The series premiered on August 11, 1991. It is the second of the original three Nickelodeon animated series known as "Nicktoons", afterDoug and beforeThe Ren & Stimpy Show. The series initially lasted for 65 episodes spanning three seasons. Production was then halted in 1993 and Germain left the series, with the last episode airing on November 12, 1994. In 1995 and 1996, twoJewish-themed specials premiered, "A Rugrats Passover" and "A Rugrats Chanukah", respectively, both of which received critical acclaim. During this time, after the end of the series production run,Rugrats began to receive a boost in ratings and popularity due to constantreruns on Nickelodeon.
Rugrats gained over 20 awards during its 13-year run, including fourDaytime Emmy Awards, sixKids' Choice Awards, and its own star on theHollywood Walk of Fame. The series became a hit, garnering high ratings, and anchored Nickelodeon as the network's top-rated series from 1995 to 2001. UntilSpongeBob SquarePants aired its 173rd episode in 2012,Rugrats was Nickelodeon's longest-running cartoon.
Many of the adventures in which the babies find themselves take place at Tommy's house; the parents usually rely on Didi, Stu, or Grandpa Lou (Stu’s father) to babysit the kids while they run errands. Their address is revealed on an invoice in the season one episode "Tommy's First Birthday" as 1258 N. Highland, the original address of Klasky Csupo in Los Angeles.[4] However, an unnamed specific city or state is never mentioned in the series. Several indicators, such as a state flag at a post office, license plate designs on the vehicles, and various trips to theGrand Canyon,Las Vegas, and the beach, place the characters somewhere insouthern California.[5][6][7]
The location is also hinted at during the season one episode "Little Dude" when Didi, who is a teacher, takes Tommy to her class at Eucaipah High School, referencing the city ofYucaipa, California.[8] It has been implied that this ambiguity was done intentionally to help give the impression of seeing the world through the eyes of the babies, who would not understand the concept of location. The DeVilles live next door to the Pickles and, midway through the second season, the Carmichaels move in across the street.[9][10]
Rugrats sports a vast array of secondary and tertiary characters.
The series focuses on the experiences of a courageous, adventurous one-year-old baby namedTommy Pickles and his group of playmates – several otherinfants and toddlers, some of whom debuted later in the series. His playmates includeChuckie, Tommy's bespectacled, red-headed, insecure, cowardly two-year-old best friend, the twinsPhil and Lil, noted for their revolting eccentricities, Tommy's baby brotherDil, who was born inThe Rugrats Movie,Angelica, Tommy and Dil's outrageously spoiled and selfish three-year-old cousin who is a "rival" of his friends,Kimi, Chuckie's adventurous, playful stepsister (later his adopted sister in the seventh-season episode "Finsterella") who is introduced inRugrats in Paris: The Movie, andSusie, a good-hearted neighbor of the Pickles family, who protects the babies from Angelica, with whom she often butt heads.
The other characters depicted inRugrats include the babies' parents, grandparents, and pets. Parental figures includeDidi andStu Pickles, Tommy and Dil's mother and father,Chas Finster, Chuckie's mild-mannered father,Kira, Chuckie's sweet-natured, kind and understanding stepmother (later his adopted mother) whom Chas marries inRugrats in Paris: The Movie,Drew Pickles, Angelica's indulgent and doting father,Charlotte Pickles, Angelica'sworkaholic mother,Betty DeVille, Phil and Lil's kind and boisterousfeminist mother, andHoward DeVille, the twins' mild-mannered and soft-spoken father. Grandparents includeLou Pickles, Drew and Stu's father and Tommy, Angelica, and Dil's grandfather, Lulu, Lou's second elderly wife that appeared in later seasons of the series, and Didi's parents, Boris and Minka, who areJewish immigrants. The Pickles family also own a dog namedSpike and a cat belonging to Angelica named Fluffy.
