| Royal Indian Navy | |
|---|---|
.svg) | |
| Active | 5 September 1612 – 26 January 1950[1] |
| Country | |
| Type | Navy |
| Size | 20,000 personnel During WW2 (1943)[2] to 9,600 personnel by Independence after post war demobilization (1947)[3][4] |
| Garrison/HQ | Bombay |
| Nickname | RIN |
| Engagements | Seven Years' War American War of Independence Napoleonic Wars Anglo-Burmese Wars First Opium War Second Opium War First World War Second World War |
| Insignia | |
| Naval Ensign (1877-1928)[5] & Naval Jack (1928-1947)[6] |  |
| Naval Ensign (1928-1950) |  |
| Naval Jack (1884-1928)[7] |  |
TheRoyal Indian Navy (RIN) was the naval force ofBritish India and theDominion of India. Along with thepresidency armies, later theIndian Army, and from 1932 theRoyal Indian Air Force, it was one of the Armed Forces of British India.
From its origins in 1612 as theEast India Company's Marine, the Navy underwent various changes, including changes to its name. Over time it was named theBombay Marine (1686), theBombay Marine Corps (1829), theIndian Navy (1830),Her Majesty's Indian Navy (1858), theBombay and Bengal Marine (1863), theIndian Defence Force (1871),Her Majesty's Indian Marine (1877) and theRoyal Indian Marine (1892). It was finally named theRoyal Indian Navy in 1934. However, it remained a relatively small force until theSecond World War, when it was greatly expanded.
After thepartition of India into two independent states in 1947, the Navy was split between India and Pakistan. One-third of the assets and personnel were assigned to thePakistan Navy. Approximately two thirds of the fleet remained with the Union of India, as did all land assets within its territory. This force, still under the name of "Royal Indian Navy", became the navy of the Dominion of India until the country became a republic on 26 January 1950. It was then renamed theIndian Navy.
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TheEast India Company was established in 1599, and it began to create a fleet of fighting ships in 1612, soon after CaptainThomas Best defeated thePortuguese at theBattle of Swally. This led the company to build a port and to establish a small navy based atSuvali, inSurat,Gujarat, to protect its trade routes. The Company named the force the 'Honourable East India Company's Marine', and the first fighting ships arrived on 5 September 1612.[8]
This force protectedmerchant shipping off theGulf of Cambay and the riversTapti andNarmada. The ships also helped map the coastlines of India, Persia and Arabia.[9] During the 17th century, the small naval fleet consisted of a few English warships and a large number of locally built gunboats of two types,ghurabs andgallivats, crewed by local fishermen. The largerghurabs were heavy, shallow-draftgunboats of 300 tons (bm) each, and carried six 9 to 12-pounder guns; the smallergallivats were about 70 tons (bm) each and carried six 2 to 4-pounder guns.[10] In 1635, the East India Company established ashipyard atSurat, where they built fourpinnaces and a few larger vessels to supplement their fleet.[11]
In 1686, with most of the English commerce moving toBombay, the force was renamed the "Bombay Marine".[8] This force fought theMarathas and the Sidis and took part in theAnglo-Burmese Wars. While it recruited Indian sailors extensively, it had no Indian commissioned officers.[9]
Commodore William James was appointed to command the Marine in 1751. On 2 April 1755, commanding the Bombay Marine's shipProtector, he attacked theMaratha fortress of Tulaji Angre atSeverndroog betweenBombay andGoa. James had instructions only to blockade the stronghold, but he was able to get close enough to bombard and destroy it.[9]
In February 1756, the Marine supported the capture of Gheriah (Vijaydurg Fort) byRobert Clive and Admiral Watson, and was active in skirmishes against the French, helping to consolidate the British position in India.[9] In 1809, a fleet of 12 ships of the Marine bombarded the city ofRas al-Khaimah, a pirate stronghold, in an unsuccessful attempt to quell Arab piracy. A subsequent mission in 1819 with 11 vessels proved successful in blockading the city for four days, after which the tribal chieftain surrendered.
