 Entrance to theOldmasters Museum in the Palace of Fine Arts of Brussels | |
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| Established | September 1, 1801 (1801-09-01) |
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| Location | Brussels, Belgium |
| Coordinates | 50°50′30″N4°21′30″E / 50.84168°N 4.358238°E /50.84168; 4.358238 |
| Type | Art museum |
| Director | Kim Oosterlinck[1] |
| Website | www |
TheRoyal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium (French:Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique,pronounced[myzeʁwajodeboz‿aʁdəbɛlʒik];Dutch:Koninklijke Musea voor Schone Kunsten van België,pronounced[ˈkoːnɪŋkləkəmyːˈzeːjaːvoːrˈsxoːnəˈkʏnstə(ɱ)vɑmˈbɛlɣijə]) are a group of art museums inBrussels, Belgium. They are part of the institutions of theBelgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) and consist of six museums: theOldmasters Museum, theMagritte Museum, theFin-de-Siècle Museum, the Modern Museum, theAntoine Wiertz Museum and theConstantin Meunier Museum.
The Royal Museums contain over 20,000 drawings, sculptures, and paintings, covering a period extending from the early 15th century to the present, such as those ofFlemish old masters likeBruegel,Rogier van der Weyden,Robert Campin,Anthony van Dyck,Jacob Jordaens, andPeter Paul Rubens, making them the most popular art institution and most visited museum complex in Belgium. The Magritte Museum houses the world's largest collection of works by thesurrealist artistRené Magritte.
The museum was founded on 1 September 1801 byNapoleon[2][3] and opened in 1803 as the Museum of Fine Arts of Brussels (French:Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles, Dutch:Museum voor Schone Kunsten van Brussel), occupying fourteen rooms of the formerPalace of Charles of Lorraine, known as the "Old Court". The first collection, the core of the current collections of Ancient Art, consisted of a selection of "old deposits", works of art seized by theFrench Republic but abandoned (1798), increased by two shipments from Paris (1802 and 1811), and returned works taken away by the Republic (1815).[4] Later, during theDutch period, KingWilliam I of the Netherlands sponsored an expansion of the collection (1817 and 1819) and had two wings built on the currentPlace du Musée/Museumplein (thePalace of National Industry, opened in 1830).
FollowingBelgian independence, the museum, which had belonged to theCity of Brussels since 1811, was ceded to theBelgian State in 1841. The transfer of the Contemporary Art collection from the Ministry of the Interior in 1834 is at the origin of the Modern Art section. In 1845, it was decided, byroyal decree,[5] that the museum was to receive works of art of deceased and living Belgian artists. A national commission was established to select important works of art. The first president of the commission was the Count de Beaufort. Other members wereGustaf Wappers,François-Joseph Navez,Guillaume Geefs,Eugène Simonis,Tilman-François Suys andLuigi Calamatta. Many of these founding members were active in theRoyal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium.
Until 1878, theBrussels Salon, a periodic exhibition of works by living artists, took place in the former apartments of Charles Alexander of Lorraine. This situation was not ideal because the permanent collection had to be temporarily stored or covered during the exhibition. In addition, the exhibitors complained that all paintings were not lit equally well. Renovation works were carried out so that in 1830 a Grand Gallery could open with askylight. Nevertheless, low-hanging works were still difficult to see. In 1851, the exhibition was held in a temporary construction in the courtyard, before returning to its traditional location until 1881, when the first rooms of the new Museum of Fine Arts could be used. This museum remained the location for all subsequent editions.
The works of theOld Masters (French:vieux maîtres, Dutch:oude meesters) were finally moved from the Palace of Charles of Lorraine to theRue de la Régence/Regentschapsstraat in 1887, giving a new purpose toAlphonse Balat's Palace of Fine Arts (French:Palais des Beaux-Arts, Dutch:Paleis voor Schone Kunsten), which had opened in 1880 (not to be confused with the currentCentre for Fine Arts).[4][6]
The museum continued to expand in subsequent years, benefitting from increases through purchases, donations or bequests. In 1914, the De Grez donation enriched the collection with more than 4,000 works dating from the 16th to the 19th centuries, notably byHendrick Goltzius,Jacob de Gheyn II, andRembrandt, to name a few.[4][7] Other important acquisitions included the Delia Faille de Leverghem (1942) donation, as well as the Delporte-Livrauw (1973) and Goldschmidt (1990) bequests.[4] In 1919, the museum changed its name to become the Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium (French:Musée des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Dutch:Museum voor Schone Kunsten van België). This name was changed again in 1927 to its current name: the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium (French:Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Dutch:Koninklijke Musea voor Schone Kunsten van België).
