The ruble has been used in Russian territories since the 14th century,[16] and is the second-oldest currency still in circulation, behindsterling.[16][19][15] Historically, thegrivna, ruble anddenga were used across Russian territories as measurements of weight.[20] As a result of monetary reforms byPeter the Great, the ruble was minted in Russia as a circulating coin in 1704, shortly before the establishment of theRussian Empire. It was also the first currency in Europe to bedecimalised in 1704, when it was divided into 100kopecks.[21] The silver ruble was used until 1897, and the gold ruble was used until 1917.[citation needed]
TheSoviet ruble officially replaced the imperial ruble in 1922 and continued to be used until 1993, when it was formally replaced with the Russian ruble in theRussian Federation and by other currencies in otherpost-Soviet states. The ruble has seen several incarnations and redenominations during its history, the latest of which is the introduction in 1998 of the current Russian ruble (code: RUB) at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR.[citation needed]
According to one version, the word "ruble" is derived from the Russian verb рубить (rubit), "to cut, to chop, to hack", as a ruble was considered a cutout piece of a silvergrivna.[20][22] According toIvan Kondratyev:
Rubles were parts of the grivna or pieces of silver with notches indicating their weight. Each grivna was divided into four parts; the name "ruble" came from the word "cut" because the silver rod weighing 1 grivna was split into four parts, which were called rubles.[23]
Others say the ruble was never part of a grivna but a synonym for it. This is attested in a 13th-centurybirch bark manuscript fromNovgorod, where both ruble and grivna referred to 204 grams (6.6 troy ounces) of silver.[24] The casting of these pieces included some sort of cutting (the exact technology is unknown), hence the name from рубить (rubit).[25][26] Another version of the word's origin is that it comes from the Russian noun рубец (rubets), the seam that is left around a silver bullions after casting: silver was added to the cast in two steps. Therefore, the word "ruble" means "a cast with a seam".[27] A popular theory deriving the word ruble fromrupee is probably not correct.[28]
The ruble was the Russian equivalent of themark, a measurement of weight for silver and gold used in medieval Western Europe. The weight of oneruble was equal to the weight of onegrivna. Since the monetary reform of 1534, one Russian accounting ruble became equivalent to 100 silver Novgoroddenga coins or smaller 200 Moscow denga coins or even smaller 400polushka coins. Exactly the former coin with a rider on it soon became colloquially known askopecks and was the higher coin until the beginning of the 18th century. Silver ruble coins entered circulation in 1654 but it was not until during the reign ofPeter the Great did Russia completely shift to domestically minted silver ruble coins.[16] In 1704, he reformed the old monetary system and ordered mintage of a 28 g (0.90 ozt) silver ruble coin equivalent to 100 new copper kopeck coins. Apart from one ruble and one kopeck coins, other smaller and greater coins existed as well.[29]
Both the spellingsruble androuble are used in English, depending on the author's native dialect. The earliest use recorded in English is the now completely obsoleterobble. The formrouble is preferred by theOxford English Dictionary and probably derives from the transliteration into French used among theTsaristaristocracy. It may have been retained in English to avoid confusion with "rubble". In general, American, and some Canadian, authors tend to use "ruble" while other English-speaking authors use "rouble". In American English there is a tendency for older sources to userouble and more recent ones to useruble. However, usage is not consistent and major publications are known to use both (though usually preferring one or the other).
The Russianplurals that may be seen on the actual currency are modified according toRussian grammar. Numbers ending in 1 (except for 11) are followed bynominative singular рубльrubl, копейкаkopeyka. Numbers ending in 2, 3 or 4 (except for 12–14) are followed bygenitive singular рубляrublya, копейкиkopeyki. Numbers ending in 5–9, 0, or 11–14 are followed by genitive plural рублейrubley, копеекkopeyek.
In several languages spoken in Russia and the former Soviet Union, the currency name has no etymological relation withruble. Especially inTurkic languages or languages influenced by them, the ruble is often known (also officially) assom orsum (meaningpure), ormanat (from Russianmoneta, meaningcoin).Soviet ruble banknotes had their value printed in thelanguages of all15 republics of the Soviet Union.