In the series, babies talk to each other whenever adults are either not around, or are not paying attention.[11] The babies have a limited understanding of the world. Toddlers Angelica and Susie talk to the babies as well but can also communicate with adults, as they act as a bridge between the two worlds.[12]
During the first six seasons ofRugrats, episodes were primarily divided into two eleven-minute segments. After the second movie, during season seven,Rugrats aired with a format of three seven-minute segments per episode, though it returned to its original format in the final two seasons.[13]
Episodes took up to a year in advance to produce. After the episode's story was written and approved, the next phase consisted of voice recording, storyboarding, pre-eliminating animation, overseas production, overseas delivery, followed by editing and polishing.[14]
Rugrats was formed by the then-husband-and-wife duo ofGábor Csupó andArlene Klasky, along withPaul Germain in the summer of 1989.[15][11] Klasky Csupo had a major animation firm at the time which also provided services for commercials and music videos. Klasky, Csupó, and Germain were also animatingThe Simpsons forMatt Groening at the time, which they would continue to do until 1992 when the series' producerJames L. Brooks and his companyGracie Films switched domestic production toFilm Roman. The trio decided to create their own series in reaction to a proclamation by the children's cable network Nickelodeon that they were to launch their own line of animated series, which would be later called "Nicktoons".[16] The network's Vice President of AnimationVanessa Coffey approached them to create a pilot for their new series. With the comedic stimulation branching from the antics of Klasky and Csupó's infant children and pulling inspiration from The Beatles, the 61⁄2–minute pilot episode, "Tommy Pickles and the Great White Thing" (which never aired), was released on DVD byParamount Home Entertainment in 2001.
Peter Chung, along with Klasky and Csupó, co-designed the characters and directed the series pilot, as well as the opening sequence. In aDecider article, Chung said, "He [Gábor] wanted the babies to be 'strange' instead of 'cute.'"[17][18] The production was completed in 1990, and they submitted it to Nickelodeon, who tested it with an audience of children. The feedback for the pilot episode was primarily positive. With that, Coffey and then-network presidentGeraldine Laybourne approved of and bought the series and sent it into production. Chuckie and Angelica were added as characters. Following the success of its first season, Nickelodeon renewed the series for its second season in November 1991.[19]
Germain, who felt that the series needed a bully, based Angelica on a girl bully from his childhood and decided the character would be a spoiled brat. Klasky initially disliked Angelica and also protested her actions in episodes like "Barbecue Story", where she throws Tommy's ball over the fence. In aNew Yorker article, Klasky said, "I think she's a bully. I never liked Angelica."[9] Klasky disdained Angelica and never fully approved of her character development. Angelica became problematic for someRugrats staff. When her voice actress, Cheryl Chase, had problems portraying a mean Angelica,Steve Viksten, one of the writers, would mention that Angelica was the series'J. R. Ewing. After seeing Angelica inThe Rugrats Movie, Klasky commented, "I think she's great for the show; I love Angelica."[20]
According to Germain, when the series was first conceived, the rule was that babies can really talk, but keep it a secret from adults. Such as the unaired pilot in which the babies wait for adults to leave the room before speaking to each other. However, the rules quickly began to evolve, and the babies became a metaphor for children of all ages. During production of the first season in June 1991, Germain and his fellow writers would argue among themselves over whether the adults could not understand the babies' talking, or whether the babies only spoke to each other when adults were not around.[21] During the first season, they tried a little of both, although later in the season, the writers would have the babies talk to each other while adults were in the same room, as long as there was a lot of space between them. By the end of the season, the writers allowed the babies to talk to each other while in their strollers as long as adults were not in the same shot.[11]
Through its full run,Rugrats had a steady array of main voice actors.E. G. Daily voicesTommy Pickles, except in the unaired pilot where Tami Holbrook provides the voice;Christine Cavanaugh originally voiced Chuckie Finster, but Cavanaugh left the series for personal reasons and was subsequently replaced byNancy Cartwright in 2002. The fraternal twins, Phil and Lil, and their mother, Betty, are voiced byKath Soucie; Dil Pickles and Timmy McNulty are voiced byTara Strong.Cheryl Chase, who initially auditioned for the role of Tommy, was brought on board to be cast as the voice ofAngelica Pickles.Dionne Quan voices Kimi Finster. Susie is voiced byCree Summer except for two episodes when Summer was unavailable, and Daily filled in for her instead.[22] Other regular voice actors includeJack Riley as Stu Pickles,Melanie Chartoff as Didi Pickles and Grandma Minka Kropotkin,Michael Bell as Drew Pickles, Chas Finster and Grandpa Boris Kropotkin,Tress MacNeille as Charlotte Pickles,Phil Proctor as Howard DeVille, Julia Kato as Kira Finster,Hattie Winston as Dr. Lucy Carmichael,Ron Glass as Randy Carmichael andDavid Doyle as Grandpa Lou Pickles until his death in 1997,[23] after whichJoe Alaskey took over until the series' end. In 2000,Debbie Reynolds joined the cast as Lulu Pickles, Lou's second wife, and remained until the series' end.
Overseas animation for the series was done atWang Film Productions for the pilot and its first-season, andAnivision andSunwoo Entertainment for the rest of the series. It was followed by editing and polishing before its master tapes were sent toNickelodeon.[14]
The theme song forRugrats is composed byMark Mothersbaugh, who also composed the main music for the series, along with Denis M. Hannigan, Rusty Andrews, and his brotherBob Mothersbaugh.
Rugrats visualizes ordinary, everyday activities through the eyes of a group of toddlers. Using their imaginations, the babies transform routine tasks into surprising adventures. The babies, having a limited understanding of the world, constantly mispronounce words and use improper grammar. Challenges often emerge because the babies misinterpret the adults, usually caused by Angelica's deceptive translations. The grown-ups ofRugrats are simultaneously quirky, over-cautious, and oblivious. The series portrays adults as mysterious eccentrics. Episodes usually center on amoral lesson that the babies learn during their imaginative explorations.
Rugrats was Nickelodeon's secondNicktoon, debuting on the same day asDoug (which premiered before it) andThe Ren & Stimpy Show (which debuted after). After the first run of the series, which was produced from 1990 to 1993, production went on a hiatus, co-creator/co-writerPaul Germain left the series,[11] and episodes that had not yet aired continued to be released through 1994. In 1995 and 1996, two Jewish-themed specials premiered; "A Rugrats Passover" and "A Rugrats Chanukah", respectively, and the rest of the series aired in reruns. Production on new episodes restarted in 1996 with a new writing staff,[24] and the series aired in Nickelodeon'sSNICK block from 1997 to 2001. From 1994 until 2012,Rugrats was the longest-running Nickelodeon animated series, with 172 episodes produced across its 13-year run. This record was surpassed in 2012 bySpongeBob SquarePants with the episode "Squiditis/Demolition Doofus".[25]
On July 21, 2001, in celebration of its 10th anniversary, Nickelodeon aired the television specialAll Growed Up, which featured the characters ten years older. After the special, the network aired a retrospective titledRugrats: Still Babies After All These Years, narrated byAmanda Bynes. Because of the special's ratings and popularity, Nickelodeon commissionedAll Grown Up!, a series about the older characters, which ran from 2003 to 2008.Rugrats ended on August 1, 2004.[26][9][27]
Nickelodeon andAmazon.com struck a deal to produce DVDs of new and old Nickelodeon shows, through theCreateSpace service. Using a concept similar toprint on demand, Amazon made the discs, cover art, and disc art itself. The first and second seasons ofRugrats were released on June 2, 2009, along with the first and second seasons ofThe Fairly OddParents (although theRugrats Season 2 was released in a "Best of" collection).[28] Season 3 and 4 were released on September 23, 2011, through the CreateSpace program.[29] Season 5 was released shortly after on October 4.[30] On October 6, 2011, the complete Seasons 6–8 were released through CreateSpace, and Season 9 was released in a "Best of" collection.[31] Amazon re-released seasons 2 & 9 as complete seasons on May 9, 2014.[32] As of February 2017, the Amazon.com releases have been discontinued.[33] In May 2017, Nickelodeon andParamount Home Media Distribution released Seasons 1 and 2 on DVD.[34] In February 2018, Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Media Distribution released Seasons 3 and 4 on DVD.[35] On May 18, 2021, Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Entertainment releasedRugrats: The Complete Series on DVD.[36]
"Angelica Orders Out", "The First Cut", "Reptar on Ice", "No Bones About It", "Be My Valentine", "Chuckie vs. The Potty", "Doctor Susie", "Vacation", "Finsterella", "Bigger Than Life", and "Tommy Pickles and the Great White Thing"
Mysteries
8
January 28, 2003
"Murmur on the Ornery Express", "The Fun Way Day", "Trading Phil", "Grandpa's Date", "The Legend of Satchmo", "Grandpa's Teeth", "Visitors from Outer Space", and "Grandpa Moves Out"
In 1994, "A Rugrats Passover" received aNielsen rating of 3.1, with a 4.8% share of American audiences, making it the sixth most-watched cable telecast that week.[43] In 1996,Rugrats episodes had aired 655 times over the course of the calendar year, and it remained one of cable television's most-watched series that year.[44] In February 1996,Rugrats reached a record of 19.1 million viewers per week, becoming the highest-rated kids program on cable.[45] In November 1996, the series surpassed itself with 20.8 million viewers per week.[45] In December 1996, "A Rugrats Chanukah" received a Nielsen rating of 7.9 in the show's target demographic of children aged 2–11.[46]
On November 10, 1997, the fourth-season episode "The Turkey Who Came to Dinner" became Nickelodeon's highest-rated program, with a Nielsen rating of 9.4, which totaled 3.7 million viewers among kids 2-11.[47] On January 18, 1999, it was surpassed by the sixth-season episodes "Chuckie's Duckling" and "A Dog's Life", all of which earned a 13.8 Nielsen rating.[48] On July 21, 2001, the series' special "All Growed Up" became Nickelodeon's highest-rated program among kids 2-11, earning a Nielsen rating of 20.4 with a 70% share.[49] It remains as the series' highest-rated episode.
