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Rutul orRutulian[2][3] is a language spoken by theRutuls, an ethnic group living inDagestan (Russia) and some parts ofAzerbaijan. It is spoken by 30,000 people in Dagestan (2010 census)[4] and 17,000 (no date) in Azerbaijan.[5] The wordRutul derives from the name ofa Dagestani village where speakers of this language make up the majority.[6][7]
Among the languages of the Lezgic group, Tsakhur appears to be the closest relative of Rutul.[13] Other than these two, there are seven more languages in the Lezgic group, namely: Lezgian, Tabasaran, Aghul, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi.
Rutul was not a written language until the writing system for it (based onCyrillic) was developed in 1990. A Latin alphabet was developed in 2013 based on the Shin-Shorsu dialect.[14] Speakers are often bilingual or multilingual, having a good command of theAzeri,Lezgian and/orRussian languages. The literary version of the language remains in the process of development. In the Rutul-populated regions of southern Russia, Rutul is taught in primary schools (grades 1 to 4).[6][full citation needed]
Before the Russian Revolution, the Rutuls used theArabic script. In the Arabic script (Ajami), as a written source, the text of the song in the Ikhrek dialect of the Rutul language of the ashug of the 18th centuryKur Rajaba is known.[16] In 1913,Adolf Dirr [ru] created a Cyrillic-based alphabet for Rutul. The modern Rutul alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was introduced in 1990.[17] Arabic was used, among other things, when writing scientific papers. Turkish (Azerbaijani) was also used in everyday life. The founders of the Rutul script and the compilers of the Rutul alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet are S.M. Makhmudova,[18][19] K.E. Jamalov,[20] G.K. Ibragimov.[21] In 1992 prof. Makhmudova S. M. and Jamalov K. E. published an ABC book in Rutul for grade 1 students - “Alifba: 1-classad kitab”.[18][22] In this edition, in addition to the previously adopted alphabet, thedigraphДздз was introduced.[23] After that, three more school textbooks of the Rutul language were published:Мыхаӏд чӏел (grades 2 and 4), Recipes by S. M. Makhmudova andРутул чӏел by E. Ismailova. In 2012-2013 a textbook on the Rutul language for universities was published: Grammar of the Rutul language, Part 1-2 by S. M. Makhmudova. In 2006, Dzhamalov K. E. and Semedov S. A. released a Rutul-Russian dictionary (Ihrek dialect)[20] In this edition, the letterЬ ь was excluded from the alphabet, butАьаь was included.[23] In 2019, the Rutul-Russian dictionary by A. S. Alisultanov and T. A. Suleimanova was published.
The Rutuls have a rich literature dating back to the 11th century with the name of Zeinab Hinavi, an Albanian poet. The classic of Rutul, Lezgin and Azerbaijani poetry is the eighteenth-century ashug Kur-Rajab. In the 20th and 21st centuries, Rutul literature was developed and developed by Jameseb Salarov, Nurakhmed Ramazanov, Magomed Ulileev, Musa Makhmudov, Ezerchi, Yusif Medzhidov, Sakit Kurbanov, Shafi Ibragimov, Veysal Cherkezov and others. In 2008, the first generalizing work "Rutul literature" was published, which provides information about Rutul writers, poets and ashugs.
The writing system for the Rutuls of Azerbaijan was developed in 2013 based on the dialect of the village ofŞin. When developing this alphabet, it was proposed to write the pharyngealized vowel[ɨˤ] with the letterı;. The authors of the alphabet also proposed a more logically consistent system for denoting velar consonants, but it was rejected as not coinciding with the system adopted in the Azerbaijani alphabet.[24]The Rutul alphabet in Azerbaijan includes the following letters:[25]
^Ibragimov, Garun Khalilovich (2004). G. A. Klimov (ed.).Rutul language: Synchronic and Diachronic Analysis (in Russian). Makhachkala: Publishing House "Narody Dagestana". p. 308.
^"Rutul language".Big Russian Encyclopedia (electronic version) (in Russian). Retrieved2025-09-19.
^Polinsky, Maria (2020).The Oxford handbook of languages of the Caucasus. Oxford handbooks. New York: Oxford university press. p. 40.ISBN978-0-19-069069-4.
^"The Tsakhur language".ETHEO Project (in Russian). 11 October 2005. Retrieved26 December 2006.
^Ибрагимов, Гарун Халилович (2001). "Рутульский язык".Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств. Энциклопедия в 3-х томах. Vol. 2. М.:Наука. p. 493.ISBN5-02-011268-2.
^Джамалов К. Э., Маамыдова С. М. Алифба: 1-классад китаб. МагьаӀджкъала, 1992