The coinage system in medieval Russia was connected to a system of weights.[30]: 984 The grivna was used in Russia as the basic monetary unit, but during the 14th and 15th centuries, it was replaced by the ruble as the primaryaccounting unit.[30]: 983–985 The first chronicle mention of the ruble as an accounting unit is found under the year 1316.[16] In the second half of the 14th century,Dmitry Donskoy issued the ruble and a smaller coin known as thedenga (pl.dengi).[31][32] The relative value of the ruble differed between regions in the country.[30]: 984 In theSudebnik of 1497, the ruble was equal to 200dengi and thealtyn was equal to 6dengi.[30]: 1015
There were two variants of the denga, minted inNovgorod andMoscow. The weight of a denga silver coin was unstable and inflating, but by 1535, following the monetary reform ofElena Glinskaya, one Novgorod denga weighed 0.68 g (0.022 ozt), the Moscow denga being a half that of the Novgorod denga. Thus, one accounting ruble consisted of 100 Novgorod or 200 Moscowdengi (68 g (2.2 ozt) of silver). As the Novgorod denga bore the image of a rider with a spear (Russian:копьё, kop’yo), it later has become known as the kopeck. In the 17th century, the weight of a kopeck coin reduced to 0.48 g (0.015 ozt), thus one ruble was equal to 48 g (1.5 ozt) of silver.[24][25]
In 1654–1655, TsarAlexis of Russia carried out a monetary reform and ordered the mintage of silver one ruble coins from importedjoachimsthalers and new kopeck coins from copper (old silver kopecks were left in circulation). Although around a million of such rubles was made, its lower weight (28–32 grams) against the nominal ruble (48 g) led to counterfeiting, speculation and inflation, and after theCopper Riot of 1662, the new monetary system was abandoned in favour of the old one.[24][25]
In 1704,Peter the Great finally reformed the old Russian monetary system, minting a silver ruble coin of weight 28.1 g (0.90 ozt) and 72% fineness; hence 20.22 g fine silver.[f] The decision to subdivide it primarily into 100 copper kopecks, rather than 200 Moscow denga, made the Russian ruble the world's first decimal currency.[24]
The amount of silver in a ruble varied in the 18th century. Additionally, coins worth over a ruble were minted in gold andplatinum. By the end of the 18th century, the ruble was set to 4zolotnik 21dolya (or 421⁄96zolotnik, almost exactly equal to 18 grams) of pure silver or 27dolya (almost exactly equal to 1.2 g (0.039 ozt)) of pure gold, with a ratio of 15:1 for the values of the two metals. In 1828, platinum coins were introduced with 1 ruble equal to 772⁄3dolya (3.451 grams).
On 17 December 1885, a new standard was adopted which did not change the silver ruble but reduced the gold content to 1.161 grams, pegging the gold ruble to theFrench franc at a rate of 1 ruble = 4 francs. This rate was revised in 1897 to 1 ruble = 22⁄3 francs (17.424dolya or 0.77424 g fine gold). This ruble was worth about US$0.5145 in 1914.[34][35][36]
With the outbreak ofWorld War I, thegold standard peg was dropped and the ruble fell in value, suffering fromhyperinflation in the early 1920s. With the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, the Russian ruble was replaced by the Soviet ruble. The pre-revolutionaryChervonetz was temporarily brought back into circulation from 1922 to 1925.[37]
Catherine II Sestroretsk ruble (1771) is made of solid copper with a diameter of77 millimetres (3+3⁄100 in) and a thickness of26 millimetres (1+1⁄50 in) with a weight of 1.022 kg (2.25 lb). It is the largest copper coin ever issued (except for the Swedishplate money).[38] It is 1mm larger and thicker than a standardhockey puck.
By the beginning of the 19th century, copper coins were issued for1⁄4,1⁄2, 1, 2 and 5 kopecks, with silver 5, 10, 25 and 50 kopecks and 1 ruble and gold 5, although production of the 10 ruble coin ceased in 1806. Silver 20 kopecks were introduced in 1820, followed by copper 10 kopecks minted between 1830 and 1839, and copper 3 kopecks introduced in 1840. Between 1828 and 1845, platinum 3, 6 and 12 rubles were issued. In 1860, silver 15 kopecks were introduced, due to the use of this denomination (equal to 1złoty) in Poland, whilst, in 1869, gold 3 rubles were introduced.[39]
In 1886, a new gold coinage was introduced consisting of 5 and 10 ruble coins. This was followed by another, in 1897. In addition to smaller 5 and 10 ruble coins,7+1⁄2 and 15 ruble coins were issued for a single year, as these were equal in size to the previous 5 and 10 ruble coins. The gold coinage was suspended in 1911, with the other denominations produced until the First World War.
