| Ruspoli | |
|---|---|
| Black noble family | |
 | |
| Parent house | House of Marescotti |
| Country |  Duchy of Florence Papal States.svg) Grand Duchy of Tuscany.svg) Kingdom of Italy.svg) Kingdom of Spain |
| Current region |  Italy Spain European Union |
| Founded | 9th century |
| Current head | Prince Francesco Maria Ruspoli, 10th Prince of Cerveteri |
| Titles | |
| Motto | Loyalement sans douter (French for 'Loyally without doubt') |
| Estates | |
| Cadet branches |
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TheHouse of Ruspoli is historically one of the great aristocratic families ofRome, but is originally fromFlorence. FollowingWorld War II and the fall ofFascism, the newly establishedItalian Republic officially does not recognize titles and hereditary honours in its1946 Constitution. However, the Vatican State continued to acknowledge thepapal nobility of Rome (fourteen princely families, among which is the Ruspoli family), as those titles had been created bypapal authority.
The origins of the family can be traced back to the Ruspoli of Florence in the 13th century, and more remotely from Marius Scotus in the 8th century and his descendants the Marescotti ofBologna. In the 16th century, the Ruspoli family moved to Rome, where the last descendant, Vittoria Ruspoli, Marchioness ofCerveteri, married Sforza Vicino Marescotti, Count ofVignanello, a descendant of theFarnese family on both his mother's and father's side. One of Vittoria's sons took the Ruspoli name and coat of arms to guarantee the continuity of the house.
In 1708, Vittoria's grandson,Francesco Marescotti Ruspoli, head of theRuspoli Regiment, fought to defend thePapal States. In 1709, he forced the Austrians to retreat, andPope Clement XI named him the first Prince of Cerveteri. This title would then pass down to the first-born son of each generation. The papal title of Roman Prince was later conferred in 1721, and it is also held by the first-born son of each generation.
Since 1808, the head of the family also served asGrand Master of the Sacred Apostolic Hospice, which was an hereditary official of thePontifical Household. He was a Participating Privy Chamberlain and the sole lay member of the Noble Privy Antechamber, as well as a Participating Privy Chamberlain of the Sword and Cape (who were all laymen, traditionally holding hereditary posts). The post was removed in the reforms of thePapal Curia after 1968, leaving just the honorific title.
There are traces of members of the Ruspoli family from the 13th century on tombstones in the churches ofOgnisanti and of Santa Maria Novella inFlorence.
Some of its members, in chronological order:[1]
It is Bartolomeo, son of the above-mentioned Lorenzo, that the family moved away from the imperialGhibellines and came closer to the Vatican State in Rome.
Bartolomeo Ruspoli was born in Florence in 1496. He formed a business partnerships with theAltoviti family, who were influential wool traders and bankers. In 1529 Bartolomeo travelled to Rome where he married Maria Ardinghelli niece of Cardinal NiccolòArdinghelli, an influential member of theFarnese fraction and an intimate associate of Alessandro Farnese, futurePope Paul III. The Ruspoli were thus integrated into theRoman Curia and the papal court, and Bartolomeo's children, both sons and daughters, were all married into families of the Roman nobility:Muti,Cavalieri andFloridi.[2] In 1531 Bartolomeo Ruspoli was named Petitioner of the apostolic letters byPope Clement VII. In 1535 he was made Prior of Florence.
