TheRussian grain export is the foreign trade operations for the sale ofgrain, primarilywheat grain, fromRussia to other countries. Grain has been a traditional item of export income for Russia for centuries, providing the Russian Federation in the 21st century with leadership among the main grain suppliers to the world market along with theEU (2nd place 2019/20), United States (3rd place),Canada (4th place),Ukraine (5th place).[1]
Historically, Russianwheat exports were preceded by wheat exports from the Black Seasteppes toAncient Greece andAncient Rome. The long existence of grain exports in this direction is associated with the peculiarities of the landscape of the Northern Black Sea region, which are extremely favorable for the growth of wheat.[citation needed]
Grain export of Russia for a long time had not only economic, but also significant external and internal political importance for the country. It became the subject of public discussion and political speculation in various historical periods of the country's life. Since wheat has been one of the main Russian export goods for a long time, the proceeds from its sale were often used for cross-financing of other sectors of the economy, primarily industry.[2][3]
At the same time, the average yieldgrain in therisky farming zone (80% of the Russian territory)[4] is low: self-three instead of self-six, self-seven in Western and Southern Europe.[5]
Due to the difference in natural and geographical conditions in Eastern Europe, the aggregate of the most necessary needs of an individual was significantly greater than in Western Europe, and the conditions for their satisfaction are much more difficult and worse, noted the author of the book "Great Russian Plowman"L.V. Milov.[5] Therefore, the volume of the surplus product of grain production was always much less, and with the need of landowners to receive incomes comparable to incomes in Western European societies, they obviously gave rise to the catch phrase attributed to the Minister of Finance of the Russian Empire Vyshnegradskiy "we are undernourished, but we will take out!".[6]
Prior to 1762, the export of Russian grain was limited to the port ofArkhangelsk.Peter III opened grain exports from ports on the Baltic Sea such asSt. Petersburg, where grain shipped through internal river waterways were collected for export.[7] Significant expansion in exports occurred in the 1860s and 1870s due to theEmancipation reform of 1861 and the opening of new railways. In some years during the late 19th century, over half of Russia's wheat production were exported.[8] By 1903, Russia had surpassed theUnited States as the world's largest wheat exporter, and was also a major exporter ofoats,barley andrye.[9]
During the late 1920s and early 1930s,collectivization policies caused a decline in Russian/Soviet grain production. Regardless, around 12 million tonnes of grain were exported between 1929 and 1933, with the proceeds being used to purchase agricultural machinery.[10] It was a grain exporter again afterWorld War II, averaging around 6 million tonnes of net exports per year between 1956 and 1962. Following a poor harvest in 1963, it became a net importer, and continued to do so untilits dissolution due to increasing demand for grain from the Soviet meat industry.[11] Internationalgrain trade by the USSR was handled by the state monopoly corporationExportkhleb.[12]
Russian grain production collapsed immediately after the fall of the Soviet Union, with production going down by around one-third. By the early 2000s, however, Russia had once again become a net grain exporter.[13] In 2023–2024, Russia exported 60 million tonnes of grains (mostly wheat), roughly half its total grain production. About two-thirds (55 million out of 83 million tonnes) of its wheat production was exported in that period.[14] Wheat was Russia's second largest non-fossil fuel export after gold.[15]
After the USSR liquidation, the Russian state did not set itself the explicit task of participating in grain exports, however, quite early it tried to enter the grain market with the officially declared goals of supporting domestic producers andfood security, ensuring public food purchases and organizing markets. The latter also meant the grain trade market, including for export. Work in this direction has been consistently delegated by the state to a number of organizational successive structures:
