The categorization of Rusyn as a language or dialect is a source of controversy.[23] Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian, as well as American and some Polish and Serbian linguists treat it as a distinct language[24][needs update] (with its ownISO 639-3 code), whereas other scholars (in Ukraine, Poland, Serbia, and Romania) treat it as a dialect ofUkrainian.[25][needs update]
In theEnglish language, the termRusyn is recognized officially by theISO.[26] Other names are sometimes also used to refer to the language, mainly deriving fromexonyms such asRuthenian orRuthene (UK:/rʊˈθiːn/RUUTH-een,US:/ruːˈθiːn/ROO-theen),[27] that have more general meanings, and thus (by adding regional adjectives) some specific designations are formed, such as: Carpathian Ruthenian/Ruthene or Carpatho-Ruthenian/Ruthene.[28]
Within the Rusyn community, the language is also referred to asруснацькый язык,rusnac'kyj jazyk, 'Rusnak language',[18][29] or simply referred to as speakingour way (Carpathian Rusyn:по-нашому,romanized: po-nashomu).[30]
The classification of the Rusyn language has historically been both linguistically and politically controversial. During the 19th century, several questions were raised among linguists, regarding the classification ofEast Slavic dialects that were spoken in the northeastern (Carpathian) regions of theKingdom of Hungary, and also in neighbouring regions of theKingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. From those questions, three main theories emerged:[31]
Some linguists claimed that East Slavic dialects of the Carpathian region should be classified as specific varieties of theRussian language.
Other linguists argued that those dialects should be classified as western varieties of a distinctiveUkrainian language.
A third group claimed that those dialects are specific enough to be recognized as a distinctive East Slavic language.
In spite of these linguistic disputes, official terminology used by theAustro-Hungarian Monarchy that ruled the Carpathian region remained unchanged. For Austro-Hungarian state authorities, the entire East Slavic linguistic body within the borders of the Monarchy was classified asRuthenian language (German:ruthenische Sprache,Hungarian:Rutén nyelv), an archaic andexonymic term that remained in use until 1918.[32]
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(December 2021)
In terms of geographic distribution, Rusyn language is represented by two specific clusters: the first is encompassing Carpathian Rusyn or Carpatho-Rusyn varieties, and the second is represented byPannonian Rusyn.[33]
southeastern regions ofPoland. The variety of Rusyn spoken in Poland is generally known asLemko language (лемківскій язык,romanized:lemkivskij jazyk).[34]
In addition to communities in Central and Eastern Europe, Rusyn speakers are found indiaspora settlements acrossNorth America (notably in theUnited States andCanada),Western Europe, and more recently inAustralia.[35][36] In the United States, Carpatho-Rusyn has historically been maintained in religious and cultural institutions, although intergenerational transmission has declined.[37] Estimates of diaspora speakers are difficult because most national censuses do not count Rusyn separately, often subsuming them under Ukrainian, Russian or Slovak categories.[38]
In Slovakia, where Rusyn is recognized as a minority language, the 2021 census recorded nearly 39,000 speakers,[39] although local activists argue that the actual number is higher due to underreporting.[40] In Serbia’s province ofVojvodina, Pannonian Rusyn has co-official status, with around 15,600 speakers according to the2002 census.[41] Poland records approximately 10,000 Lemko Rusyn speakers,[42] while in Ukraine the 2001 census listed only 6,725 speakers, reflecting the state’s policy of treating Rusyn as a dialect of Ukrainian rather than a distinct language.[43][44]
