| Rudrama Devi | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raya-gaja-kesari | |||||
 Statue of Rudrama Devi inWarangal Fort | |||||
| Kakatiya Ruler | |||||
| Reign | 1262 – November 1289[1] | ||||
| Predecessor | Ganapati-deva | ||||
| Successor | Prataparudra | ||||
| Died | November 1289 (1289-12) Possibly atChandupatla (present-dayTelangana, India) | ||||
| Spouse | Virabhadra | ||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Kakatiya | ||||
| Father | Ganapati-deva | ||||
Rudrama Devi (reigned 1262–November 1289), also known by her regnal nameRudra-deva Maharaja, was aKakatiyaQueen regnant who ruled substantial parts of present-dayTelangana andAndhra Pradesh insouthern India.
Rudrama's father and predecessorGanapati, who had no son, appointed her as his co-regent around 1260. By 1263, Rudrama became the sole ruler, although she was not formally anointed as a sovereign at least until 1269. Early during her reign, Rudrama appears to have faced a revolt, which she was able to suppress with the support of her loyalists. She recovered some of the territories that the Kakatiyas had lost during the late 1250s and the early 1260s to their southern neighbours - thePandyas. She also repulsed invasions by theSeunas (Yadavas) from the north-west, and theGajapatis from the north-east. In the 1270s and the 1280s, Rudrama lost much of her southern territory to a revolt by the Kayastha chiefAmba-deva, and likely lost her life in a conflict against him in 1289. Her grandsonPrataparudra succeeded her on the Kakatiya throne.
The reign of Rudrama was remarkable for the rise of several non-aristocratic warriors in the Kakatiya service. She strengthened theWarangal Fort by raising its inner wall and constructing an outer wall surrounded by a moat.
Rudrama-devi, also known as Rudramba, was a daughter of her predecessor King Ganapati-deva. Kumara-svami Somapithi, in his commentary on Vidyanatha'sPrataparudra-yashobhushanam, states that Rudrama was a daughter of Ganapati by queen Somamba. However, at another place in the same text, he incorrectly names Rudrama as the chief queen of Ganapati. Some other sources also incorrectly describe Rudrama as a wife of Ganapati, including the Venetian travelerMarco Polo (who visited the Kakatiya kingdom around 1293 CE), and the 17th-century textPratapa-charitra. However, contemporary epigraphic evidence makes it clear that Rudrama was a daughter of Ganapati, not his wife.[2]
Rudrama married Vira-bhadra, a son of Indu-shekhara, the Chalukyasamanta ofNidadavolu.[3] There are several instances of Kakatiya monarchs reinstating defeated families to power and establishing marital relations with them: it is possible that Ganapati had subjugated this Chalukya branch during his conquest ofVengi in 1240. He probably arranged Rudrama's marriage shortly after,[4] in order to secure the political allegiance of the Chalukyas of Nidadavolu.[5]
Ganapati apparently retired after suffering defeats at his southern frontier, against thePandyas, in the late 1250s.[6] He had no male heir,[7] and nominated Rudrama as his successor. She began to rule as a co-regent from c. 1260 under the regnal name Rudra-devaMaharaja.[6] Ganapati probably became too old and weak to govern, and assigned Rudrama to run the government.[8] She appears to have become the sole ruler in 1263.[9]
The 1266 CETripuranthakam inscription of the Kakatiyamaha-pradhana Pedda Mallaya Preggada mentionsMaharaja Ganapati-deva as the ruling sovereign, not Rudrama. The 1269 CE Duggi inscription of the Kakatiya subordinate Janniga-deva describes Rudrama aspattoddhati (a mistake forpattoddhrti, meaning "chose royalty"). This suggests that in 1269, Ganapati was alive and Rudrama had not formally been anointed as a sovereign: officially, she was still a queen designate.[10]
Epigraphic evidence suggests that in the 1260s, the Kakatiyas lost control of several territories that were part of Ganapati's kingdom at its greatest extent. The southernmost territories were lost to the Pandyas, parts ofcoastal Andhra in the east were lost to theGajapatis, and parts of Telangana in the north-west were lost to the Seunas (Yadavas).[11] In theVengi region, no Kakatiya records have been found for the period 1262–1278, which suggests that their former vassals - the Kona Haihaya and the Chalukya chiefs - no longer acknowledged the Kakatiya suzerainty.[12] It is possible that the Kakatiya monarch granted autonomy to the Chalukyas of Nidadavolu, because Vira-bhadra of this family was Rudrama's husband; however, this is not certain.[13]
