| Arms of His Majesty The King in Right of Canada Armoiries de Sa Majesté le Roi du Canada | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Armiger | Charles III,King of Canada |
| Adopted | Approved by order in council on 21 April 1921, and by royal proclamation on 21 November 1921. last revised 12 July 1994.[1] |
| Crest | Upon a royal helmet, a lionpassant guardant or imperially crowned proper and holding in thedexter paw amaple leafgules. |
| Torse | Argent andgules, the mantlinggules doubledargent. |
| Shield | Tierced infess, the first and second divisions containing the quarterly coat following, namely, 1stgules three lionspassant guardant in paleor, 2nd, or a lion rampant within a doubletressure flory-counter-flory gules, 3rd, azure a harp or stringedargent, 4th, azure threefleurs-de-lis or, and the third division beingargent three maple leaves conjoined on one stem proper. |
| Supporters | Dexter: a lion or holding a lanceargent, point or, flying therefrom to thedexter theRoyal Union Flag,sinister: a unicornargent armed,crined andunguled or, gorged with a coronet composed ofcrosses-patée andfleurs-de-lis a chain affixed thereto and reflexedor, holding a like lance flying therefrom to thesinister a banner azure charged with threefleurs-de-lis or. |
| Compartment | A wreath ofroses,thistles,shamrocks, andlilies proper. |
| Motto | A Mari usque ad Mare (Latin for 'from sea to sea') |
| Order | The ribbon of theOrder of Canada (Desiderantes meliorem patriam (Latin for 'desiring a better country')) |
| Other elements | The whole ensigned by the royal crown proper. |
| Earlier version | Arms of Canada, revised 1957 |
Thecoat of arms of Canada,[a] also known as theRoyal Coat of Arms of Canada[b] or, formally, as theArms of His Majesty The King in Right of Canada,[c] is thearms of dominion of theCanadian monarch and, thus, also the officialcoat of arms ofCanada.[14][16] In use since 1921, it is closely modelled after theroyal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, with French and distinctive Canadian elements replacing or added to those derived from the British version.
Themaple leaves in the shield,blazoned "proper" (i.e., in natural colour), were originally drawnvert (green), but were redrawngules (red) in 1957 and a circlet of theOrder of Canada was added to the arms for limited use in 1987. The arms are registered with theCanadian Heraldic Authority and protected underCrown copyright; they are used to signifynational sovereignty and thefederal government uses the arms to represent the state under theFederal Identity Program. Elements of the coat of arms are also used in other designs, with the shield being used in thevarious royal standards belonging to members of theroyal family and thecrest of the arms serving as the focal point of thegovernor general's flag.
Prior toConfederation in 1867, theroyal coat of arms of the United Kingdom served in Canada as the symbol of royal authority.[17] Arms had not been granted to any of the colonies inBritish North America, apart from 17th centurygrants to Nova Scotia[18] andNewfoundland.[19][20] Arms were then granted byroyal warrant, on 26 May 1868, toOntario,[21]Quebec,[22]Nova Scotia,[23] andNew Brunswick.[24] (That Nova Scotia had previously been granted arms was forgotten and it took until 1929 for the historic arms granted in the 17th century to be reinstated.[18]) In that warrant,Queen Victoria authorized the four arms of the first provinces to bequartered for use on theGreat Seal of Canada. While this was not done for the first Great Seal, it was through that reference that the arrangement became thede facto arms for Canada until 1921,[25] which were used on the firstRed Ensign carried by Canadian troops atVimy Ridge in 1917.[citation needed]
As moreprovinces and territories joined Canada, the original four arms were marshalled with the arms of the new members of Confederation, eventually resulting in a shield with nine quarterings.[17] This occurred by way of popular and even Canadian governmental usage; flag-makers took to using the complex shield on Canadian Red Ensigns. None of those shields, besides the original four-segment version of 1868, were ever official in any sense, nor were any of these shields a national "coat of arms", as they had never been approved by the monarch.[17]