The main continuum of Rusyn varieties stretches fromTranscarpathia and follows theCarpathian Mountains westward intoSouth-Eastern Poland andEastern Slovakia, forming an area referred to asCarpathian Ruthenia. As with any language, all three majorvarieties of Rusyn vary with respect tophonology,morphology, andsyntax, and have various features unique to themselves, while of course also containing their own, more local sub-varieties. Thecontinuum of Rusyn is agreed to include the varieties known historically asLemko andBojko, and is also generally accepted to end at or with theHucul variety, which is "not included in the Rusyn continuum per se, but represent[s] a linguistic variant .. better seen as a dialect of Ukrainian". As the westernmost member of the family ofEast Slavic languages, it has also acquired a number ofWest Slavic features—unique to East Slavic languages—due to prolonged contact with the coterritorial languages ofPolish andSlovak.[45]
Today, there are three formally codified Rusynliterary varieties and one de facto (Subcarpathian Rusyn). These varieties reflect the culmination of nearly two centuries of activist and academic labor, during which a literary Rusyn language was desired, discussed, and addressed (time and again) by a dedicated intelligentsia. Linguist Stefan M. Pugh notes, "...at every stage someone was thinking of writing in Rusyn; approximately every generation a grammar of some sort would be written but not find wide acceptance, primarily for reasons of a political nature (and of course logistical practicalities)."[46]
Some of these earlier grammars include those byDmytrij Vyslockij[a] (Karpatorusskij bukvar'[b]),[47] Vanja Hunjanky (1931),Metodyj Trochanovskij(Bukvar: Perša knyžečka dlja narodnıx škol;[c] 1935),[48][49] andIvan Harajda (1941).[22] Harajda's grammar is particularly notable for having arrived in the midst of a five-year linguistic fervor for Carpatho-Rusyn. From 1939 through 1944 an estimated 1,500 to 3,000 Rusyn-language publications (mostly centered aroundUzhhorod, Ukraine) entered print and from 1941 onward, Harajda's grammar was the accepted standard.
In Slovakia, the Prešov literary variety has been under continuous codification since 1995[50] when first published by Vasyl Jabur, Anna Plíšková and Kvetoslava Koporová.[citation needed] Its namesakes are both the city and region of Prešov, Slovakia—historically, each have been respective centers for Rusyn academia and the Rusyn population of Slovakia.
Prešov Rusyn was based on varieties of Rusyn found in a relatively compact area within the Prešov Region. Specifically, the variety is based on the language spoken in the area between the West Zemplin and East Zemplin Rusyn dialects (even more specifically: a line along the towns and villages ofOsadne,Hostovice,Parihuzovce,Čukalovce,Pcoline,Pichne,Nechvalova Polianka,Zubne,Nizna Jablonka,Vysna Jablonka,Svetlice, andZbojne). And though the many Rusyn dialects of Slovakia entirely surpass the limited set of features prescribed in the standard, this comparatively small sample size was consciously chosen by codifiers in order to provide a structured ecosystem within which a variety of written and spoken language would inevitably (and already did) thrive.[19]
Its orthography is largely based onZhelekhivka,[citation needed] a late 19th century variety of the Ukrainian alphabet.
In Poland, a standardLemko-Rusyn grammar and dictionary,Gramatyka języka łemkowskiego, 'Grammar of the Lemko Language' (Rusyn:Ґраматыка лемківского языка,romanized: Gramatŷka lemkivskoho jazŷka), was published in 2000 by Mirosława Chomiak andHenryk Fontański [pl;rue], with a second edition issued in 2004.[51][52]
In Transcarpathia, Ukraine, M. Almašij's and Igor Kerča'sМатеринськый язык: Писемниця русинського языка,Materyns'kyj jazyk: pysemnycja rusyns'koho jazyka, serves as thede facto literary standard for Subcarpathian, though "unofficial". Published in 1999, with a second edition in 2004, and a 58,000 word Rusyn-Russian dictionary in 2007, Kerča's work has been used by prominent Rusyn publishers in Uzhhorod—albeit with variations between published works that are typical of the spoken language.[53][54]
Despite the above codified varieties, many Carpatho-Rusyn publications will use a combination of the three Carpathian standards (most notably in Hungary and in Transcarpathia). There have even attempts to revitalize the pre-war etymological orthography with archaic Cyrillic orthography (i.e. usage of the letter ѣ, oryat'); the latter can be observed throughout Rusyn Wikipedia, where even a single article may be written in several different codified varieties. And while somewhat archaic, used of Harajda's grammar is even promoted by some inRusyn Wikipedia (although parts of the articles are written using other standards).