Since its debut in 1991,Rugrats has received critical acclaim. In a 1995 interview,Steven Spielberg referred to the series as one of several shows that were the best children's programming at the time. Spielberg describedRugrats as "sort of a TVPeanuts of our time".[50]Rugrats was also considered a strong point inNickelodeon's rise in the 1990s.[51][52][53][54] In a press release celebrating the series' 10th anniversary,Cyma Zarghami stated, "During the past decade,Rugrats has evolved from a ratings powerhouse, being the number one children's show on TV, to pop icon status. It has secured a place in the hearts of both kids and adults, who see it from their own point of view".[55] According to Nickelodeon producers, this series made them the number-one cable channel in the 1990s.[56]Jeff Jarvis reviewedRugrats and stated, "WhenThe Simpsons was a segment onThe Tracey Ullman Show, it was just a belch joke with hip pretensions. As a series, it grew flesh and guts. It was my favorite cartoon. Until I discovered Nickelodeon'sRugrats, a sardonic, sly, kid's-eye view of the world that skewers thirty-something parents andCosby kids."[57]
Rugrats was noteworthy among contemporary children's television for depicting observant, identifiable Jewish families.[58] Jewish,Christian, andMuslim religious groups gave the series high praises for their special holiday episodes. Nonetheless, at one point theAnti-Defamation League andThe Washington Post editorial page castigated the series for its depiction of Tommy Pickles' maternal grandparents, accusing their character designs of resembling Nazi-era depictions of Jews.[58]
The Rugrats received a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame in a ceremony on June 28, 2001, commemorating the show's 10th anniversary.
On June 28, 2001, in commemoration of their tenth anniversary,Rugrats received a star on the fabledHollywood Walk of Fame, making it Nickelodeon's first series to receive a star. It was placed at 6600 W. Hollywood Blvd., near Cherokee Ave., outside a toy and costume shop.[63] In the October 2001 issue ofWizard Magazine, a leading magazine for comic book fans, they released the results of the "100 Greatest Toons ever", as selected by their readers;Rugrats ranked at No. 35. Three other Nicktoons—SpongeBob SquarePants,Invader Zim, andRen and Stimpy—also placed on the list.[64] In a list of TV Land's "The 2000 Best Things About Television", ranking the all-time TV shows, channels, commercials, people, catch phrases, etc.,Rugrats is ranked No. 699.[65]
The original series was named the 92nd-best animated series byIGN.[66] Angelica Pickles placed seventh inTV Guide's list of "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time" in 2002.[67] On September 24, 2013, in honor of their 60th anniversary,Rugrats earned a spot onTV Guide's "60 Greatest Cartoons of All Time" list.[68] In 2017, James Charisma ofPaste ranked the series' opening sequence #11 on a list ofThe 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time.[69]
In 1998,The Rugrats Movie was released, which introduced Dil, Tommy's little brother, to the series. Its worldwide gross was $140.9 million against a $24 million budget, though it received mixed reviews from critics. In 2000, a sequel,Rugrats in Paris: The Movie, was released, with three new characters introduced, Kimi, Kira, and Fifi. Kimi would become Chuckie's sister and Kira would become his new mother, after marrying his father. Fifi would become Spike's new mate and Chuckie's new dog. It too was a box office success and also received a more positive critical reception. In 2003,Rugrats Go Wild was released. It was a crossover between theRugrats andThe Wild Thornberrys.[70] It was the least successfulRugrats film both critically and commercially. TheRugrats film trilogy has grossed $299.6 million.[citation needed] In July 2018, Paramount announced that Rugrats would release a live-action movie on January 29, 2021. However, in November 2019, Paramount decided to pull the movie from its schedule with no explanation given.[71] In October 2024, it was announced that a new live-action hybrid film was in the works from Paramount and Jason Moore.[72]