Heraldists considered nine quarterings on a shield as too convoluted for a national symbol and,[17] by 1915, a push had begun to design a new coat of arms for Canada.[26] A committee, which includedDominion ArchivistArthur Doughty,[27] was formed in 1919 to pursue the issue, eventually agreeing that the elements of the new arms would reference the royal arms of England, Ireland, Scotland, and France, with maple leaves representing Canada, though there was at the time no consensus on how the leaves were to be used.[26] A 1917 proposal by Edward Marion Chadwick (who had designed the crest, supporters, and motto of thecoat of arms of Ontario) sparked a discussion about featuring First Nations figures as supporters. Though Chadwick had depicted the clothing and regalia accurately,Joseph Pope rejected the idea, stating, "I myself do not see any necessity for commemorating the Indians at all."[27]
The arms' design was settled by the following year and the committee conferred with theCollege of Arms in London, only to face resistance to the use of the UK's royal arms from theGarter King of Arms,[26] as well as concern over whether the inclusion of thefleurs-de-lis would imply Canada claimed sovereignty over France. The Canadian Commissioner-General in Paris discreetly confirmed with French officials that the coat of arms would not spark a diplomatic spat.[27] A counter-proposal from the college added the flags to the supporters and a crown to the lion, as in the British arms, and placed the three fleurs-de-lis between two green maple leaves in the fifth charge on the shield, below the four charges of the arms of the UK.[27]
After some manoeuvring, including the personal intervention ofWinston Churchill, the new arms of Canada were eventually formally requested by anorder-in-council on 21 April 1921 and adopted on 21 November of the same year, by proclamation of KingGeorge V, as the Arms or Ensigns Armorial of the Dominion of Canada;.[1][28][29] the committee records were preserved withLibrary and Archives Canada.[27] The new layout closely reflected the arms of the United Kingdom,[30] with the addition of maple leaves in the base and the reference to the French royal arms in the fourth quarter.[31]
Eugène Fiset, the Deputy Minister of Defence, claimed in 1918 that the design of the arms would determine thenational colours of Canada and an unnamed member of the committee stated, "the colours of the shield will become the national colours of the Dominion [...] the red maple leaf has been used in service flags to denote men who have sacrificed their lives for the country [...] The case for white is that it contains an allusion to snow, which is characteristic of our climate and our landscape in certain seasons."[32] In the 1940s, military historianArcher Fortescue Duguid suggested King George V had chosen red and white as Canada's official colours because those were the colours in the wreath and mantling on the arms. However, Forrest Pass, a curator at Library and Archives Canada, determined there is no record of either the King or the committee giving much importance to the mantling and the royal proclamation of the coat of arms makes no mention of national colours, specifically.[33]
With the passage of theStatute of Westminster in 1931, Canada and other Dominions became fully sovereign from the United Kingdom. This had the effect of elevating the Canadian coat of arms, which had been granted as deputed arms for particular uses in a colony, to the status of the royal arms of the King in right of the country, for general purposes throughout the country. They thus replaced the British coat of arms, which had previously been arms of general purpose throughout theBritish Empire, in courtrooms and on government buildings to represent the reigning monarch. This change can be seen in the Great Seal of Canada of KingGeorge VI, where the royal arms of Canada replaced the British arms, and is even more evident in the Great Seal of Canada for QueenElizabeth II, on which the titleQueen of Canada is used.[34]
By 1957, the arms were redrawn byAlan Beddoe so as to have red leaves and to change the royal crown from aTudor design to one more resemblingSt Edward's Crown, as preferred by Queen Elizabeth II.[17] To mark the 1982patriation of theCanadian constitution, which finally ended the last vestiges of theBritish parliament's role in amending the constitution, aMcGill University student named Bruce Hicks proposed toSecretary of StateGerald Regan that the motto of theOrder of Canada—at the time, the country's highest civilian honour for merit—be placed around the shield in order to bring these royal arms into line with other royal arms displayed in Canada—holdovers from the time of French, Scottish, and English colonisation—on which a symbol of those countries' highest national order of honour appeared around the shield (the British arms displayed theOrder of the Garter, theScottish royal arms theOrder of the Thistle, and the royalistarms of the French Ancien Régime theOrder of the Holy Spirit andOrder of Saint Michael).