Gradually, and certainly by the 17th century, the Ruspoli had lost their identity as Florentine merchants and bankers, referring to themselves exclusively as Roman nobles.[2]
According to the Marescotti-Ruspoli archive and as often seen on various family trees and reported on the official "Libro d'oro della Nobiltà Italiana" published by the Collegio Araldico, the origins of the Marescotti can be traced back toMarius Scotus born inGalloway in south westScotland in the 8th century.[3][4]
In the year 773 kingCharlemagne started a military campaign against theLombards in Italy, because they were not respecting an agreement made withPepin the Short to give part of their land to the state of the Church. He asked for help from king ofDál Riata (Western Scotland) Eochaid IV.[5] The latter asked his cousin Count William ofDouglas to recruit and bring to France a brigade of 4,000 men, which he did. But soon thereafter he had to return to Scotland to governthe family clan, leaving his command to his younger brother Marius Douglas, who at the time was described as courageous, tall, strong and with a reddish beard.[6]
The army of theFranks crossed the Alps and took base in the BenedictineAbbey of Novalesa, in the high valley ofDora Riparia. Mario Scoto, as he was known in Italy, discovered a small path through forests between the mountains which was absolutely unusable by the army, but perfect for the Scottish highlanders. After walking quietly for three days along the path, Mario Scoto and his men attacked theLombards by surprise from the back, while kingCharlemagne attacked with the cavalry from the front. It was a major victory for the Franks which marked the decline of the Lombards in Italy.
In the spring of the following year,Pope Adrian I and the king decided to meet. With a small escort, amongst whom Mario Scoto was present, Charlemagne travelled the ancientvia Cassia toSaint Peter's Basilica where he was received and blessed by the pope. Mario Scoto was Catholic as were the majority of Scottsmen at the time and at the service of his king became himself a defender of the Faith. He became an appreciated military advisor and distinguished himself in the Spanish campaign and in the battle against the Saxons at the confluence of the Weser with the Aller in which of the 5,000 Saxons, only the 500 who chose to be baptised were spared their lives.
Towards the end of the century Mario Scoto retired from the army, married an Italian noblewoman called Marozia and, for his devotion to the pope, settled in Rome where he was granted the honor to escort the pope. He was therefore present when in April 799Pope Leo III was assaulted and kidnapped near the church of San Lorenzo in Lucina. Mario Scoto was able to find the pope in a monastery on theAventine Hill and rescued him and returned him to his throne at the Holy See. The scene was later painted in Bologna byGiuseppe Antonio Caccioli.
On Christmas Day 800 Mario Scoto was invested Count of Bagnacavallo inRomagna and was granted the privilege to adorn his family crest, which already had the rampant leopard of Scotland, with the threefleur-de-lis, characteristic symbol of the French kings.
The family still conserves an old portrait of a soldier with the following encryption in Latin: "Marius de Calveis, Scotus, Carl Mag M Dux Familiam Marescotti Fundavit ANN D. DCCC" (Marius of Galloway, Scottish, military commander under Charlemagne, founder of the Marescotti family. AD 800)
In the 9th century the Marescotti people (name derived from Mario Scoto) carried the title of counts of Bagnacavallo, a large fiefdom between the Lamone and Savio rivers. Charlemagne had received vast lands in the Bologna area and had later distributed them, as was the custom in those days, to the veterans of his army.
Some members of the family in chronological order:[7][8]
Alberto il Malvicino de Calveiso de' Calvi Count of Bagnacavallo. Alberto Count of Bagnacavallo. Ermes, Massimiliano and Oddo Marescotti (Mariscotti) wereConsuls of Orvieto respectively in 1035, 1091 e 1099. Carbone - in 1120 build a tower in Bologna. Marescotto - Consul of Imola nel 1140
Raniero Marescotti - elected cardinal byPope Lucius II December 18, 1144.[9]
Marescotto - Consul of Bologna e Captain general of Bologna in the war against Imola in 1179. Pietro de' Calvi Marescotti -Podestà of Faenza in 1185. Marescotto Consul of Bologna 1227 Guglielmo - Podestà di Siena nel 1232, his son Corrado wasChancellor of EmperorFrederick II in 1249. Alberto Marescotti son of Ugolino was Consul of Bologna, Captain general of the infantry of Bologna, then took Faenza in 1281 and regained Imola in 1290.
The navy commander Fabrizio Ruspoli son of Bartolomeo Ruspoli and Maria Ardinghelli distinguished himself in theBattle of Lepanto. The Ottomans lost all but 30 of its ships and as many as 30,000 men, a decisive victory for Christianity and a strategic military one, that marked the start of the decline of the Ottoman's power in the Mediterranean. The Christians attributed the victory to the protection of the Virgin Mary, whom they had invoked by reciting the Rosary, andPope Pius V instituted a feast in its honor asOur Lady of Victory.