Pannonian Rusyn, has variously been referred to as an incredibly distinct dialect of Carpathian Rusyn or a separate language altogether. In theISO 639-9 identifier application for Pannonian Rusyn (or "Ruthenian" as it is referred to in that document), the authors note that "Ruthenian is closest to [a] linguistic entity sometimes called [Slovak:východoslovenský, Pan. Rusyn:виходнярски,lit. 'East Slovak' ],[i] ... (the speeches ofTrebišov andPrešov [districts])."[55]
The literary variety of Serbian and Croatian Rusyns is, again, significantly different from the above three Carpathian varieties in both vocabulary and grammar.[citation needed] It was first standardized in 1923 by G. Kostelnik.[citation needed] The modern standard has been continuously developed since the 1980s by Julian Ramač, Helena Međeši and Mihajlo Fejsa of Serbia, and Mihály Káprály of Hungary.[citation needed]
TheNiagovo Postilla (Njagovskie poučenija), dated to 1758, is one of the earliest texts possessing significant phonetic and morphological characteristics of modern Rusyn (specifically the Subcarpathian variant) and is potentially "linguistically traceable" to the 16th century.[57][58]
By the 18th century, the Rusyn language was "clearly in evidence" and "quite recognizable in a more systematic fashion".[56]
The first books produced exclusively for Rusyn readership were printed under the direction of bishop ofMukachevo,Joseph Decamillis (r. 1690 – 1706). Under his direction, the printshop at theUniversity of Trnava published a catechism (Katekhisis dlia naouki Ouhorouskim liudem, 1698) and an elementary language primer (Boukvar’ iazyka slaven’ska, 1699). For decades, these would be the only textbooks available to Rusyn students.[59]
By the 19th century, "attempts to write in a form of Russo-Church Slavonic with a Rusyn flavor, or a type of 'Subcarpathian Russian' with Rusyn phonetic features," began to be made. Notably,Myxajlo Lučkaj's grammar of the Subcarpathian variety of Church Slavonic,Grammatica Slavo-Ruthena, of 1830 had a "distinctly Rusyn flavor". And while Lučkaj did not support use of vernacular as a literary language (commenting on the proper usage of eitherlingua eruditorum et Communis plebis, 'the languages of the learned and the languages of the common people' in hisPraefatio), hedid include examples of "Rusyn paradigms" in his work to attempt demonstrate its similarity to Church Slavonic. Lučkaj in effect sought to prove the two languages were close sisters of a common ancestor.[57][63]
In 1847, Greek Catholic priestAlexander Dukhnovych published the first textbook written almost fully in common Rusyn vernacular,Knyzhytsia chytalnaia dlia nachynaiushchykh (A Reader for Beginners).[64] Further editions of the primer followed in 1850 and 1852, as well as the establishment of "the first Carpatho-Rusyn cultural organization", thePrešov Literary Society, in 1850. Over the next four years of its existence, the Society would go on to publish a further 12 works, including Dukhnovych'sVirtue is More Important than Riches (the very first play written in Carpatho-Rusyn), as well Carpatho-Rusyn's first literary anthologies in 1850, 1851, and 1852, titledGreetings to the Rusyns.[65]
Lemko newspaper issued inLviv, (no 209), from year 1938, with typical Rusyn language features: separation of reflexive pronoun (ся) and words лем, што, котры, уж.