[35] While unsuccessful in this first attempt, Hicks continued his campaign and was joined by a number of other amateur and professional heraldists. As a journalist in the parliamentary press gallery in Ottawa in the late 1980s and early '90s, Hicks strategically recast the change as something worth doing to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Order of Canada's founding, in 1992; an idea that was endorsed by the Advisory Committee on the Order of Canada.[36]
It took until 1994 for the Queen to approve the new design for general use; though, theCanadian Heraldic Authority, established by the Queen in 1988, began to allow for its limited use beginning in 1987, where the arms were used to represent the Queen personally on letters patent granting new arms for distinguished Canadians.[4] These letters patent carried the shield from the royal arms along with the annulus behind the shield bearing the motto of the Order of Canada—Desiderantes meliorem patriam. As soon as royal approval was forthcoming, the full achievement was redesigned for use by the federal government within theFederal Identity Program.[17] The present design of the arms of Canada was drawn byCathy Bursey-Sabourin, Fraser Herald at the Canadian Heraldic Authority.[37]
Member of ParliamentPat Martin introduced, in June 2008, amotion into theHouse of Commons calling on the government to amend the coat of arms to incorporate symbols representing Canada'sFirst Nations,Inuit, andMétis peoples,[38] as Chadwick had suggested in 1917. Afterthe coronation of KingCharles III andQueen Camilla on 6 May 2023, the Canadian Heraldic Authority revealed a newCanadian Royal Crown featuring maple leaves, a snowflake, and symbols with meaning to Canada's Indigenous peoples. The authority stated changes will take place in due course.[39]
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The coat of arms, beingthose of the sovereign and the state, is used to signifynational sovereignty and ownership.[40][41] Thefederal government uses the arms to represent the state under the Federal Identity Program[42] and as a mark of authority for various government agencies and representatives, includingCabinet,[43] and theprime minister within it,[44] and theSupreme Court,[45] as well as theCanadian Armed Forces andRoyal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).[49] In the latter two, the most senior non-commissioned ranks wear the 1957 version of the arms as a badge of rank, representing the fact that they have received the King's warrant (as opposed to theKing's Commission for officers).
The arms of Canada is also present on all pre-polymer denominations ofCanadian banknotes—printed on each bill in a way that functions as a security feature,[50]—as well as the50¢ coin[51] and on the cover ofCanadian passports.[52]Permanent resident cards issued from 2009 to 2015 feature a holographic representation of the 1957 version of the coat of arms.[53]
The full achievement of the coat of arms has been used by the Canadian government on occasion on a plain red flag, such as in 1967 forthe country's centennial celebrations.[54] It is also used on a flag in its full achievement in military ceremonies, such as Canadian Armed Forces Tattoo performances.[55]
As the royal arms are personal to the sovereign, they cannot be used without the King's consent.[56] The coat of arms "as designed in 1921 and revised in 1957 [...] [and] in 1994" are "protected under theTrade-marks Act and theCopyright Act and cannot be used or reproduced without authorization."[42] Further, "marks and designs similar to the official symbols are pursued as a copyright or trade-mark infringement."[42] TheTrade-marks Act further states that, "no person shall adopt in connection with a business, as a trade-mark or otherwise, any mark consisting of, or so nearly resembling as to be likely to be mistaken for [...] the arms, crest, or flag adopted and used at any time by Canada."[57] In addition, under Crown copyright, "permission is always required when the work is being revised, adapted, or translated, regardless if the purpose of the reproduction is for personal or public non-commercial distribution."[58]