Orazio Ruspoli, brother of Fabrizio, became a successful banker and was then named magistrate of the colleges in 1557. Together with his third brother Alessandro he started theBanco Ruspoli inSiena and the family became very wealthy. Orazio married Felice Cavalieri and had two children.
Lorenzo Ruspoli, their cousin, was in the wool trade and also became a successful banker inFlorence and then Consul.[10] he then married lady Maria di Bernardo Franceschi and had two children; Antonio and Francesco (born August 20, 1579). The latter became a published satirical poet.[11][12]
Vittoria Ruspoli, daughter of Orazio and Felice Cavalieri, married in 1617 Sforza Vicino Marescotti, Count of Vignanello, Lord of Parrano, Roman noble and Patrizio of Bologna, Magistrate of Conservatori of Bologna in 1632 and Conservatore di Roma in 1654. Vittoria's brother, Bartolomeo Ruspoli after acquiring the fiefdom of the Marquis of Cerveteri and in Rome the Palace on the Ara Coeli, having no children of his own donated everything to the heirs of her sister.
Vittoria's husband, Sforza Vicino, descended from the Farnese family from both his mother's and his father's side (see the image on the right). From his father's side he inherited the fiefdom of Vignanello (from the wedding between Sfortia Marescotti and Ortesia Farnese Countess of Vignanello). His grandmother was Giulia Farnese. The entire branch of the Farnese (Dukes of Latera) became extinct and the descendants of the Marescottis (later called Ruspolis by will of Vittoria Ruspoli) kept the fiefdom and theCastello Ruspoli inVignanello up to our days.[13]
Meanwhile, Clarice born March 6, 1585, sister of Sforza Vicino Marescotti, became a nun in the convent of San Bernardino inViterbo with the name ofSister Giacinta. She was canonized Saint byPope Pius VII in 1807.
Her feast is celebrated on January 30.
Galeazzo Marescotti, son of Sforza Vicino and Vittoria was elected cardinal byPope Clement X.
Francesco Maria Marescotti Ruspoli, first-born son of Alessandro (of Sforza Vicino Marescotti, 4th Conte diVignanello and Vittoria dei Principi Ruspoli), was born March 2, 1672. In 1695 he married lady Isabella Cesi, daughter of Giuseppe Angelo, fifth Duke ofAcquasparta and Giacinta Conti of the Dukes ofPoli andGuadagnolo (sister ofPope Innocent XIII).
Francesco Maria appreciated and helped the development ofAcademy of Arcadia of which he was a member under the pseudonym Olinto. He was the first patron to welcome them in one of his villas on Via Merulana. The first volume of theRime degli Arcadi was dedicated to Francesco Maria.[14] In 1725 the Arcadia took permanent residence in the Gianicolo villa of Bosco Parrasio.
In 1707George Frideric Handel arrived in Rome where for two years he was a guest of Francesco Maria Ruspoli,[15] who named himKapellmeister.[16] During this period he composedSalve Regina (HWV 241) which he performed in the Ruspoli Castle inVignanello andDiana Cacciatrice (HWV 79) which he performed in Palazzo Ruspoli inCerveteri. In Rome at the Ruspolis[17] and the Ottobonis he performed theoratoriosLa Resurrezione (HWV 47)[18][19] and theTrionfo del Tempo e del Disinganno (HWV 46a) both dedicated to Francesco Maria Marescotti Ruspoli. Between 1709 and 1716 he was succeeded asKapellmeister byAntonio Caldara.