The museum's redevelopment by the architectAlbert Van Huffel [fr] from 1923 to 1930 allowed a new presentation of the collections. The Museum of Modern Art was closed in 1959 and the "Old Court" was partially demolished in 1960 for the construction of theRoyal Library of Belgium (KBR). From 1962 to 1978, the temporary exhibition halls of the five-levelneoclassical Hôtel du Lotto (also known as the Hôtel Altenloh), on thePlace Royale/Koningsplein, were used. The extension of the Museum of Ancient Art combined with that of theNational Archives of Belgium, behind the façades of the former Palace of National Industry, allowed the creation of a new set of rooms and anauditorium. Planned in 1962 by the architects Roland Delers and Jacques Bellemans, it was inaugurated in phases in 1972 and 1974. Towards the Place Royale, the Hôtel Argenteau, the Hôtel Gresham and the Hôtel Altenloh were incorporated in turn in 1965, 1967 and 1969 respectively. An in-depth renovation of Balat's palace was carried out in successive stages from 1977. At the same time, in 1978, the construction of the underground part of the Museum of Modern Art began, with an entrance via the Hôtel Altenloh. The complex was inaugurated in 1984.[8]
In 2004, the museum embarked on a restructuring programme with the aim of making its collections more accessible and reaching a wider audience. The museum's then-curator,Michel Draguet, wished to bring together different collections of federal institutions and set up specific museums that better highlighted a particular sub-collection. In 2009, theMagritte Museum was established for this purpose. In 2013, theFin-de-Siècle Museum opened in the underground halls, which had housed the Museum of Modern Art since 1984. The closure of the Museum of Modern Art, however, was met with much protest, but this also marked the start of the concretisation of a new international museum for modern andcontemporary art at a different location in Brussels. This new museum should be able to open by 2022. The collection would consist of the works of art from the closed museum, from loans of private collectors and from the collections of large banking institutions.[needs update]
On 10 February 2022, for the first time, the museum restituted a painting to the heirs of a Jewish collector looted by theNazis.[9] The still lifeFlowers byLovis Corinth had belonged toGustav Mayer and Emma (born Gumprich) Mayer before it was seized.[10]
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There are six museums connected with the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium; two of them are located in the main building: theOldmasters Museum or Museum of Ancient Art, whose collections cover European art until 1750; and the Museum of Modern Art. These museums are situated in the downtownRoyal Quarter, on theCoudenberg, in Brussels. TheMagritte Museum, opened in 2009, andFin-de-Siècle Museum, opened in 2013, are adjacent to the main building.[11][12] The smallerConstantin Meunier Museum and theAntoine Wiertz Museum, dedicated to these two Belgian artists, are located a few kilometres from the city centre.
The Oldmasters Museum has an extensive collection of European paintings, sculptures and drawings from the 15th to the 18th centuries. The bulk of the collection is formed aroundFlemish painting, presented in chronological order. For example, there are valuable panels by theFlemish Primitives (includingBruegel,Rogier van der Weyden,Robert Campin (the Master of Flémalle),Hieronymus Bosch,Anthony van Dyck, andJacob Jordaens). The museum is also proud of its "Rubens Room", which houses more than twenty paintings by the artist. The paintingLandscape with the Fall of Icarus, long-attributed to Bruegel, is located there and forms the subject ofW. H. Auden's famous poemMusée des Beaux Arts, named after the museum. There are also constant temporary exhibitions.
The Magritte Museum has one of the richest collections of paintings by the Belgiansurrealist artistRené Magritte, including some 200 original paintings, drawings and sculptures, such asThe Return,Scheherazade andThe Empire of Light. The collection is the result of astute purchases and generous donations, mostly coming from the collection of the artist's widow,Georgette Magritte, and fromIrene Hamoir Scutenaire, who was his primary collector.[13] Inaugurated on 20 May 2009, the museum opened on 2 June 2009. It is housed in the Hôtel du Lotto, on the Place Royale, a stone's throw away from the Oldmasters Museum.
Inaugurated on 6 December 2013, the Fin-de-Siècle Museum presents collections of works of art from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century,[12] when Brussels was a unique artistic crossroads and the capital ofArt Nouveau.[14] Artists represented in the museum's collection includeConstantin Meunier,James Ensor,Henri Evenepoel,Fernand Khnopff,Leon Spilliaert,Jusepe de Ribera,Jacques-Louis David andGeorge Minne. The museum is housed in the Hôtel des Brasseurs or Hôtel Gresham, right next to the Oldmasters Museum, also on the Place Royale.
The life and work ofAntoine Wiertz are honoured in the artist's former studio at 62,rue Vautier/Vautierstraat inIxelles, in the heart of theLeopold Quarter, nearBrussels-Luxembourg railway station. This unique museum offers a striking view of the monumental paintings, statues and sketches marked by the Belgianromantic movement. The construction of this workshop-museum was agreed in 1850 between Wiertz and theBelgian Government. During the year following the artist's death, the entire collection of works then in his studio was bequeathed to theBelgian State. Since 1868, the Wiertz Museum has been part of the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium.[15]
Located in Constantin Meunier's former house and workshop at 59,rue de l'Abbaye/Abdijstraat in Ixelles, the Meunier Museum houses 150 works and documents by therealist painter and sculptor. Meunier had this beautiful house-studio built towards the end of his life. The house was acquired by the Belgian State in 1936 and opened to the public in 1939. Since 1986, it has been attached to the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, and subsequently renovated.[16]
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The chief curators or directors of the museum have been:
For many years now, the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium has been the most popular art institution in Belgium. The museums had a total of approximately 715,000 visitors in 2010.[19] This puts the museum in the top 100 most visited museums in the world and makes it the most visited museum complex in Belgium. Thanks to the opening of theMagritte Museum, the number of unique visitors has remarkably increased since 2009. In 2015, the Museum had its best attended year so far with a total of 767,355 visitors.[20] The Magritte Museum received about 425,000 visitors in 2010, making it the most successful part of the museums.[21]
This strategy was accompanied by a significant increase in corporate funding. From 2005 until 2017, the number of visitors has doubled and the turnover tripled, thereby reducing the State contribution from 54.4% of the global budget to 32%. This was achieved during a period of very severe budgetary cuts: 11% in 2013 and 2014, 30% for the period 2015–2019.[22]
On 10 February 2022 the Royal Museums of Fine Arts in Brussels for the first time restituted a painting from their collection: Lovis Corinth's Still Life: Red and Pink Roses in a Vase on a Tablecloth (Flowers) from 1913.
1916-1921 erworben von Gustav und Emma Mayer, Frankfurt/Main bei Kunsthandlung M. Goldschmidt, Frankfurt/Main. 1942-1943 Beschlagnahme in Brüssel aus Umzugsgut. Seit 1951 Königliche Museen der Schönen Künste, Brüssel. 2022 Restitution
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