Thebanner of the arms was in 2023 also made thesovereign's flag,[59] for use by the monarch in Canada and when representing Canada abroad. Between 1962 and 2022, the banner of armsdefaced with a variant of theQueen's cypher formed the Queen's Personal Canadian Flag, for use by QueenElizabeth II.[60] Six additional standards for use by other members of theCanadian royal family were created in the 2010s, all using a similar design with the banner of the arms as their base. The personalflag of the governor general has, since 1981, featured the crest of the royal arms of Canada on a blue background.[61][62]
With the support of formerSpeakers of the House of CommonsJohn Fraser andGilbert Parent, Bruce Hicks campaigned for the Canadian Parliament to have a distinct heraldic symbol, along the lines of theportcullis (variations of which are used by theCommons andLords in the British Parliament).[63] In response, Member of ParliamentDerek Lee tabled a motion calling for a committee to be struck, which passed and Hicks andRobert Watt, the firstChief Herald of Canada, were called as the only two expert witnesses; though, SenatorSerge Joyal joined the committeeex-officio, on behalf of the Senate. The Commons' Speaker,Peter Milliken,[64] then asked the Canadian Heraldic Authority to design such a symbol and, on 15 February 2008, the Governor General authorized the House of Commons to begin using a badge, consisting of the shield of the royal arms superimposed on theceremonial mace (assigned to the House of Commons as a symbol of the royal authority under which it operates).[65][66] Following the Commons example, theSenate then requested and obtained, exactly two months later, a similar badge for itself, with the shield of the royal arms surmounted on the mace assigned to the Senate.[67]
Theheraldicblazon of Canada's coat of arms, as declared in the 1921 proclamation, is:
Tierced in fesse the first and second divisions containing the quarterly coat following, namely, 1st,gules three lions passant guardant inpaleOr, 2nd, Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory gules, 3rd,azure a harp Or stringedargent, 4th, azure, three fleurs-de-lis Or, and the third division argent three maple leaves conjoined on one stem proper. And upon a royal helmet mantled argent doubled gules the crest, that is to say, on a wreath of the colours argent and gules a lion passant guardant Or imperially crowned proper and holding in the dexter paw a maple leaf gules. And for supporters on the dexter a lion rampant Or holding a lance argent, point Or, flying therefrom to the dexter theUnion Flag, and on the sinister, a unicorn argent armed crined and unguled Or, gorged with a coronet composed of crosses-patée and fleurs-de-lis a chain affixed thereto reflexed of the last, and holding a like lance flying therefrom to the sinister a banner azure charged with three fleurs-de-lis Or; the whole ensigned with the Imperial Crown proper and below the shield upon a wreath composed of roses, thistles, shamrocks and lillies a scroll azure inscribed with the mottoA mari usque ad mare.[28][29]
The circlet of theOrder of Canada was added around the shield for limited use in 1987 and for general use in 1994.[4]
| Element | Description | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Crown | The coat of arms are surmounted by a rendition ofSt. Edward's Crown, which has been used in thecoronations of Canada's monarchs. This element represents Canada's status as aconstitutional monarchy headed by a sovereign king or queen.[5] This style of crown was that preferred by Queen Elizabeth II, and was modernized in 1957 from the 1921 design, which used theTudor crown.[17][26] |  |
| Crest | Thecrest is based on the Royal Crest of the United Kingdom but differenced by the addition of a maple leaf,[17] and symbolizes the sovereignty of Canada.[68] It appears on theflag of the Governor-General,[68] symbolizing that the Governor-General is a representative of the Sovereign. The crest consists of a crowned gold lion standing on a twistedwreath of red and white silk and holding a maple leaf in its right paw. |  |
| Helm | The arms show a royalhelmet, which is a barred helm of gold embossed with a maple leaf design looking outward, withmantling of white and red, stylized in the official version to look like maple leaves.[69] |  |