CardinalGaleazzo Marescotti watched over his beloved nephew and was pleased with the brilliant life, but more so with the great culture, munificence, and devotion to God of Francesco Maria. The cardinal had a precise plan: to persuade the pope to elevate the title of the fiefdom of Cerveteri from marquis to prince.[20] Other Roman noble families such as theAldobrandini, Boncompagni,Borghese andErba-Odescalchi were made princes by their respective popes. The Ruspolis did not have a pope and it was necessary to make a munificent gesture and to acquire particular merits with theHoly See.[20] In 1707 the cardinal persuaded his nephew to arm abrig to donate to the Holy See. The modern hull with wide sails was delivered inCivitavecchia. Handel had composed for the occasion a choral of white voices on a text greeting the pope king. But that was not enough to elevate Cerveteri to a principality.
In 1708 Francesco Maria created theRuspoli Regiment at his own expense. Formed by nearly 1,000 men, the regiment enjoyed some minor victories, until 1709 when inFerrara thanks to a superior armament they were able to push the Austrians back to the north of thePo River. A great victory for which on February 3, 1709, full of gratitude,Pope Clement XI elevated Cerveteri to aPrincipality.
In 1710 Prince Francesco Maria Marescotti Ruspoli acquired the fiefdom ofRiano where he enriched the town with privileges and public works.
In 1713 he acquired the fiefdom ofSan Felice Circeo which then passed in 1718 to his daughter's husband, Filippo Orsini.
Still in 1713 Francesco Maria bought thePalazzo Ruspoli in Rome from the Caetani who had chargedMartino Longhi the Younger to build the sumptuous loggia on the courtyard and the famous staircase, one of thefour wonders of Rome.
In 1721Pope Benedict XIII conferred to Francesco Maria the title ofPrincipe Romano, for himself and his descendants,ad infinitum so the family could conserve the prestige of its ancestors.[21]
Pope Benedict XIII then came toVignanello in 1725 to solemnly consecrate the new parish church built by the will of Prince Francesco Maria.
In 1792Francesco Ruspoli, 3rd Prince of Cerveteri was createdPrince of the Holy Roman Empire by the EmperorFrancis II.
Today Prince Francesco Ruspoli, 10th Prince of Cerveteri is the head of the House of Ruspoli and resident in Palazzo Ruspoli in Rome.
ThePrince Camillo Ruspoli, third son ofFrancesco Ruspoli, 3rd Prince of Cerveteri and Countess Maria Leopoldina vonKhevenhüller-Metsch, was married withCarlota Luisa de Godoy and Borbón, daughter ofManuel de Godoy and Alvarez de Faria,Prince of the Peace, and his first wife,María Teresa de Borbón y Vallabriga,XV countess of Chinchón, who was daughter ofInfante Luis Antonio de Borbón and Farnese.
These branches originate fromPrince Bartolomeo Ruspoli (1800–1872), third son ofFrancesco Ruspoli, 3rd Prince of Cerveteri and Countess Maria Leopoldina vonKhevenhüller-Metsch, and brother ofAlessandro Ruspoli, 4th Prince of Cerveteri andCamillo Ruspoli, Duke of Sueca He married Dona CarolinaRatti. His sonEmanuele Ruspoli was named first prince of Poggio-Suasa after participating in the Italian unification and being the first Mayor of the Italian Rome. He was the grandfather ofEmanuela de Dampierre y Ruspoli, Duchess of Segovia andDuchess of Anjou by her marriage toInfante Jaime, Duke of Segovia, son ofAlfonso XIII, King of Spain.
This is a list of some properties associated with the Ruspoli family
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Many of Handel's Italian compositions resulted from the interest in him and his music by the Marquis (later Prince) Francesco Ruspoli, who employed Handel as a House Composer…
..Haendel, maestro di cappella della famiglia Ruspoli..
(in Rome, Handel) composed for his most constant Roman patron, the Marquis Ruspoli…"
Handel wrote (la Resurrezione) for Ruspoli for and elaborate performance on Easter Sunday, 1708, at Ruspoli's Bonelli palace
performance at the Bonelli Palace, home of his wealthy Roman Patron, the Marchese Francesco Maria Marescotti Ruspoli. Ruspoli was intensely interested in music and realized Handel's gifts, a fact that gave the young German considerable encouragement