TheConstantine ruble (Russian:константиновский рубль,konstantinovsky rubl') is a rare silver coin of theRussian Empire bearing the profile ofConstantine, the brother of emperorsAlexander I andNicholas I. Its manufacture was being prepared at theSaint Petersburg Mint during the briefInterregnum of 1825, but it was never minted in numbers, and never circulated in public. Its existence became known in 1857 in foreign publications.[40]
In 1769,Assignation rubles were introduced for 25, 50, 75 and 100 rubles, with 5 and 10 rubles added in 1787 and 200 rubles in 1819. The value of the Assignation rubles fell relative to the coins until, in 1839, the relationship was fixed at 1 silver ruble =3+1⁄2 assignat rubles. In 1840, the State Commercial Bank issued 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 ruble notes, followed by 50 ruble credit notes of the Custody Treasury and State Loan Bank.
In 1843, the Assignation Bank ceased operations, andstate credit notes (Russian:государственные кредитные билеты,gosudarstvenniye kreditniye bilety) were introduced in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 rubles. In 1859 a paper credit ruble was worth about nine-tenths of a silver ruble.[42] These circulated, in various types, until the revolution, with 500 ruble notes added in 1898 and 250 and 1,000 ruble notes added in 1917. In 1915, two kinds of small change notes were issued. One, issued by the Treasury, consisted of regular style (if small) notes for 1, 2, 3, 5 and 50 kopecks. The other consisted of the designs of stamps printed onto card with text and the imperial eagle printed on the reverse. These were in denominations of 1, 2, 3, 10, 15 and 20 kopecks.
In 1917, theProvisional Government issued treasury notes for 20 and 40 rubles. These notes are known as "Kerenki" or "Kerensky rubles". The provisional government also had 25 and 1,000 ruble state credit notes printed in the United States but most were not issued.
Between 1917 and 1922, the Russian ruble was replaced by theSoviet ruble (ISO 4217 code: SUR) which, issued by theState Bank of the USSR, remained the sole currency of the Soviet Union, untilits breakup in 1991. Afterwards, it continued to be used in the 15Post-Soviet states until it was replaced by new national currencies by the end of 1992, and in the Russian Federation, the Russian ruble was reintroduced by 1992. TheCentral Bank of Russia responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions on the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the "ruble zone" began with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of 1993. As a result, other countries still in the "ruble zone" were "pushed out".[11]
Following thedissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, theSoviet ruble remained the currency of the Russian Federation until 1992. A new set of coins was issued in 1992 and a new set of banknotes was issued in the name ofBank of Russia in 1993. The currency replaced the Soviet ruble at par and was assigned theISO 4217 code RUR and number 810.
The ruble's exchange rate versus theU.S. dollar depreciated significantly from US$1 = 125 RUR in July 1992 to approximately US$1 = 6,000 RUR when the currency was redenominated in 1998.
After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation introduced new coins in 1992 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 rubles. The coins depict the double-headed eagle without a crown, sceptre and globus cruciger above the legend "Банк России" ("Bank of Russia"). It is exactly the same eagle that the artistIvan Bilibin painted after theFebruary Revolution as the coat of arms for theRussian Republic.[43] The 1 and 5-ruble coins were minted in brass-clad steel, the 10 and 20-ruble coins in cupro-nickel, and the 50 and 100-ruble coins were bimetallic (aluminium-bronze and cupro-nickel-zinc). In 1993, aluminium-bronze 50-ruble coins and cupro-nickel-zinc 100-ruble coins were issued, and the material of 10 and 20-ruble coins was changed to nickel-plated steel. In 1995 the material of 50-ruble coins was changed to brass-plated steel, but the coins were minted with the old date 1993. As high inflation persisted, the lowest denominations disappeared from circulation and the other denominations became rarely used.
During this period, the commemorative one-ruble coins were regularly issued continuing the specifications of prior commemorativeSoviet rubles (31 mm diameter, 12.8 grams cupronickel). It is nearly identical to those of the 5-Swiss franc coin (31.45 mm, 13.2 g cupronickel), worth approx. €4.39 or US$5.09 as of August 2018. For this reason, there have been several instances of (now worthless) Soviet and Russian ruble coinsbeing used on a large scale todefraud automated vending machines in Switzerland.[44]
In 1961, new State Treasury notes were introduced for 1, 3 and 5 rubles, along with new State Bank notes worth 10, 25, 50, and 100 rubles. In 1991, the State Bank took over production of 1, 3 and 5-ruble notes and also introduced 200, 500 and 1,000-ruble notes, although the 25-ruble note was no longer issued. In 1992, a final issue of notes was made bearing the name of the USSR before the Russian Federation introduced 5,000 and 10,000-ruble notes. These were followed by 50,000-ruble notes in 1993, 100,000 rubles in 1995 and, finally, 500,000 rubles in 1997 (dated 1995).
