.JPG) INSChakra | |
| History | |
|---|---|
 Russia | |
| Name | K-152Nerpa |
| Namesake | Baikal seal |
| Builder | Amur Shipbuilding Plant,Komsomolsk-on-Amur |
| Laid down | 1993 |
| Launched | October 2008 |
| Commissioned | 2009 |
| Fate | Leased to the Indian Navy for 10 years in 2012, returned in June 2021; likely inactive |
 India | |
| Name | Chakra |
| Namesake | Sudarshana Chakra |
| Commissioned | 4 April 2012 |
| Home port | Visakhapatnam |
| Status | Returned to Russia, June 2021 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Nuclear-poweredattack submarine |
| Displacement | 8,140tonnes (8,010long tons) surfaced |
| Length | 108.0–111.7 m (354.3–366.5 ft) (sources vary) |
| Beam | 13.5 m (44 ft 3 in) |
| Draught | 9.6 m (31 ft 6 in) |
Nerpa (renamedINSChakra inIndian Navy service) is a 8,140-tonne (8,010-long-ton) Project 971 (or Project 518;[1] NATO:Akula-class)nuclear-poweredattack submarine. The construction of the submarine was started inRussia in 1993, but was suspended due to lack of funding.India then sponsored further construction[2] and sea trials of the submarine provided it was leased to the Indian Navy for 10 years. It was launched asK-152 Nerpa in October 2008 and entered service with theRussian Navy in late 2009. The submarine was leased to theIndian Navy in 2011 after extensive trials, and was formally commissioned into service as INSChakra with theEastern Naval Command at a ceremony inVisakhapatnam on 4 April 2012.[3] Thesimilarly namedChakra was aCharlie I-class submarine leased by India from Russia from 1988 to 1992.In June 2021Chakra was spotted on the surface escorted by Indian and Russian warships in theSingapore Strait while presumably heading towards the Russian naval base inVladivostok; some media speculated that she was returning to Russia before the expiry of the lease term.[4]
WhileNerpa was undergoing sea trials in theSea of Japan on 8 November 2008, afire suppression system wasaccidentally activated, killing 20 civilian specialists and navy crew members and injuring 41 others.
Nerpa was laid down at theKomsomolsk-on-Amur shipyard in 1993, but its completion was delayed for nearly a decade due to a lack of funds caused by the economic crisis of the early 1990s.[5] The partly constructed vessel was mothballed until 2004, when Rosprom (the Federal Agency for Industry) signed an agreement with the Indian government to complete the submarine and lease it to the Indian Navy. The vessel was intended to be completed by 2007, but underwent further delays. In 2007, it was transferred to the Vostok shipyard in theclosed city ofBolshoy Kamen,Primorsky Krai, for fitting-out. It was launched in October 2008 for sea trials, following which it was due to be handed over to the Russian Defence Ministry.[6] Reports in the Indian media suggest that the resumption of construction was underwritten with Indian funding.[7]
The standard of the vessel's construction were criticised by several commentators. Aleksandr Golts, defence editor of theYezhednevny Zhurnal newspaper, said that in the 1980s, the Amur shipyard turned out submarines "one after another, like pancakes,"[8] but from 1993 to 2008 had produced just one. "The old specialists had left, and the new ones lacked professionalism."[8] An unnamed worker at the Amur shipyard toldKomsomolskaya Pravda that there were "questions about the quality of the metal that was used in building the nuclear submarine", some of which had been bought from China, and alleged that "when the first trials of the submarine were carried out water was leaking in between the seams! So it is not surprising that the work dragged on."[6]
During May 2009, the repairs were reported to be almost complete and new sea trials were planned for 15–20 June.[citation needed] By October 2009, the work had still not been completed due to the shipyard's electrical supply having been disconnected. Nikolay Povzyk, the head of the shipyard, complained they had not been paid the 1.9 billion roubles (63.8 million dollars) owed for the work carried out onNerpa.[9]
In 2008, Russia had an agreement pending with India worth US$2 billion for the lease ofNerpa and anotherProject 971 Shchuka-B-class submarine.[10] Of this,K-152 Nerpa would be leased for 10 years to India at an estimated cost of US$670 million. The submarine was handed over to India on 30 December 2011.[11] After being handed over to the Indian Navy, it was commissioned as INSChakra.[12]Nerpa is the Russian word for theBaikal seal,[13] andChakra is the weapon of the Hindu godVishnu.[14]