On July 16, 2018, It was announced that Paramount Pictures had greenlit a live-action/CGI hybrid feature film which was last set for a January 29, 2021 release date.[71] Originally, it had been set for a November 13, 2020 release, and then was pushed back, withClifford the Big Red Dog taking its old slot.[73][74] But on November 12, 2019, the live-action/CGI hybrid film was removed from Paramount's release schedule.[71] In October 2024, it was announced that the film was back on track at Paramount withJason Moore on board to direct withMikey Day andStreeter Seidell setting to pen the script.[72][75]
Rugrats Pre-School Daze, also known asAngelica and Susie's School Daze, is aspin-off that follows Angelica Pickles and Susie Carmichael aspreschool students.Arlene Klasky andGábor Csupó were its creators andexecutive producers.[76] It was announced in 2001 as the first spin-off forRugrats, and initially received a 13-episode order.[77] Though it was reportedly a "highly-anticipated" part of the March 2002upfront presentation,[76] the series was reduced to fourtelevision specials.[78] This decision was reached after Nickelodeon shifted its focus to theAll Grown Up! spin-off following the rating success of "All Growed Up".[78]Rugrats Pre-School Daze was first shown in the United States between November 2008 and December 2008.[79] The series carried aTV-Y parental rating, meaning that it was judged as "designed to be appropriate for all children".[80]
In 2005,Paramount Home Entertainment released all four episodes ofRugrats Pre-School Daze on the DVDs for theRugrats: Tales from the Crib movies. The first two were released on theSnow White DVD,[81] while the last two were on the one forThree Jacks and a Beanstalk.[82] The series was once available on theiTunes Store andAmazon Instant Video,[79][83] but the episodes were later removed from both platforms.[79][83] All episodes are available onHulu.Variety's Brian Steinberg felt that the series' concept could be retooled as part of aRugratsreboot, where the baby protagonists would be shown in preschool and Angelica inkindergarten.[84] On May 14, 2020, it was announced that the reboot was delayed until 2021.[85] it was announced that Nickelodeon had given a series order to a 26-episode revival of the series, executive produced by Klasky, Csupó, and Germain. The reboot premiered onParamount+ on May 27, 2021.[86][87][88] The reboot also began airing on Nickelodeon on August 20, 2021.[89][90]
From 1998 to 2003, Nick produced aRugrats comic strip, which was distributed throughCreators Syndicate. Initially written by show-writer Scott Gray and drawn by comic book artist Steve Crespo, with Rob Armstrong as editor. Will Blyberg came on board shortly after as inker. By the end of 1998, Lee Nordling, who had joined as a contributing gag writer, took over as editor. Nordling hired extra writers, including Gordon Kent, Scott Roberts, Chuck Kim,J. Torres, Marc Bilgrey, andJohn Zakour, as well as new artists including Gary Fields, Tim Harkins, Vince Giaranno, and Scott Roberts. Stu Chaifetz colored the Sunday strips. TheRugrats strip started out in many papers, but as often happens with spin-off strips, soon slowed down. It is still seen in some papers in re-runs. Two paperback collections were published byAndrews McMeelIt's a Jungle-Gym Out There andA Baby's Work Is Never Done.
During this time,Nickelodeon also published 30 issues of an all-Rugrats comic magazine. Most of these were edited by Frank Pittarese andDave Roman, and featured stories and art by the comic strip creators and others. The last nine issues featured cover art by Scott Roberts, who wrote and drew many of the stories. Other writers included Roman, Chris Duffy, Patrick M. O'Connell, Joyce Mann, and Jim Spivey. Other artists includedJoe Staton andErnie Colón. The magazine also included short stories, many by Pittarese, and games, as well as reprints from an earlier, UK producedRugrats comic.
Nick produced a special 50-page comic magazine retelling of the filmRugrats in Paris, edited by Pittarese and Roman, written by Scott Gray, pencils by Scott Roberts, and inks by Adam DeKraker.