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russian ruble banknotes and coins have been notable for their lack of portraits, which traditionally were included under both the Tsarist and Communist regimes. With the issue of the 500-ruble note depicting a statue ofPeter I and then the 1,000-ruble note depicting a statue ofYaroslav, the lack of recognizable faces on the currency has been partially alleviated.
Printing of 5000 ₽ banknotes atGoznak factory inPerm in 2011.
In 1998, the Russian ruble wasredenominated with the newISO 4217 code "RUB" and number 643 and was exchanged at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR. All Soviet coins issued between 1961 and 1991, as well as 1-, 2- and 3-kopeck coins issued before 1961, also qualified for exchange into new rubles.[45] The redenomination was an administrative step that reduced the unwieldiness of the old ruble[46] but occurred on the brink of the1998 Russian financial crisis.[47] The ruble lost 70% of its value against the US dollar in the six months following this financial crisis, from US$1 = 6 ₽ to approximately 20 ₽.[48]
After stabilizing at around US$1 = 30 ₽ from 2001 to 2013, it depreciated to the range of US$1 = 60–80 ₽ from 2014 to 2021 as a result of theannexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014 and the2010s oil glut. After the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, it declined further to US$1 = 110 ₽ due tosanctions.[49] The ruble was subject to fluctuation when, in April 2022, the ruble went above its pre-full scale invasion level after falling as low as 150 ₽ per dollar in early March,[50] with the longer-term trend showing a steady decline from mid-2022 to mid-2023, falling from 60 ₽ to 90 ₽ per dollar.[51]
On 15 July 2024 theCentral Bank of the Russian Federation closed the statistics of the over-the-counter currency market.[52][53][54] On 18 November 2024, the ruble fell below the US$1 = 100 RUB, a benchmark the Russian government was attempting to maintain.[55][56] By 27 November, the ruble had fallen to US$1 = 114.5 RUB,[57] with the currencydepreciating against USD and EUR at a rate of nearly 2% per day.[58]
On 27 November 2024 in response to the currency collapse, theBank of Russia halted formal foreign currency purchases from 28 November until year-end 2024, in "an effort to reduce the volatility on financial markets".[59]
The ruble sign since 2013The "ruble" symbol used throughout the 17th century, composed of the Russian letters "Р" and "У".
A currency symbol was used for the ruble between the 16th century and the 18th century. The symbol consisted of theRussian letters "Р" (rotated 90° anti-clockwise) and "У" (written on top of it). The symbol was placed over the amount number it belonged to.[60] This symbol, however, fell into disuse by the mid-19th century.[61]
No official symbol was used during the final years of the Empire, nor was one introduced in theSoviet Union. The abbreviationsRbl (plural:Rbls) in Latin script[62][63] andруб. (Cyrillic)[64] and the simple charactersR (Latin)[65][66][67] andр (Cyrillic) were used. These are still used today, though are unofficial.[68]
In July 2007, theCentral Bank of Russia announced that it would decide on a symbol for the ruble and would test 13 symbols. This included the symbol РР (the initials ofРоссийский Рубль "Russian ruble"), which received preliminary approval from the Central Bank.[69] However, one more symbol, a Р with a horizontal stroke below the top similar to thePhilippine peso sign, was proposed unofficially.[69] Proponents of the new sign claimed that it is simple, recognizable and similar to other currency signs.[70][71][72] This symbol is also similar to the Armenian letterք or the Latin letterꝐ.
On 11 December 2013, the official symbol for the ruble became, aCyrillic letterEr with a single added horizontal stroke,[73][74] though the abbreviation "руб." is in wide use. The UnicodeCJK Compatibility block containsU+3354㍔SQUARE RUUBURU, a square version ofルーブル (rūburu), the Japanese word for "ruble".
