's protest", the Meiji government advanced a number of factors in support of the legitimacy of its claims, citing geographic, historic, racial, linguistic, religious, and cultural propinquity, and stated that, with the abolition of thehan, Ryūkyū was the final domestic territory to be reformed and brought under centralized government control.[1] Within Okinawa itself, Japan's victory in theFirst Sino-Japanese War brought any lingering discontent to an end.[12]
After the war, the termRyūkyū shobun saw reuse in relation to the status of the Ryūkyūs per Article 3 of theTreaty of San Francisco, to representatives of Okinawa being left out of talks relating toReversion, and to the failure of the Japanese government to live up to the promises made during these negotiations.[1]Prime MinisterSatō Eisaku was even accused in theDiet of contributing to a newRyūkyū shobun in the context of the lack of Okinawan representation in the Reversion negotiations.[1] On the occasion of the second anniversary of Reversion, theOkinawa Times referred to this as theOkinawa shobun.[1] More recently, editorials in theRyūkyū Shimpō and elsewhere have used the termRyūkyū shobun in relation to thequestion of US military bases on Okinawan soil.[1]
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