By the end of 1919, the region ofSubcarpathian Ruthenia was appended to the newly formedCzechoslovak state, as its easternmost province. During the next twenty years, linguistic debates were continued between the same three options (pro-Russian, pro-Ukrainian, and local Rusyn), with Czechoslovak state authorities occasionally acting as arbiters.[67]
In March 1939, the region proclaimed independence under the nameCarpatho-Ukraine, but it was immediatelyoccupied and annexed by Hungary. The region was later occupied (1944) and annexed (1945) by theSoviet Union, and incorporated into theUkrainian SSR,[68] which proceeded with implementation of Ukrainian linguistic standards. In Soviet Ukraine, Rusyns were not recognized as a distinctive ethnicity, and their language was considered a dialect of Ukrainian language. Poland employed similar policies,[69] using internal deportations to move many Eastern Slavs from southeastern to newly acquired western regions (Operation Vistula),[70] and switch their language to Polish, and Ukrainian at school.
During that period, the only country that was officially recognizing the Rusyn minority and its language wasYugoslavia.[71]
After thedissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, modern standards of minority rights were gradually applied throughout Eastern Europe, thus affecting the attitude of several states towards the Rusyn language. As successors of Yugoslavia,Serbia andCroatia continued to recognize the Rusyn language as an official minority language.[72]
Scholars with the former Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies in Moscow (now the Institute of Slavonic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) formally acknowledged Rusyn as a separate language in 1992, and trained specialists to study the language.[73] These studies were financially supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Since 1995, Rusyn has been recognized as aminority language inSlovakia, enjoying the status of anofficial language in municipalities where more than 20 percent of the inhabitants speak Rusyn.[74]
Ukrainian state authorities do not recognizeRusyns as a separate ethnicity, regardless of Rusyn self-identification. Ukraine officially considered Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian. In 2012, Ukraine adopted a new law, recognizing Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages, but that law was revoked in 2014.[75]
It is not possible to estimate accurately the number of fluent speakers of Rusyn; however, their number is estimated to be in the tens of thousands.[citation needed]
In 2022, theISO 639-3 identifier,rsk, and language names,Rusyn andRuthenian, were approved for Pannonian Rusyn byISO. The change followed request in 2020 by a group of linguists (includingAleksandr Dulichenko) in which ISO was asked to recognize Pannonian Rusyn as distinct and separate fromCarpathian Rusyn and to issue it the new ISO 639-3 identifier,Ruthenian language (with the additional name,Rusnak).[77][78]
This ISO update is the latest development since a 2019 proposal from a smaller group of those same linguists which similarly requested suppression of the code,rue, and division of Rusyn language into two distinct languages: theEast Rusyn language (Carpathian Rusyn) and theSouth Rusyn language (Pannonian Rusyn). However, in 2020, ISO authorities rejected the request.[79]
As explained earlier, termRuthenian language already has a specific and well-established meaning. However, the additional term,Rusnak, also has a wider connotation as it is a traditional endonym for allRusyns (whether in Pannonia or Carpathian Rus').[18][80] The effects of the adoption of these terms for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO (if any) remain to be seen.
^The [w] sound only exists within alteration of [v]. However, in theLemko variety, the [w] sound also represents the non-palatalized L, as is the case with the Polishł.
A soft consonant combination sound [ʃʲt͡ʃʲ] exists more among the northern and western dialects. In the eastern dialects the sound is recognized as [ʃʲʃʲ], including the area on which the standard dialect is based. It is noted that a combination sound like this one, could have evolved into a soft fricative sound [ʃʲ].[81]
This sectionis missing information about Lemko and Subcarpathian declension. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on thetalk page.(January 2022)
One final point of note is that the masculine gender (and only the masculine gender) is further subdivided intoanimate and inanimate types. While there are nosuffixesspecific to animacy, declension between the two differs in that foranimates, the form of the accusative case copies that of the genitive case.[83]
As mentioned in the preceding section, Rusyn cases are similar to those of other Slavic languages. Avery general summary of usage is given in the table below, though proper usage depends on a particular situation, prepositions, and verbs used, as well as other extenuating circumstances.[83]
Nouns will generally decline differently to indicate each case (e.g. Englishthey/them/their/theirs). Based onhow they decline, nouns can be grouped into one of four "types".