It appears that some nobles and Rudrama's own relatives did not approve of a woman being nominated to the throne. The 17th-century textPratapa-charitra states that two men named Hari-hara and Murari-deva revolted against Rudrama. The text describes them as Ganapati's sons from his junior queens.[6] It states that they captured the Kakatiya capital Warangal, and ousted Rudrama from there. Rudrama then rallied her supporters, recaptured the fort, and had her half-brothers killed. This account is not supported by any other evidence, and no other source mentions these purported sons of Ganapati, or Ganapati having any sons.[10] According to the Tripurantakam inscription of Ganapati's sister Mailama, Hari-hara was actually a paternal uncle of Ganapati.[6] Though the historicity of thePratapa-charitra account is doubtful, it probably preserves the memory of a rebellion against Rudrama.[14]
Pratapa-charitra states that Prasaditya assumed the titlesKakatiya-rajya-sthapan-acharya (Sanskrit for "a pillar of support for the Kakatiya kingdom"[15]) andRaya-pitamahanka, highlighting his role in the re-establishment of the Kakatiya power. It is Prasaditya's family chronicle, so it exaggerates his role in suppressing the rebellion against Rudrama. Several other chiefs assumed similar titles, which suggests that they may have also helped Rudrama suppress the rebellion.[14] For example:
Some early 14th-century chiefs, such as Devari Nayadu (fl. 1313–1317) and Kachaya Reddi, also bear similar titles, but they likely did not fight for Rudrama; they probably assumed these titles after fighting against the invasions from theDelhi Sultanate.[14]
Epigraphic evidence suggests that during much of the 1260s and 1270s, theGajapatis from the north-east maintained a presence in thecoastal Andhra region, which was a part of Ganapati's kingdom at its greatest extent. For example, a 1262 CEDraksharamam inscription mentionsNara-simha-naradhipa ("Narasimha, the lord of men"), who was most probably the Gajapati kingNarasimha I. Bhanudeva I, the son of Narasimha, invadedVengi around 1274 CE, as attested by his two inscriptions at Draksharamam.[11] Arjuna-deva, the Matsya chief of Oddadi, as well as other chiefs, accompanied him.[13]
Rudrama sent an army led by the brothers Poti Nayaka and Proli Nayaka against the Gajapati forces. The two brothers assumed the titlesGajapati-matta-matanga-simha ("lion to the rutting elephant") and Oddiyaraya-manamardana ("the destroyer of the pride of theOdia king"). This suggest that they repulsed the Gajapati invasion.[13] Their army appears to have re-established the Kakatiya authority in much of the coastal Andhra region, with the Gajapati power restricted to the north of theGodavari River.[11]
The Kakatiya rule in the region is attested by a 1278-1279 CE inscription of Karaparti Suraya Reddi, who describes himself as a servant of Kakatiya RudradevaMaharaja, that is, Rudrama. His inscription records a gift to the temple of the godBhimeshvara at Draksharamam.[13] Epigraphic evidence suggests that the Kakatiya control of the coastal Andhra region remained unchallenged during the rest of Rudrama's reign.[14]
Towards the end of the Ganapati's reign the Pandyas had conquered the southernmost part of the Kakatiya territory, includingNellore, and their vassals ruled this area in the subsequent years.[17] The 1264 CE and 1269 CE inscriptions of Rudrama's Kayastha subordinate Janniga-deva claim that he ruled the area extending fromPanugal in the north toKaivaram-kota in the south;[17] Ganapati had conferred this area as a fief upon him.[18] However, epigraphic evidence suggests that much of this area was controlled by Pandya allies: theKalukada chiefs Keshava-deva and his brother Raya-murari Soma-deva.[19]
An undatedChidambaram inscription of the Pandya prince Vikrama states that he did not march further north because he did not want to fight a woman who had assumed the name of a king. According to historians N. Venkataramanayya and M. Somasekhara Sarma, this may be euphemistic cover for his failed expedition against Rudrama.[17]
Inscriptions of Rudrama and her subordinates, discovered in theKadapa and Nellore areas, suggest that Kakatiyas regained control over some of the territory that they had earlier lost to the Pandyas:[20]
The Kakatiya subordinates soon lost these territories to rival chiefs, who were probably Pandya vassals. The Telugu Choda chiefVijaya Ganda-gopala appears to have displaced the Kayasthas. Tiru-kalatti-deva II (alias Tribhuvana-chakravarti Irumadi), the eldest son of the formerChoda ruler Manuma-siddhi II, appears to have displaced Naga-deva from Nellore in 1263. He apparently ruled Nellore during c. 1279–1283, before another Choda chief Manuma-Gandagopala displaced him.[21]
