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| Russo-Swedish War of 1656–1658 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theSecond Northern War and a series ofRusso-Swedish wars | |||||||||
 Map of the struggle inIngria | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Tsardom of Russia |  Swedish Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 42,000–45,000[8] | 25,000 | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 5,000–16,500 killed, wounded or captured[9][10] | 13,000 killed, wounded or captured[11] | ||||||||
TheRusso-Swedish War of 1656–1658, known as theWar of Rupture, was fought byRussia andSweden as a theater of theSecond Northern War. It took place during a pause in the contemporaryRusso-Polish War (1654–1667) as a consequence of theTruce of Vilna. Despite initial successes, TsarAlexis of Russia failed to secure his principal objective—to revise theTreaty of Stolbovo, which had stripped Russia of the Baltic coast at the close of theIngrian War. The war ended in a Swedish victory.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
WhenCharles X Gustav of Sweden invadedPoland, capturedWarsaw and announced his claims on the Russian conquests in the orbit of theGrand Duchy of Lithuania,Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (who led Russian diplomacy at the time) decided it was an opportune time to suspend hostilities against the weakenedPolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and to attack the rear of the Swedish Empire instead. To that end he opened negotiations and concluded a truce with Poland in summer 1656 (theTruce of Vilna, also known as the Truce of Niemież), a move which enraged a major ally of Russia, UkrainianhetmanBohdan Khmelnytsky who maintained good relations withSweden and was fighting against Poland.
In July, a reserve force of the Russian army struck across SwedishIngria and overran two key Baltic fortresses —Nöteborg andNyen. A separate detachment advanced onDorpat (Tartu), which fell in October. The main forces marched along the bank of theWestern Dvina towardsRiga, takingDaugavpils (seeSiege of Dyneburg) andKoknese (seeStorm of Kokenhusen) on their way. By the end of August, the capital ofLivonia wasbesieged and bombarded.
As Russia had no full-fledgednavy to intercept reinforcements coming to the Swedish garrison across theBaltic,Riga managed to hold out until October, when foreign officers commanding a small Russian flotilla defected to the other side and the Russians had to lift the siege. In the aftermath of this reverse, the Swedes recaptured much of Ingria, took thePskov Monastery of the Caves and inflicted a defeat on the Russian generalMatvey Sheremetev [ru] atWalk (Valga) in 1657, but were eventually defeated by another Russian general,Ivan Khovansky, atGdov, on 16 September 1657.
By the end of 1658,Denmark wasknocked out of the Northern Wars and the UkrainianCossacks under Khmelnytskyi's successor,Ivan Vyhovsky, allied themselves with Poland, changing the international situation drastically and inducing the tsar to resume the war against Poland as soon as possible. Under such circumstances, it was necessary to bring the Swedish adventure to a speedy end. On 20 December, Ordin-Nashchokin negotiated with Sweden theTreaty of Valiesar (Vallisaare), whereby Russia was allowed to keep the conquered territories in present-dayLatvia andEstonia — Koknese,Aluksne,Dorpat, Nyslott — for three years.
When the term expired, Russia's military position in the Polish war had deteriorated to such a point that the tsar could not allow himself to be involved into a new conflict against powerful Sweden. His boyars had no other choice but to sign in 1661 theTreaty of Cardis (Kardis/Kärde), which obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden, confirming the provisions of the Treaty of Stolbovo.[5] This settlement was observed until theGreat Northern War broke out in 1700.
A relief force from Riga reinforced Riga (1657) and the following year turned back an invading force of Russians, after they briefly besieged Narva, leading Alexi toconcede defeat and sign an uneasy truce in 1658.
These treaties were a substantial victory for Sweden, but she was again verging on bankruptcy
Ruotsin suuri sotilasmaine aiheutti siis lopulta vaa'an kallistumisen sen hyväksi.
Ruotsin ja Venäjän välillä käytiin 1600-luvun puolessa välissä ruptuurisota, jonka Ruotsi voitti. Tämän seurauksena ortodoksit muuttivat kotiseuduiltaan kauemmaksi itään. Savolaiset asuttivat heidän entisiä tilojaan. Tiedossa ei ole, mitä kautta tieto autioituneista tiloista kantautui Juonionlahdelle, kenties sotilaiden välityksellä.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help)
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