Type I: feminine nouns ending in-а/-я in the nominative singular
Type II:
masculine nouns ending in a consonant in the nominative singular
neuter and masculine nouns ending in a consonant or-o in the nominative singular
neuters ending in-e or-а/-я in the nominative singular
Type III:
feminine nouns ending in apaired consonant (-cons.+ь),[ii] anunpairedpalato-alveolar consonant (-ш,-ч,щ,-ж, or-дж),[iii] or-ов in the nominative singular
the feminine nounмати,maty, 'mother'
Type IV: neuter nouns ending in-а/-я in the nominative singular
This type consists of grammatically feminine nouns ending in-а (hard) or-я (soft) in the nominative case. The table below includes four examples of such nouns. The first two represent thearchetypal feminine paradigm, while the second two represent a "common" or "two-fold gender" paradigm.
It is important to note that this second paradigm has atypical dative, locative, and instrumental singular suffixes which are actually representative of the male/neuter declension paradigm (visible later in this article). According to Pugh, this peculiarity developed as a result of the societal roles of "judge" and "elder" being traditionally patriarchal. This phenomenon is in contrast to grammatically feminine nouns of ambiguous gender where a particular role was not historically male-oriented, such asсирота,orphan. In these cases, the typical feminine paradigm ismaintained.[84]
Feminine Nouns Ending in -а/-я in the Nominative Singular[84]
This declension type encompasses a very large set of vocabulary as it contains nouns of both masculine and neuter genders, hard and soft stems, as well as animate and inanimate beings (for the masculine gender).[85]
This declension contains a large amount of identical forms (syncretism) between cases. Depending on the noun, the number of distinct forms may number from as few as 3 to as many as 6. For singular animate nouns, there is a single form for the accusative and genitive cases, as well as a single form for the dative and locative cases. Similarly, singular inanimate nouns share a form for nominative and locative cases.[86]
Masculine Nouns Ending in a Consonant in the Nominative Singular[86]
^ For this declension, nouns may decline with either-u or-a. Use of one or the other depends on whether the concept or object is (very generally) abstract or tangible in nature. For instance, Pugh provides the following examples for the former: "anger, pain, reason, sugar, tea"; and the following for the latter: "table, nose, knife, et al."
Neuters or masculines ending in -o, neuters ending in -e or -а/-я
The following table demonstrates the declension paradigm for nouns with hard stems which end in-o in the nominative case. Though there are some masculine nouns in this category, these nouns are predominantly neuter.
Neuter or Masculine Nouns (with Hard Stems) Ending in -o in the Nominative Singular[87]
^This follows the typical masculine animate paradigm where the genitive takes the place of the accusative.
^For the locative case, there are three possible suffixes:-ovy for animates,-i for inanimates (either masculine or neuter), and-u for stems ending in velar or soft consonants.
Neuter Nouns (with Soft Stems) Ending in -e and -а/-я in the Nominative Singular[88]
All nouns in this type are feminine. The paradigm can be identified by the following suffixes in the nominative singular case: apaired consonant (-cons.+ь),[ii] anunpairedpalato-alveolar consonant (-ш,-ч,щ,-ж, or-дж),[iii] or the suffix-ов. Additionally, the nounмати,maty, 'mother' is also part of this type.