TheSeuna (Yadava) kingMahadeva invaded the Kakatiya kingdom during Rudrama's reign. The Seuna records, including Mahadeva's inscriptions andHemadri'sVrata-khanda, suggest that he achieved military successes against the ruler of Tilinga (Telangana), that is, the Kakatiya monarch. For example, they claim that Mahadeva was "the uprooter of the stalk of the lotus of the head" of the ruler of Tilinga, that he blew away this ruler like a strong wind blows away cotton, and that he "captured in battle the elephants and the five musical instruments" of this ruler.[22] TheVrata-khanda claims that Mahadeva left Rudrama free because he was reluctant to kill a woman.[23] The epithet "the uprooter of the stalk of the lotus of the head" appears to be a hereditary title inherited from his great-grandfatherJaitugi, who is known to have killed a Kakatiya king. Other claims made in the Seuna inscriptions are clear exaggerations.[22]
The records from Telangana suggest that Rudrama not only repulsed the Seuna invasion, but also annexed a part of their territory. The 17th-century textPratapa-charitra describes the episode as follows: Mahadeva besieged the Kakatiya capital Warangal for 15 days, but Rudrama led the Kakatiya forces to destroy his 300,000 infantry and 100,000 cavalry. Rudrama then chased Mahadeva to the Seuna capitalDevagiri; there, Mahadeva sued for peace, agreed to pay her 10 million gold coins aswar indemnity, and concluded a peace treaty. Rudrama distributed the money among her commanders, set up avictory pillar in the Seuna territory, and returned to her own kingdom.[24]
ThePratapa-charitra claims, such as Rudrama's purported destruction of the 300,000 infantry and 100,000 cavalry, are obvious exaggerations. However, epigraphic and numismatic evidence suggests that Rudrama indeed repulsed a Seuna invasion:[25]
Members of the Kayastha family, who held a fief in the southern part of the Kakatiya kingdom, appear to have been loyal to Rudrama during the tenure of the brothers Janniga-dev and Tripurari-deva.[26] Their younger brotherAmba-deva, who became the Kayastha chief in 1272,[21] appears to have been loyal to Rudrama for some time, as suggested by his titleraya-sthapanacharya ("a pillar of support for the kingdom"[15]).[12] However, his inscriptions do not mention any overlord, which suggests that he soon asserted independence, giving up his allegiance to Rudrama.[29]
Amba-deva's 1290 CETripurantakam inscription, records his military successes, including his victories over the feudatories and allies of Rudrama.[30][29]
With these victories, Amba-deva carved out an independent principality that included almost all of the former south-western parts of the Kakatiya territory to the south of the Krishna River.[34] As a result, at the time of Rudrama's death, the Kakatiya kingdom was smaller than the one she had inherited; nevertheless, it was still larger than it had been during the early part of her father's reign.[37] The distribution of inscriptions that mention her as sovereign suggests that the Kakatiya sphere of influence shrank during her reign.[38]
Rudrama appears to have been killed in November 1289 CE by Amba-deva's forces. This theory is supported by the following evidence:[39]
In 2017, archaeologist D. Kanna Babu ofArchaeological Survey of India identified two sculptures at Pochalamma temple inBollikunta as depictions of Rudrama. The first sculpture shows her riding a horse with reins in her left hand and a sword in her right hand; it features an overhead umbrella - the royal insignia. The second sculpture shows her tired, seated sorrowfully, and leaning towards left; the royal umbrella is missing, presumably because she lost it in the battle; and there is abuffalo - thevehicle ofYama, the lord of death. According to Babu's interpretation, the sculptures depict Rudrama's death in a battle against Amba-deva.[43]
Around 1291, during the reign of Rudrama's successorPrataparudra, the Kakatiya forces defeated Amba-deva.[44] Earlier historians believed that Rudramadevi ruled until 1295, because some records before this year name Prataparudra asKumara (Prince) Rudra.[45] However, the discovery of the Chandupatla inscription confirmed that Rudramadevi died before 27 November 1289.[40][46] Moreover, some records before 1295 (such as the 1292 Inkirala inscription) call Prataparudra aMaharaja ("great king"). It appears that Prataparudra continued to be calledKumara Rudra for some years after ascending the throne, because this was a familiar usage.[45]
