Incricket, arun is the unit ofscoring. The team with the most runs wins in many versions of the game, and always draws at worst (seeresult), except for some results decided by theDLS method, which is used in rain-shortenedlimited-overs games when the two teams have had a different number of opportunities to score runs.
One run (known as a "single") is scored when the twobatters (the striker and the non-striker) start off positioned at opposite ends of thepitch (which has a length of 22 yards) and then they each arrive safely at the other end of the pitch (i.e. they cross each other without beingrun out).
There is no limit on the number of runs that may be scored off a singledelivery, and depending on how long it takes the fielding team to recover the ball, the batters may run more than once. Each completed run, if it occurs after the striker hits the ball with the bat (or a gloved hand holding the bat), increments the scores of both the team and the striker.
A batter may also score 4 or 6 runs (without having to run) by striking the ball to theboundary.
The team's total score in theinnings is the aggregate of all its batters' individual scores plus anyextras (runs scored regardless of whether the bat or glove hit the ball). One extra is scored each time thebowler bowls anillegal delivery to the batter, and four extras are scored if the ball reaches the boundary without having been struck by the batter.
To complete a run, both batters must make theirground, with some part of their person or bat touching the ground behind thepopping crease at the other end of the pitch. Attempting a run carries a risk factor because either batter can berun out, (one method ofdismissal), with the run then not being scored, if the fielding side can break one of thewickets (at either end of the pitch) with the ball before the batter near that wicket has completed the run.
Scoring runs is the subject of Law 18 in theLaws of Cricket.[1] Boundaries are covered in Law 19.[2] How the Batsman makes his ground is Law 30.[3]
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Batsmen frequentlyrunsingles and also "twos" and "threes". If the batsmen run a single or a three, they have "changed ends", so the striking batsman becomes the non-striker for the next delivery, and vice versa. If the single or three is scored off the last delivery of theover, the striker, having changed ends, retains the strike for the first delivery of the next over. There are rare instances of "fours" being all run when the ball does not reach the boundary. A "five" is possible, but usually arises from a mistake by the fielders, such as anoverthrow. The batsman is never compelled to run and can deliberately play without attempting to score.
This is known asrunning between the wickets. During each run, each batter starts off behind one of thepopping creases and then must go beyond the other popping crease, running a minimum distance of 58 feet (17.7 m).[4]
The striking batsman may begin his or her run from the moment the ball hits the bat; the non-striker may begin his or her run before the ball is struck, but runs the risk of beingrun out if they move out of theircrease before the bowler delivers the ball. Leaving the crease early, to gain an advantage in running between the wickets, is known asbacking up.
The batsmen stop running when they judge that the ball is sufficiently controlled by the fielding team to prevent another run, for example when it is returned to thebowler or thewicketkeeper.
If, when turning for an additional run, one of the batsmen fails to ground some part of their body or bat behind the popping crease, the umpire declares a "short run" and the run does not count but, even if the bat is dropped, runs do count as long as each batsman makes his ground with his bat or person somehow.
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The act of running is unnecessary if the batsman hits the ball to the markedboundary of thefield. If the ball reaches the boundary having made contact with the ground, four runs are added to the scores of both the batsman (if he had struck the ball) and the team. If the batsman succeeds in hitting the ball onto or over the boundary on the full (i.e. the ball does not contact the ground until it has hit or is beyond the boundary), six runs are added. If the batsmen are running when the ball reaches the boundary, they can stop, and their team will be awarded either the number of runs for the boundary (4 or 6), or runs the batsmen completed together (including a run in progress if they already crossed when the boundary is scored), whichever is greater.
It is also possible for a fielder to stop the ball from reaching the boundary, but for the ball to subsequently reach the boundary due to anoverthrow by the fielder. In this case, four runs are scored (which are credited to the striker) in addition to any runs the batters had scored by running on that delivery.
In addition to runs scored by the batsmen, the team total is incremented by extras (also known as "sundries" in Australia; they are not added to a batsman's individual score), which arise because:
In the written records of cricket, "run" is as old as "cricket" itself. In the earliest known reference to the sport, dated Monday, 17 January 1597 (Julian date), Surrey coronerJohn Derrick made a legal deposition concerning a plot of land inGuildford that when (c. 1550):[7]
"a scholler of the Ffree Schoole of Guildeford, hee and diverse of his fellowes did runne and play there at creckett and other plaies".
It may well be that, in this context, "runne" meant running in general. For a long time, until well into the 18th century, the scorers sat on the field and increments to the score were known as "notches" because they would notch the scores on a stick, with a deeper knick at 20. The same method was used byshepherds when counting sheep. In the earliest known laws of cricket, dated 1744, one of the rules states:[8]
"If in running a Notch, the Wicket is struck down by a Throw, before his Foot, Hand, or Bat is over the Popping-Crease, or a Stump hit by the Ball, though the Bail was down, it's out".
In the 1774 version, the equivalent rule states:[9]
"Or if in running a notch, the wicket is struck down by a throw, or with the ball in hand, before his foot, hand, or bat is grounded over the popping-crease; but if the bail is off, a stump must be struck out of the ground by the ball".
These are the earliest known references to running as the means of scoring. The change of terminology from "notch" to "run" was gradual, and both terms were in use in 1800. The result of a match played inSussex on 3 August 1800 was a win "by 25 notches"[10] while another match in Sussex on 9 August 1800 was won "by an innings and 38 runs".[11]
For team and individual run-scoring records, seeList of Test cricket records,List of One Day International cricket records,List of Twenty20 International records, andList of first-class cricket records.
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