On 4 February 2014, the Unicode Technical Committee during its 138th meeting inSan Jose acceptedU+20BD₽RUBLE SIGN symbol forUnicode version 7.0;[75] the symbol was then included into Unicode 7.0 released on 16 June 2014.[76] In August 2014,Microsoft issued updates for all of its mainstream versions of Microsoft Windows that enabled support for the new ruble sign.[77]
In the wake of the development ofcryptocurrencies, in October 2017, a draft government resolution was prepared on the technological implementation of the creation of a "cryptoruble".[79] By October 2020, theCentral Bank of the Russian Federation delivered a report on the creation of theDigital Currency of the Central Bank. It was emphasized that the Central Bank will not become a cryptocurrency, since it will be centrally issued by the Bank of Russia, which will become a guarantor of the security of settlements. Units of ruble numbers are distinctive signs of a digital code. The central bank must combine the function of non-cash and cash - it can be implemented both remotely and through anoffline wallet; The digital ruble will beconverted into cash and non-cash at the rate of 1:1. The report presents 4 possible models for implementing the circulation of the Central Bank of Securities, depending on who, how and to whom the wallets and several calculations are provided. At the same time, presidential press secretaryDmitry Peskov estimated the timeliness of introducing the foreign exchange ruble at 3–7 years.[80]
In April 2021, theCentral Bank of the Russian Federation reported on the current stage of the project. A model was chosen where the Bank of Russia opens and maintains wallets for financial institutions, which, in turn, open and maintain wallets for clients. By the end of 2021, it was planned to create a platform where testing of the digital ruble should begin next year.[81] In June 2021, the Central Bank identified 12 banks that will take part in testing ruble blocks in January 2022:Ak Bars Bank,Alfa-Bank, Bank DOM.RF,VTB Bank,Gazprombank,Tinkoff Bank,Promsvyazbank,Rosbank,Sberbank, SKB- Bank, Bank SOYUZ, Bank TKB.[82]
Testing began on 19 January 2022. On 15 February 2022, the Bank of Russia and market participants began testing the digital ruble platform and successfully carried out the first transfers in digital rubles between citizens;[83] in the future they plan to test payment for goods and services using it.[84][85][86] At a press conference held on 16 September 2022,Elvira Nabiullina, Director of the Bank of Russia, announced the start date for testing the digital ruble with real clients on 1 April 2023.[87]Digital rubles were officially launched on 15 August 2023.[88][89]
On 20 June 2023, theState Duma approved a bill recognizing digital currency as an object of agreement, property and inheritance, and on 11 July, in the second and third readings, it adopted a law on the implementation of the digital ruble. The law was signed by thePresident of Russia on 24 July 2023.[90][91]
Kopeck coins are rarely used due to their low value and in some cases may not be accepted by stores or individuals.
These coins were issued starting in 1998, although some of them bear the year 1997. Kopeck denominations all depictSt George and the Dragon, and all ruble denominations (with the exception of commemorative pieces) depict the double headed eagle. Mint marks are denoted by "СП" or "M" on kopecks and the logo of either the Saint Petersburg or Moscow mint on rubles. Since 2000, many bimetallic 10 ₽ circulating commemorative coins have been issued. These coins have a unique holographic security feature inside the "0" of the denomination 10.[94]
In 2008, the Bank of Russia proposed withdrawing 1 and 5 kopeck coins from circulation and subsequently rounding all prices to multiples of 10 kopeks, although the proposal has not been realized yet (though characteristic"x.99" prices are treated as rounded in exchange). The Bank of Russia stopped minting one-kopeck and five-kopeck coins in 2012, and kopecks completely in 2018.[95] The material of 1 ₽, 2 ₽ and 5 ₽ coins was switched from copper-nickel-zinc and copper-nickel clad to nickel-plated steel in the second quarter of 2009. 10 and 50 kopecks were also changed from brass to brass-plated steel.[96]
In October 2009, a new 10 ₽ coin made of brass-plated steel was issued, featuring optical security features.[97] The 10 ₽ banknote would have been withdrawn in 2012, but a shortage of 10 ₽ coins prompted the Central Bank to delay this and put new ones in circulation.[98] A series of circulating Olympic commemorative 25 ₽ coins started in 2011. The new coins are struck incupronickel.[99] A number of commemorative smaller denominations of these coins exist in circulation as well, depicting national historic events and anniversaries. The Bank of Russia issues other commemorative non-circulating coins ranging from 1 ₽ to 50,000 ₽.[100]
On 1 January 1998, a new series of banknotes dated 1997 was released in denominations of 5 ₽, 10 ₽, 50 ₽, 100 ₽ and 500 ₽. The 1,000 ₽ banknote was first issued on 1 January 2001 and the 5,000₽ banknote was first issued on 31 July 2006. Modifications to the series were made in 2001, 2004, and 2010.
In 2018, the Central Bank issued a 100 ₽ "commemorative" banknote designed to recognize Russia's role as the host of the2018 World Cup soccer tournament. The banknote is printed on a polymer substrate, and has several transparent portions as well as a hologram. Despite the note being intended for legal tender transactions, the Central Bank has simultaneously refused to allow the country's automated teller machines (ATMs) to recognize or accept it.[104]
In March 2021, the Central Bank announced plans to gradually update the designs of the 10 ₽, 50 ₽, 100 ₽, 1,000 ₽ and 5,000 ₽ banknotes and make them more secure; this is expected to be completed in 2028 (originally 2025).[105] The first new design, for the 100 ₽ note, was unveiled on 30 June 2022.[106] The design of the new note includes symbols of Moscow on the obverse –Red Square,Zaryadye Park,Moscow State University onSparrow Hills, andOstankino Tower – and theRzhev Memorial to the Soviet Soldier on the reverse.[107] In late 2022, the Central Bank resumed the printing of 5 ₽ and 10 ₽ notes for circulation; freshly printed notes began appearing in 2023.[108] Later, the 5,000 ₽ was also issued on 16 October 2023, 1,000 ₽ on 26 December 2025, while the 50 ₽ is expected to be issued in 2027, and the 10 ₽ with 500 ₽ in 2028.