According to an early 14th-century text, Rudrama's father Ganapati considered her equal to a son, and therefore, decided to use a male persona for her.[47] Rudrama thus promoted a male image to rule in a patrilineal society that traditionally excluded women from political power: she assumed a male name and wore masculine clothing.[48] Her husband Vira-bhadra finds few mentions in historical records and did not actively participate in the administration.[37]
Rudrama recruited several non-aristocratic warriors into the Kakatiya service: her successor Prataparudra as well as the laterVijayanagara emperors adopted this policy as well.[37] Epigraphic evidence suggests that during and after the later part of Ganapati's reign, the number and proportion of officers (as opposed to chiefs and princes) among individuals acknowledging Kakatiya overlordship increased significantly. For example, out of the 34 Kakatiya subordinates known from Kakatiya inscriptions during the early part of Ganapati's reign (c. 1199-1230 CE), 47% were chiefs and princes, while 26% were officers. From Rudrama's reign, 63 subordinates are known: only 17% of these were chiefs and princes, while 38% were officers. This suggests that, during this period, the noble families declined while the importance of the officers grew.[49] In the Kakatiya administration, the officers with the designationanga-rakshaka (bodyguard) first appeared during Rudrama's rule, and virtually disappeared during the reign of her successor Prataparudra.[15]
The Malayala and Recherla chiefs, who played an important role during the reigns of the preceding kings Rudra and Ganapati, appear to have retired from active service during Rudrama's reign. New chiefs, such as Reddis of Gona family and the Velamas, emerged as the important generals during her time.[12]
Notable subordinates of Rudrama included:
Rudrama continued the fortification ofWarangal by raising the height of acurtain wall, approximately 0.75 miles (1.21 km) in diameter, to 20 feet (6.1 m). This wall was made of granite blocks, was surrounded by a wide moat, and had 45bastions, which were 40–60 feet on a side. She also commissioned the construction of an outer earthen wall, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) in diameter, and surrounded by an additional 150 150 feet (46 m)-wide moat.[53]
Rudrama built aranga-mandapa dedicated to her family deitySvayambhu-deva (Shiva) in theWarangal Fort. A sculpture discovered among the ruins of this structure depicts her as a lion-mounted warrior holding a dagger and a shield in her hands. The image also depicts an elephant holding a lotus in its trunk: according to historian P.V.P. Sastry, it represents Rudrama's titleRaya-gaja-kesari.[54]
Rudrama and her husband Vira-bhadra had three daughters: Mummadamma, Rudrama, and Ruyyama (alias Ruyyamba).[3] According to Vidyanatha'sPrataparudra-Yashobhushana, Mummadamma married Mahadeva.[51] Rudrama, the princess who shared her mother's name, married the Seuna (Yadava) prince Yellana-deva (or Ellana-deva[3]), who held a fief near Guntur, as suggested by his Alapadu inscription.[55] Ruyyama married the minister and commander Annaya-deva of Induluri family, who was a son of Gannaya.[52]
Since queen Rudrama had no son, her father Ganapati asked her to adopt Mummadamma's sonPrataparudra alias Vira-rudra as her own son. Rudrama did so, and nominated Prataparudra as her successor.[51]
Rudrama had a sister named Ganapama-devi (or Ganapamba), who married Beta ofKota family.[7]
Among the historical rulers of India, Rudrama was one of the few women who inherited the throne from her father. She was also among the most successful women rulers of medieval South Asia, by the length of her reign as well as by the area of her kingdom. The historical traditions written in the centuries immediately following her death did not celebrate her as an important female monarch, and instead presented her as a widow queen who ruled on behalf of her infant son. However, in the 20th century, she became a source of regional pride in theAndhra Pradesh (later split intoTelangana).[47]
In 2015, filmmakerGunasekhar made aTelugu filmRudhramadevi on the life of Rudrama Devi withAnushka Shetty playing the titular role.[56]
Peninsula Pictures produced a serial onStar Maa titledRudramadevi which pictured the childhood of Rudramadevi to the TV viewers for 100 episodes.[57]
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