On October 18, 2017,Boom! Studios began publishing a newRugrats comic book series.[91]
There are two live performances throughout the original series. The first show,Rugrats: A Live Adventure, premiered on February 6, 1998, at theOakdale Theater inWallingford,Connecticut.[94] The US leg of the tour ended on August 1, 1999, at Lawrence Welk Resort Center-Champagne Theatre inBranson,Missouri.[95] Originally, the international tour of the show was going to debut on September 27, 1999, in Mara Plata,Argentina, but it was cancelled along with allSouth American shows.[96] It instead had an international debut on October 28, 1999, at theWembley Stadium inWembley,Greater London,England.[96] The international tour of the shows were done in theUnited Kingdom,Ireland, andAustralia and ended on May 14, 2000, at theAdelaide Entertainment Centre inAdelaide,South Australia.[96] Overall, theNorth American tours of the show ran 403 shows in 91 cities,[95] and the international tour of the show ran in 12 cities.[96] Despite some criticism, the show was well received from critics.[97]
Merchandise that was based onRugrats varied from video games, toothpaste,Kellogg's cereal, slippers, puzzles, pajamas, jewelry, wrapping paper, Fruit Snacks, Inflatable balls, watches, pencils, markers, cookie jars, key rings, action figures,My First Uno games, and bubblegum. The series also managed to spawn a popular merchandise line atWalmart,Kmart,Target,eBay,Hot Topic,J. C. Penney,Toys "R" Us,Mattel, Barnes & Noble, and Basic Fun.[100] By March 1999, the franchise had generated an estimated$1.4 billion in merchandise sales.[101]
TheRugrats had their own cereal made by Post called Reptar Crunch Cereal. The Rugrats and Reptar were predominantly featured on the front, there's a board game on the back and a special $3 rebate for Runaway Reptar on the side. This cereal was released for a limited time only, sold at US supermarkets 8/1/99 to 9/15/99 only, and not all supermarkets carried the cereal. To memorialize the movie, Rugrats in Paris, another Rugrats-based cereal came out in October 2000. Simply called the Rugrats in Paris Cereal, it has a similar appearance to Trix; it's a sweetened, multi-grain cereal with small-round bits in plain, red, purple and green. Small Eiffel Towers could also be seen.[102] In 2017, entertainment retail store chainFYE began selling Reptar Cereal, as well as Reptar Bars, both based on fictional products within the series. Reptar Cereal is very similar toFroot Loops, and Reptar Bars are chocolate bars filled with green frosting, a reference to the series in which the bars would turn the tongues of whoever ate it green.
Rugrats made fast-food appearances as well, with the most appearances being on Burger King. In 1994, the Hardee's fast-food chain offered a collection of Nicktoons toys as premiums that were included with kids' meals at their restaurants. All 4 Nicktoons at that time were featured —Doug,Rugrats,Ren & Stimpy, andRocko's Modern Life. Other food items that featureRugrats were Fruit Snacks, Macaroni and Cheese, Bubble Gum and Campbell's Rugrats Pasta with Chicken and Broth.[103]
In their first tie-in with Burger King, 5Rugrats toys were offered with their Kids Club meals, a different one with each meal. Each toy came with a 12-page (including covers) miniature version of Nickelodeon Magazine, which featured the toy's instructions, word search, picture puzzle, "Say What?", a scrambled word puzzle, a coupon for Oral-B Rugrats toothpaste and toothbrush, and entry blanks to subscribe to Rugrats Comic Adventures, Nick Magazine, and the Kids Club. From 1998 until 2004,Rugrats based-products included watches and various toys.[104]
^ab"Nickelodeon Maintains Leadership Position in Kids TV Season - Nick Prime is Number One Kids Daypart".Nielsen Media Research. February 13, 1997.
^"Nickelodeon drives kids TV marketplace in new season Grows While Competition Declines; Outperforms Broadcasters In Key Dayparts". Press release,Viacom. December 18, 1996.
^"Nickelodeon is Cable's Number One Rated Network for 1998: Record Setting Performances on Nickelodeon / Nick at Nite Drive Network To Total Day Cable Ratings Victory for Third Straight Year".Nielsen Media Research. December 16, 1998.
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^"Nickelodeon Marks Six Years as Basic Cable's Number-One Network - Nick Completes 24 Consecutive Quarters at Number One in Total Day with Households and Kids - Nick's Total-Day Tally in 3Q 2001 Yields Its Largest Kids' Audience Ever; Finishes September at Number One - SpongeBob SquarePants Closes Quarter as Broadcast and Cable TV's Number-One Prime-Time Show for Kids".Nielsen Media Research. October 2, 2001.
^"Spielberg Toons in."TV Guide. October 28, 1995. 33.