| Escutcheon | Theescutcheon is divided into five sections. The firstdivision at the viewer's top left contains the three goldenlions that have been a symbol of England since at least the reign ofKing Richard I.[70] The second quarter bears the red lionrampant ofScotland in a double treasure border withfleurs-de-lis, used as a symbol of Scotland since at least the reign ofWilliam I. The third quarter shows theIrish harp ofTara. The fourth quarter shows the Royal Banner of France or "Bourbon Flag" with three gold fleurs-de-lis on blue field arranged two and one, symbolizingroyal France.[71] The fifthcharge, a sprig of redmaple leaves at the bottom, is, at first, a distinctlyFrench Canadian symbol[72] that became gradually identified with the entire country throughout the end of the 19th century.[73] The arrangement of three leaves on one sprig was first seen on aSaint-Jean-Baptiste Day poster in 1850.[27] They were first proposed as a symbol in 1834, were established in 1868 on the arms ofQuebec andOntario and officially became the national emblem in 1965, with the proclamation of theFlag of Canada.[69] Initially, the leaves were depicted as coloured green on the coat of arms because it was thought to represent youth, as opposed to the red colour of dying leaves in autumn.[17] However, they are blazoned as "proper", so could be shown as either red or green, and it is the blazon, rather than any depiction, which is regarded as authoritative.[26] The leaves were later redrawn in official depictions in 1957 with the current colour to be in line with the official colours of Canada. They are further stylized in that natural maple leaves do not grow in sprigs of three. Beginning in the 1960s, there developed an interpretation of the leaves as symbolic ofCanadian multiculturalism; the country's different groups of people separate, but also joined together. There is, however, no record from the designing committee indicates there was any intention behind the particular arrangement of the leaves; the choice of three leaves appears to have been aesthetic.[27] The shield forms the basis of theroyal standards of Canada.[60] | .svg) |
| Ribbon | The ribbon (also called a circlet) is markeddesiderantes meliorem patriam, meaning "desiring a better country", which is the motto of theOrder of Canada, taken fromHebrews 11:16. This component was added by the Queen in 1987 on theadvice ofPrime MinisterBrian Mulroney.[4] With the patriation of oversight of arms to Canada through theCanadian Heraldic Authority the following year,[74] the constitution of theOrder of Canada was amended to include entitlement by all recipients to encircle their own arms with the ribbon if arms are granted to them.[75] Since 1994 the arms used by government ministers and institutions have slowly changed to reflect the new version with the ribbon.[17] | .svg) |
| Motto | Themotto of Canada is in Latina mari usque ad mare (From sea to sea), a part ofPsalm 72:8.[76] This phrase was suggested byJoseph Pope, then-Under Secretary of State, when the Arms were redesigned in 1921.[30] The motto was originally used in 1906 on the head of the mace of theLegislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.[76] In March 2006, the premiers of Canada'sthree territories called for the amendment of the motto to better reflect the vast geographic nature of Canada's territory,[77] as Canada has coastlines on theArctic,Atlantic, andPacific Oceans. Two suggestions for a new motto areA mari ad mare ad mare (from sea to sea to sea) andA mari usque ad maria (from the sea to the other seas).[78][79] |  |
| Supporters | Supporting the shield on either side are the English lion and Scottishunicorn, which are also the supporters of theUK coat of arms.[30] The English lion[17] stands on the viewer's left and holds a gold-pointed silver lance flying theRoyal Union Flag. The Scottish unicorn[17] has a gold horn, a gold mane, gold hooves, and around its neck a gold, chainedcoronet of crosses and fleurs-de-lis; it holds a lance flying abanner of royalist France, the three gold fleurs-de-lis on a blue background.[30] Unlike the British version, the lion is not crowned, nor is it facing the viewer. The broken chain on the unicorn symbolizes the unicorn's resistance to oppression.[17] |  |
| Compartment | The entire coat of arms rests on thecompartment, which is made up of the floral emblems of the founding nations.[17] TheTudor rose is the floral badge of England and Wales, combining theWhite Rose of York and theRed Rose of Lancaster.[30] Thethistle andshamrock are the symbols of Scotland and Ireland, respectively, while thefleur-de-lis has been the royal symbol of France since the 12th century.[30][80] |  |
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