Feminine Nouns Ending in a Consonant and 'Mati'[90]
This declension paradigm is used very rarely. It entirely consists of grammatically neuter nouns. This paradigm can be identified by the-a suffix in the nominative and accusative cases, as well as the appearance of theaffix-t- between the stem and suffix in other cases. There isno variation in this paradigm: all nouns decline in an identical manner.[91]
Type IV is predominantly made up of words referring to the young of animals and humans. However, this should not be taken as a hard rule as some nouns whichhistorically declined differently (e.g.вымя,vŷmja, 'udder' andгорня,hornja, 'cup, mug'), now decline according to this paradigm instead.[91]
This sectionis missing information about Lemko and Subcarpathian conjugation. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on thetalk page.(January 2022)
Verbs may be divided into two major conjugation types, which may be identified based on the"stem-marker" that appears during conjugation. Theinfinitive verb forms are often ambiguous and as such, there is nogeneral system that allows an infinitive to be identified as either Type I or Type II. Some infinitive suffixes, however, are unique to at least Type I, i.e.-ути,-овати,-нути, etc. In the following sections, the stem-markers are given in Latin as Cyrillic often obscures the markers in the conjugated forms.[93]
Type I may be divided into several sub-types, the most notable of which are thevowel+j stem-markers:-uj-,-ij-,-yj-, etc. It is important to remember that in the infinitive and some conjugations that the consonant,-j-, is truncated when followed by another consonant, e.g.бісїдув-aj-ty → бісїдув-a-ty.[94]
The-uj- set of verbs can be divided into two groups based the presence of the suffixal markers-ova- or-uj- in the infinitive. The former group representing the overwhelming majority of verbs in this type.[94]
Verbs with stem formant -IJ- are typically derived from adjectives and thus indicate the acquisition of a given property i.e.зеленый,zelenŷj, 'green' →зеленї́ти,zelenjity, 'to (turn) green'. In the infinitive, these verbs areidentical to those of Conjugation II, Type I. However, these two types of verbs are conjugated differently.[96]
^ There are two conjugation schemes given in this table for the verb пити. The first is the codified variant; the second variant is found regularly in common speech.[97]
The -AJ- stem type has variations within different Rusyn dialects and regions. In the Prešov Rusyn community, the -A(J)- type described below is the predominant conjugational pattern. However, in regions further east within Slovakia and in other Rusyn communities, a full-fledged "AJ" type conjugation exists, resembling the patterns found in the rest of East Slavic.
In the Prešov Rusyn community, the -A(J)- conjugation is recommended for the written system, while the -AJ- type is limited and occurs primarily with specific verb stems like "maj-", "znaj-", and "staj-". Both forms may coexist in speech and writing, but the "A(J)" type is more prevalent in the Prešov dialect.
In Lemko Rusyn, the conjugation system generally agrees with that of Prešov Rusyn; a fully-fledged -AJ- conjugation is limited to the third person singular of only three verb stems: "мати", "знати", and "познати". In Subcarpathian Rusyn, however, the -AJ- type is predominant, and the element "aj" can appear in all persons in the non-past paradigm.[99]
While this stem type follows a conjugation structure similar to other East Slavic languages, it is completely unique in that -j- (normally in the form of suffixes -ю, -єш, -є, -єме, -єте, -ют) is truncated—except for in the 3rd person plural. The absence of the connector vowel -e- in this conjugation type is a distinctive feature, likely influenced by West Slavic languages. The conjugational pattern is similar to other Slavic languages, particularly Slovak.[100]
This stem type also includes verbs with the suffix -ывати, a suffix which is often found in imperfective verbs.[101]
This conjugation type is marked by the presence of -AVA- in the infinitive. The conjugation scheme for these verbs vacillates depending on local dialect: sometimes being conjugated as if they were of the previously-discussed -AJ- stem type. A comparison between the two different conjugation schemes is given in the table below. The -AJ- conjugation scheme is preferred by the Prešov standard.[102]
1 The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet places this letter directly after з, like the Ukrainian alphabet.According to ALA–LC romanization, it is romanized i for Pannonian Rusyn and y otherwise.
The Lemko and Prešov Rusyn alphabets placeъ at the very end, while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it afterщ. They also placeы beforeй, while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it afterш, щ (if present), and ъ (if present).
In the Prešov Rusyn alphabet,і andї come beforeи, and likewise, і comes before и in the Lemko Rusyn alphabet (which does not have ї). In the Ukrainian alphabet, however, и precedes і and ї, and thePannonian Rusyn alphabet (which does not have і) follows this precedent by placing и before ї.