Indian naval crews earlier trained to operate the submarine nearSt Petersburg and another group of sailors were expected to arrive inVladivostok in late 2008 for sea trials.[15] The training of the crew was viewed as crucial to India's own nuclear submarine programme, known as theArihant-class.[16]
| Date | 8 November 2008 |
|---|---|
| Location | Pacific Ocean,Sea of Japan, off the coast ofVladivostok[17] |
| Casualties | |
| 20 killed | |
| 21 injured | |
| Accident occurred on board the Russian submarineK-152 Nerpa | |
An accident occurred aboardK-152 Nerpa at 8:30 PM local time on 8 November 2008,[18] during an underwater test run in the Pacific Ocean.[19] A total of 208 people – 81 military personnel and 127 civilians – were on board at the time of the accident.[5] At least 20 people were killed byasphyxiation[20] and at least 21 more were injured,[21] making it the worst Russiansubmarine disaster sinceKursk sank in 2000.[22][23] Three of the dead were military personnel and the rest were civilians from the Vostok,Zvezda, Era and Amur shipbuilding yards who were members of the acceptance team.[24]
The incident involved the accidental triggering of a fire extinguishing system which sealed two forward compartments and released Halon 2402 (Freon R-114B2),dibromotetrafluoroethane[25] gas into them.[5] According to survivors, those affected by the gas release were caught off guard and may not have been alerted in time due to warning sirens sounding only after the gas had already begun pouring in. Some of the victims were reported to have been unable to turn on breathing kits before they suffocated.[26]
On 10 November, a Russian Navy statement blamed the disaster on an "unsanctioned operation" of the fire suppression system aboardNerpa.[5] Preliminary investigations concluded that the system had triggered automatically without human intervention. On 13 November, naval investigators announced that a crewman had turned on the system "without permission or any particular grounds".[27][28]
In May 2009, both Russian and Indian defence officials confirmed thatNerpa would be joining the Indian Navy by the end of 2009, after Russian President Vladimir Putin visited the yard and announced an immediate release of 1.2 billion roubles for the submarine's construction.[29]
On 28 December 2009,Nerpa was commissioned and joined the Russian Navy. By August 2010, Russia was training a crew from the Indian Navy to sail the boat to India in fulfilment of the lease agreement.[2] INSChakra was expected to be commissioned into the Indian Navy before October 2011.[30] On 1 July 2011, Russian Navy chief AdmiralVladimir Vysotsky was quoted as holding thatthe Indian crew is now absolutely prepared for operating the submarine, which will be on a 10-year lease.[31]
On 23 January 2012, the ship was commissioned atBolshoy Kamen under the command of Captain P. Ashokan.[32] She commenced her home voyage under Indian control from the Russian port of Vladivostok to its Indian base at Visakhapatnam.[33] An official Russian announcement of the transfer was still pending at that time. INSChakra was inducted into the Indian Navy on 4 April 2012.[34][35]
TheNerpa was returned to Russia in June 2021, ahead of the expiry of the 10 year lease, due to "increasingly unreliable powerplant and maintenance issues" besides the overall condition of the vessel which was extensively used by the Indian Navy to train crews on advanced nuclear submarines.[4] According to other sources, the main reason for the early return was an explosion of a high-pressure air cylinder in the spring of 2020. The cylinder was located between the two hulls and its explosion killed a crew member and damaged electronic weapons, hydro-acoustic equipment and the hulls.[36]
Indian media aired public reports in early October 2017 that indicated that INSChakra had suffered damage while enteringVisakhapatnam harbour, including a large hole in thesonar dome in the bow.[37] A Russian team visited India for a joint investigation, which led to the submarine being dry docked for repairs at a cost of ₹125 crore ($20 million) to fix the damage.[38]
After the2019 Balakot airstrike that was conducted by the Indian Air Force, the Indian Navy sent INSChakra along withINS Kalvari to search for the Pakistani submarinePNS Saad which was believed to be deployed to sea.[39][40]
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