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre (18 pixel per inch). For table standards, see thebanknote specification table.
Each new banknote series has enhanced security features, but no major design changes. Banknotes printed after 1997 bear the fine print "модификация 2001г." (or later date) meaning "modification of year 2001" on the left watermark area.
QR codes from the current (2017–present) series of banknotes
All Russian ruble banknotes are currently printed at thestate-owned factoryGoznak in Moscow, which was founded on 6 June 1919 and operated ever since. Coins areminted in theMoscow Mint and at theSaint Petersburg Mint, which has been operating since 1724.
An image of the 100-ruble banknote, zoomed up to show a statue of the Greek godApollo as depicted on top of theBolshoi Theatre in Moscow; this version of Apollo is shown with his penis and testicles exposed (which was the case on the Bolshoi Theatre at the time of printing, though the original statue was amended with afig leaf covering them) which led to one Russian politician,Roman Khudyakov, to condemn the banknote as "pornography".
On 8 July 2014,State Duma deputy and vice-chairman of the Duma Regional Political CommitteeRoman Khudyakov alleged that the image of the Greek godApollo driving aquadriga on the portico of theBolshoi Theatre inMoscow on the 100 ₽ banknote constitutespornography that should only be available to persons over the age of 18. Since it is impractical to limit the access of minors to banknotes, he requested in his letter to theGovernor of the Bank of RussiaElvira Nabiullina to immediately change the design of the banknote.[131]
Khudyakov, a member of parliament for theLDPR party stated, "You can clearly see that Apollo is naked, you can see his genitalia. I submitted a parliamentary request and forwarded it directly to the head of the central bank asking for the banknote to be brought into line with the law protecting children and to remove this Apollo."[132][133] Khudyakov's efforts did not lead to any changes being made to the design.
On 13 October 2017, theNational Bank of Ukraine issued a decree forbidding the country's banks, other financial institutions and Ukraine's state postal service to circulate Russian banknotes which use images ofCrimea, a territory that is regarded asRussian-occupied by Ukraine and whose annexation by Russia is not recognised by most UN member states.[134] The NBU stated that the ban applies to all financial operations, including cash transactions, currency exchange activities and interbank trade.[135] Crimea is featured on three banknotes that are currently in circulation – the 100 ₽ commemorative notes issued in 2015 and 2018, as well as the 200 ₽ note issued in 2017.
On 16 October 2023, the day of unveilling of the new design of the 1,000-ruble note, the design of the note was criticised by theRussian Orthodox Church for displaying theIslamic crescent on one of the buildings on the reverse of the note at the same time as excluding theOrthodox cross from a different building (a former church that is now a museum).[136] The Bank of Russia announced on the following day that the design would be revised and the notes would not be printed.[137] The updated note was issued on 26 December 2025, with the obverse the same as the 2023 version, but the reverse was changed toSaratov Bridge across theVolga River, theMeteor and theAgricultural Palace inKazan.
Kommersant reported that the new 100 ₽ note introduced in 2022 will not work with an estimated 60% of cash registers and bank machines because they are imported and therefore must be updated by foreign companies, and this work may not be completed due to sanctions.[138][139] However, Russian banks have been transferring their ATM networks to domestic software which does not require foreign specialists since at least 2018, with the biggest Russian bank,Sberbank, completing 80% of the transfer by June 2022.[140] Russian banks will start purchasing domestic ATMs withElbrus processors in 2023; the mandatory share of Russian products in the purchase of ATMs was to be at least 18% for banks with state partnership; since 2022 it has grown to 20%.[141]
A boy with a ball under his arm looking up asLev Yashin saves a ball.
A stylized image of the globe in the form of afootball with a green image of Russia's territory (includingCrimea) outlined on it, as well as the name of the2018 FIFA World Cup host cities
The number 2018
2018
22 May 2018
On 30 October 2013, a special banknote in honour of the2014 Winter Olympics held inSochi was issued. The banknote is printed on high-quality white cotton paper. A transparent polymer security stripe is embedded into the paper to make a transparent window incorporating an optically variable element in the form of a snowflake. The highlight watermark is visible in the upper part of the banknote. Ornamental designs run vertically along the banknote. The front of the note features a snowboarder and some of the Olympic venues of the Sochi coastal cluster. The back of the note features theFisht Olympic Stadium in Sochi. The predominant colour of the note is blue.