Lemko Rusyn Того року одбыла ся уж друга стріча габурскых родаків, котрых на Сільському уряді в Габурі 8. липця 2006, на ридни земли привитал староста села М. Ющік. Щиры слова подякы і гордости за шыриня доброй славы свого села, витаня медже довго невидженыма родаками, спомины давных часив, Габури, родини і традициі были не лем на стрічи родаків, але і на цілим дводньовим культурно-суспільним і спортовим сьвяті, яке ся одбыло під назвом «Габура співає і спортує».
Prešov Rusyn Того року ся одбыла уж друга стріча габурскых родаків, котрых на Сельскім уряді в Габурі 8. юла 2006, на роднім ґрунті привитав староста села М. Ющік. Слова до душы, подякы і гордости за шыріня доброго хыру о своїм селі, витаня довго невидженых родаків, споминаня на давны часы, на Габуру, на родину і традіції мали свій простор нелем на стрічі родаків але і на цілій двадньовій културно-сполоченьскій і шпортовій акції, яка ся одбывала під назвом: «Габура співає і шпортує.»
Pannonian Rusyn Того року ше одбуло уж друге стретнуце габурчанох по походзеню, хторих у Валалским уряду, у Габури 8. юлия 2006. року, на родней груди привитал староста валалу М. Ющик. Щири слова, подзековносц, пиха и гордосц пре добри глас о своїм валалу, витаня длуго нєвидзеней родзини, здогадованя на давни часи, на Габуру, на родзину и традицию, мали свойо место нє лєм на стретнуцох родзини, алє и на цалей дводньовей културно-уметнїцкей и спортовей програми хтора ше одбувала под назву: «Габура шпива и шпортує».
Subcarpathian Rusyn Того года ся удбыла друга встріча габурськых родаку, котрых на селищному урядови в Габурови 8. юла 2006, на руднуй земли поздоровив староста села М. Ющік. Слова ид души, дякы ай гордости за поширіня доброї славы свойого села, поздоровліня довго невидженых родаку, нагадованя за давні часы, Габуры, родины ай традіцій мали місто не лем на встрічі родаку, айбо и на ціле двадньовному културно-сполочинському тай шпортовному сятови, котроє удбывало из имньом «Габура співат ай занимат ся шпортом»..
Ukrainian Того року відбулася друга зустріч габурських земляків, яких на Сільському уряді в Габурі 8 липня 2006 року, на рідній землі привітав староста села М. Ющік. Щирі слова подяки й гордості за поширення доброї слави свого села, вітання довго не бачених земляків, спомини давніх часів, Габури, родини та традицій мали місце не лише на зустрічі земляків, але й на дводенному культурно-суспільному та спортивному святі, яке відбувалося під назвою «Габура співає та займається спортом».
English That year, the second meeting of fellow countrymen from Gabura took place, and the village headman M. Yushchik welcomed them to their native land at the Village Government in Gabura on July 8, 2006. Sincere words of gratitude and pride for spreading the good fame of their village, greetings from fellow countrymen who had not been seen for a long time, memories of old times, Gabura, family and traditions took place not only at the meeting of fellow countrymen, but also at a two-day cultural, social and sports festival, which was held under the title "Gabura sings and does sports."
^abThe terms "paired" and "unpaired" refer to a consonant's use with thesoft sign, the letterь. Consonants that can be palatalized with the soft sign are referred to as "paired consonants", as in the case ofн/нь. Others that are inherently hard or soft and never appear withь are referred to as "unpaired consonants", as in the cases of the lettersк orч.[89]
^abPugh refers to these collectively as "hushers".
^"Implementation of the Charter in Hungary".Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. Archived fromthe original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved16 June 2014.
^Udvari, István (2004). "The Urbarium of Maria Theresa in the languages of the South Slavic peoples of the Hungarian Kingdom".Studia Slavica.49 (1–2):103–119.doi:10.1556/sslav.49.2004.1-2.7.
Csernicskó, István; Fedinec, Csilla (2016)."Four Language Laws of Ukraine".International Journal on Minority and Group Rights.23:560–582.Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved28 June 2021.
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg)
