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Ryōkan | |
|---|---|
| Title | Rōshi |
| Personal life | |
| Born | 1758 (1758) |
| Died | 18 February 1831(1831-02-18) (aged 72–73) |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Buddhism |
| School | Sōtō |
Taigu Ryōkan (大愚良寛[1];Japanese pronunciation:[ɾʲoꜜː.kaɴ],[2] 1758 – 18 February 1831[a]) was a quiet and unorthodoxSōtōZen Buddhist monk who lived much of his life as ahermit.Ryōkan is remembered for hispoetry andcalligraphy, which present the essence of Zen life.
Ryōkan was bornEizō Yamamoto (山本栄蔵,Yamamoto Eizō) in the village ofIzumozaki in Echigo Province (nowNiigata Prefecture) inJapan to the village headman. He renounced the world at an early age to train at nearby Sōtō Zen templeKōshō-ji, refusing to meet with or accept charity from his family. Once the Zen masterKokusen visited the temple, and Ryōkan was deeply impressed with his demeanour. He solicited permission to become Kokusen's disciple. Kokusen accepted, and the two returned toEntsū-ji monastery in Tamashima (nowOkayama Prefecture).
It was at Entsū-ji that Ryōkan attainedsatori and was presented with anInka by Kokusen. Kokusen died the following year, and Ryōkan left Entsū-ji to embark on a long pilgrimage. He lived much of the rest of his monastic life as ahermit. His decision to leave Entsū-ji may have been influenced byGentō Sokuchū, the abbot of the temple. At the time, Gentō was aggressively reforming theSōtō school to remove perceived 'foreign' elements, includingkōan. The scholarMichel Mohr suggests Ryōkan may have been in disagreement with Gentō's efforts.[3]
Ryōkan spent much of his time writingpoetry, doingcalligraphy, and communing with nature. His poetry is often very simple and inspired by nature. He loved children, and sometimes forgot to beg for food because he was playing with the children of the nearby village. Ryōkan refused to accept any position as a priest or even as a "poet." In the tradition of Zen his quotes and poems show he had a good sense of humour and didn't take himself too seriously.
Ryōkan lived a very simple life, and stories about his kindness and generosity abound. On his deathbed, Ryōkan offered the followingdeath poem toTeishin, his close companion:
In 1826 Ryōkan became ill and was unable to continue living as a hermit. He moved into the house of one of his patrons, Kimura Motouemon, and was cared for by a young nun called Teishin. "The [first] visit left them both exhilarated, and led to a close relationship that brightened Ryōkan's final years".[5] The two of them exchanged a series ofhaiku. The poems they exchanged are both lively and tender. In his later years, as reflected in his devotional poetry, Ryōkan also adopted elements ofPure Land Buddhism into his practice, chantingnembutsu and aspiring for birth inAmida'sPure Land.[6][7] Ryōkan died from his illness on the 6th day of the new year 1831. "Teishin records that Ryōkan, seated in meditation posture, died 'just as if he were falling asleep'".[8]
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It is common practice for a monk to abstain from eating meat. Once a young monk sat to dinner with Ryōkan and watched him eat fish. When asked why, Ryōkan replied, “I eat fish when it's offered, but I also let the fleas and flies feast on me [when sleeping at night]. Neither bothers me at all.”
It is said Ryōkan only slept with most of his body inside of a mosquito net so that he would not hurt the bugs outside.
Ryōkan was fond of rice wine and would sometimes drink it to excess. "I send one of the children to buy some country wine/ And after I'm drunk, toss off a few lines of calligraphy."[9]
Ryōkan attended the midsummer Bon Festivals. Because he was a monk, he would normally be unable to attend, but sneaked in disguised as a woman.
Ryōkan hated waste, and so any food that he was offered that he did not eat, he put into a little pot. Over time, the food rotted and became filled with maggots and other bugs. When warned against eating it, all Ryōkan said was, “No, no, it's all right. I let the maggots escape before I eat it and it tastes just fine!”
One evening a thief visited Ryōkan's hut at the base of the mountain only to discover there was nothing to steal. Ryōkan returned and caught him. "You have come a long way to visit me," he told the prowler, "and you should not return empty-handed. Please take my clothes as a gift." The thief was bewildered. He took the clothes and slunk away. Ryōkan sat naked, watching the moon. "Poor fellow," he mused, "I wish I could have given him this beautiful moon." This story may be an interpretation of an account mentioned by Ryōkan in ahaiku:
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