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| Rushani | |
|---|---|
| Rushan, Roshani, Oroshani[1] | |
| rix̌ůn zivриx̌ӯн зив | |
 | |
| Native to | Afghanistan,Tajikistan |
| Ethnicity | 73,800 Rushan people[2] |
Native speakers | (18,000 cited 1990)[2] |
Indo-European
| |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
sgh-rus | |
| Glottolog | rush1239 |
| ELP | Rushani |
 Rushani is classified as Severely Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Rushani is one of thePamir languages spoken inAfghanistan andTajikistan. Rushani is relatively closer to all NorthernPamiri languages sub-group whether it isShughni,Yazgulami,Sarikuli orOroshori sharing many grammatical and vocabulary similarity with all of them especially withShughni and thus some linguists consider it a dialect ofShughni.
Rushan is divided into two parts byPanj river where on right bank alongBartang river to the East located Rushan district ofGBAO,Tajikistan and on the left side located several villages of Roshan area in northern part of the Sheghnan District, in theBadakhshan Province ofAfghanistan and theGorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region in Tajikistan. Afghani Roshan consists of six villages including Rubotin, Paguor, Chawed, York, Shaikhin and Chasnud, five of which are located on the bank of the riverPanj, which meets[clarification needed] at the border of Tajikistan.[3] Most Rushani speakers belong to theIsmaili branch ofShi'a Islam.[3]
Rushani, like Shughni, is only used in unofficial settings. All of the children in the community learn Rushani as their first language and rely heavily on it until they enroll in school. It is only then that they learn the official language of the country.[3] Adult speakers are all bi- or tri-lingual inTajik andRussian.
Traditionally Rushani was not a written language, with Rushani speakers writing inPersian.[4] Writing systems have been developed for the language usingCyrillic andLatin scripts, for example for use in translation of parts of the bible by theInstitute for Bible Translation.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Close-mid | e | ɵ | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a | ɑ | |
The following are the consonants of Rushani:[5]
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | |||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | t͡s | t͡ʃ | k | q | |
| voiced | b | d | d͡z | d͡ʒ | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ʃ | x | χ | (h) |
| voiced | v | ð | z | ʒ | ɣ | ʁ | ||
| Nasal | m | n | (ŋ) | |||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | |||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||||
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| Cyrillic | Latin | Cyrillic | Latin | Cyrillic | Latin | Cyrillic | Latin | Cyrillic | Latin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | A a | Д д | D d | Й й | Y y | П п | P p | Ф ф | F f |
| А̄ а̄ | Ā ā | Д̌ д̌ | Δ δ | К к | K k | Р р | R r | Х х | X x |
| Б б | B b | Е е | E e | Қ қ | Q q | С с | S s | Х̌ х̌ | X̌ x̌ |
| В в | V v | Ж ж | Ž ž | Л л | L l | Т т | T t | Ц ц | C c |
| В̌ в̌ | W w | З з | Z z | М м | M m | Т̌ т̌ | Θ ϑ | Ч ч | Č č |
| Г г | G g | Ҙ ҙ | Ӡ ӡ | Н н | N n | У у | U u | Ҷ ҷ | J̌ ǰ |
| Г̌ г̌ | Ɣ̌ ɣ̌ | И и | I i | О о | O o | Ӯ ӯ | Ū ū | Ш ш | Š š |
| Ғ ғ | Ɣ ɣ | Ӣ ӣ | Ī ī | О̄ о̄ | Ō ō | У̊ у̊ | Ů ů |
Rushani is unusual in having atransitive alignment system – a so-calleddouble-oblique clause structure – in the past tense. That is, in the past tense,[7] the agent and object of a transitive verb are both marked, while the subject of an intransitive verb is not. In the present tense, the object of the transitive verb is marked, the other two roles are not – that is, a typicalnominative–accusative alignment.[8] Seetransitive alignment for examples.
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