On 23 December 2015, another commemorative 100 ₽ banknote was issued to celebrate the "reunification of Crimea and Russia". The banknote is printed on light yellow cotton paper. One side of the note is devoted toSevastopol, the other one – toCrimea. А wide security thread is embedded into the paper. It comes out on the surface on the Sevastopol side of the banknote in the figure-shaped window. A multitone combined watermark is located on the unprinted area in the upper part of the banknote. Ornamental designs run vertically along the banknote. TheSevastopol side of the note features the Monument to Sunken Ships in Sevastopol Bay and a fragment of the paintingRussian Squadron on the Roads of Sevastopol byIvan Aivazovsky. The Crimea side of the note features theSwallow's Nest, a decorative castle and local landmark. In the lower part of the Sevastopol side of the banknote in the green stripe there is a QR-code containing a link to the Bank of Russia's webpage, which lists historical information related to the banknote. The predominant colour of the note is olive green.
On 22 May 2018, a special banknote to celebrate the2018 FIFA World Cup was issued.[143] The banknote is printed on polymer. The top part of the note bears a transparent window that contains a holographic element. The design of the note is vertically oriented. The main images of the obverse are a boy with a ball under his arm and a goalkeeper diving for a ball. The main image of the reverse is a stylized image of the globe in the form of afootball with green image of the Russian territory outlined on it. On the reverse there is the number 2018 that marks both the issue of the banknote and the World Cup, as well as the name of the host cities in theRussian language. The bottom right corner of the obverse bears a QR-code, which contains a link to the page of the Bank of Russia website with the description of the note's security features. Predominant colours of the note are blue and green.
Three cases of a country using or pegging the currency of a neighbour
The use of other currencies for transactions between Russian residents is punishable, with a few exceptions, with a fine of 75% to 100% of the value of the transaction.[144]
In January 2014,President Putin said there should be a sound balance on the ruble exchange rate; that the Central Bank only regulated the national currency exchange rate when it went beyond the upper or lower limits of the floating exchange rate; and that the freer the Russian national currency is, the better it is, adding that this would make the economy react more effectively and timely to processes taking place in it.[147] The Russian ruble is one of the very fewfree floating currencies in the world.
Sanctions beginning in 2014 contributed to the value's reduction of the Russian ruble and worsened theeconomic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[148] They also caused economic damage to theEU economy, with total losses estimated at €100 billion (as of 2015[update]).[149] As of 2014[update], Russia's finance minister announced that the sanctions had cost Russia $40 billion, with another $100 billion loss in 2014 due to decrease in theprice of oil the same year.[150] Following sanctions imposed in August 2018, economic losses incurred by Russia amounted to around 0.5–1.5% in foregone GDP growth.[151]
A second round of sanctions involved various Russian banks being removed fromSWIFT, and direct sanctions on theRussian Central Bank. The value of the ruble fell 30% against theU.S. dollar, to as low as ₽119/$1 as of 28 February 2022.[152] TheRussian central bank raised interest rates to 20% as a result. In an attempt to balance the sinking ruble, it temporarily shut down theMoscow Stock Exchange, mandated that all Russian companies sell 80% of foreign exchange reserves, and prohibited foreigners from liquidating assets in Russia.[153][154] On 7 March, the ruble was reported to be as low as ₽142.46/$1.[155] During the month of March 2022, the ruble gradually recovered back to its pre-war value of ~80 Rubles per dollar, partially due to increased gas and oil demand from Western companies, as they feared a potential ban on Russian resources,[156] as well as various economic measures designed to prop up the currency.
The first Russian ruble (RUR) introduced in January 1992 depreciated significantly versus theUS dollar from US$1 = 125 RUR to around US$1 = 6,000 RUR (or 6 RUB) when it was redenominated in January 1998. The new ruble then depreciated rapidly in its first year to US$1 = 20 RUB before stabilizing at around US$1 = 30 RUB from 2001 to 2013.
The crisis affected the Russian economy, both consumers and companies, and regional financial markets, as well as Putin's ambitions regarding theEurasian Economic Union. The Russianstock market in particular experienced large declines, with a 30% drop in theRTS Index from the beginning of December through 16 December 2014. From July 2014 to February 2015 the ruble fell dramatically against the U.S. dollar. A 6.5 percentage point interest rate rise to 17 percent[165] failed to prevent the currency hitting record lows in a "perfect storm" of low oil prices, looming recession andinternational sanctions over theRusso-Ukrainian War.[166]
Russia facedsteep economic sanctions due to theinvasion of Ukraine in early 2022. In response to the military campaign, several countries imposed strict economic sanctions on the Russian economy.[h] This led to a 32 percent drop in the value of the ruble, which traded at an exchange rate of 120 rubles per dollar in March 2022.[49] On 23 March 2022, President Putin announced that Russia would only accept payments for Russian gas exports from "unfriendly countries" in rubles.[167] This, along with several other actions to control capital flow, coinciding with soaring commodity prices led to the ruble rallying to a record high in May 2022 that economists feel is unlikely to last.[168] However, the ruble continued to rally in June 2022, hitting its highest point (51 rubles to the dollar) for the past seven years at the end of the month.[169]
In early November 2023, the value of the Russian ruble increased slightly reaching a three-month high of 90 against the USD. The Russian key interest rate rose to 15% in October. Capital control measures, including the mandatory FX sales for Russian exporters imposed by Moscow were also effective to support the value of the currency. On 2 November, the U.S. announced new sweeping sanctions against Russian energy exports and limits on foreign currency payments by Russia's Central Bank, which was thought to be another reason for the higher value of the ruble, forcing Russian banks to pay in ruble. Stock indices for Russian companies were also up. The ruble's overall decline is a major problem for the Russian economy as it increases inflation particularly for imported goods.[170][171]
^Code "RUR, 810" was then excluded from both theISO 4217 standard and theRussian currency classifier [ru], but continues to be used for numbering bank accounts internally within Russia.[17]
^Gross weight 433 grains, net weight 312.1 grains, hence fineness 72%.[33][failed verification] Source does not give 1704 Ukase anywhere in the book?
^Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States.
^Кондратьев И. К. Седая старина Москвы. М., 1893.Archived 7 August 2020 at theWayback MachineIn Russian:Рубли были частямигривны или кусками серебра с зарубками, означавшими их вес. Каждая гривна разделялась на четыре части; название же рубль произошло от слова «рубить», потому что прут серебра в гривну весом разрубался на четыре части, которые и назывались рублями.
^abcdKamentseva, E.; Ustyugov, N. (1975).Russkaya metrologiyaРусская метрология (in Russian).
^abcSpassky, I. G. (1970).Russkaya monetnaya sistemaРусская монетная система (in Russian). Leningrad.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Vasmer, Max (1986–1987) [1950–1958]."Рубль". InTrubachyov, O. N.; Larin, B. O. (eds.).Этимологический словарь русского языка [Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch] (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Moscow: Progress.
^Peter Symes."Currency of Three". Pjsymes.com.au.Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved30 August 2015.
^By 1880 Russian numismatists were well aware of the existence of Constantine rubles, but their first printed description was published only in 1886 – Kalinin,p.1Archived 27 July 2013 at theWayback Machine.
^Ulrich Bindseil (2019).Central Banking before 1800: A Rehabilitation. Oxford University Press.
^Jerome Blum, The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe, 1978, p169
^"Historical currency converter".OandA.com. Retrieved13 December 2024. Through June and July 2024, $1 bought 87.5 ±0.5 ₽. By 28 November, the price had fallen to 110.1 ₽
^"Soviet Union".CIA World Factbook. 1 April 1990. p. 288. Retrieved24 July 2022 – via Wikisource.
^"Currencies of the World". The University of British Columbia Sauder School of Business. Archived fromthe original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved28 June 2007.
^"Russia". Lonely Planet.Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved28 June 2007.
^О знаке рубля [About the sign of the ruble] (in Russian). 1 August 2007.Archived from the original on 4 April 2008. Retrieved11 April 2008.
^Знак рубля. Попытка анализа [Ruble sign. An attempt at analysis] (in Russian). Imadesign.ru.Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved14 May 2011.
^Знак рубля [Ruble sign] (in Russian). Fonts.ru. Archived fromthe original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved14 May 2011.
^ЦБ представил новую купюру номиналом ₽100 [The Central Bank introduced a new banknote with a face value of ₽100].РБК (in Russian). 30 June 2022. Retrieved30 June 2022.
^"Banknotes and Coins".cbr.ru. Central Bank of Russia.Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved13 June 2018.
^Krivorotova, Anastasia; Rakitina, Ekaterina (22 May 2018).ЦБ представил памятную банкноту к чемпионату мира по футболу [The Central Bank presented a commemorative banknote for the World Cup] (in Russian). Central Bank of Russia.Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved13 June 2018.
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