In 1829, the "Bombay Marine" received the additional name of "Corps", and also received its first steam-powered vessel,HCS Hugh Lindsay. Steaming from Bombay on 20 March 1830,Hugh Lindsay reachedSuez after 21 days under steam (plus coaling stops atAden,Mocha, andJeddah), at an average speed of six knots.[12] Between 1830 and 1854 the Indian Navy was responsible for maintaining mail service on the Bombay and Suez leg of the "overland route" (England–Alexandria, Alexandria–Suez overland, and Suez–Bombay).
In 1830, the Bombay Marine was renamed the "Indian Navy". The British capture ofAden in theAden Expedition increased its commitments, leading to the creation of the "Indus Flotilla". The Navy then took part in theFirst Opium War of 1840.[9] By 1845, the Indian Navy had completed the conversion from sail to steam.[12]
In 1848, an Indian Navy contingent of 100 ratings and seven officers took part in theSiege of Multan during theAnglo-Sikh War.[13] In 1852, at the outset of theSecond Anglo-Burmese War, ships of Her Majesty's Indian Navy joined aRoyal Navy force under the command ofAdmiral Charles Austen to assistGeneral Godwin in the capture ofMartaban andRangoon.[14] Nabarun Rudra Paul, the great captain of India leased that time.
After the end ofCompany rule in India following theIndian rebellion of 1857, the force came under the command of the British government of India and was formally named "Her Majesty's Indian Navy".[9]
Her Majesty's Indian Navy resumed the name "Bombay Marine" from 1863 to 1877, when it was renamed "Her Majesty's Indian Marine" (HMIM). The Marine then had two divisions; an Eastern Division atCalcutta and a Western Division at Bombay.
| Indian Marine Service Act 1884 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An Act to provide for the regulation of Her Majesty's Indian Marine Service. |
| Citation | 47 & 48 Vict. c. 38 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 28 July 1884 |
As the HMIM wasn't covered byNaval Discipline Act 1866 (29 & 30 Vict. c. 109) or theMerchant Shipping Act 1854 (17 & 18 Vict. c. 104), the Governor General in Council was empowered to by theIndian Marine Service Act 1884 (47 & 48 Vict. c. 3)[15] to help formulate maritime and naval laws. These laws were first formulated and codified in the "Indian Marine Act, 1887[16]" and followed by an amendment act to the same in the next year.[17] The former adopted the general lines of the Naval Discipline and Indian Navy Acts as far as possible, whilst the latter merely supplied deficiencies in regard to grading and rating.[18]
In recognition of its fighting services, HMIM was given the title of "Royal Indian Marine" in 1892. By this time it consisted of over fifty vessels.[19] In 1905, the service was described as having "Government vessels engaged in troop-ship, surveying, police or revenue duties in the East Indies".[20]
When mines were detected off the coasts of Bombay and Aden, during theFirst World War, the Royal Indian Marine went into action with a fleet ofminesweepers, patrol vessels and troop carriers. Besides patrolling, the Marine ferried troops and carried war stores from India toMesopotamia (nowIraq),Egypt andEast Africa.
The first Indian to be granted a commission was Engineer Sub-Lieutenant D.N. Mukherji, who joined the Royal Indian Marine as an officer on 6 January 1923.[21]
In 1934, the Royal Indian Marine changed its name, with the enactment of the Indian Navy (Discipline) Act 1934. The Royal Indian Navy was formally inaugurated on 2 October 1934, at Bombay.[22] Its ships carried the prefixHMIS, for His Majesty's Indian Ship.[23]
At the start of theSecond World War, the Royal Indian Navy was small, with only eight warships. The onset of the war led to an expansion in vessels and personnel described by one writer as "phenomenal". By 1943 the strength of the RIN had reached twenty thousand.[2] During the war, theWomen's Royal Indian Naval Service was established, for the first time giving women a role in the navy, although they did not serve on board its ships.[22]
During the course of the war, six anti-aircraftsloops and several fleet minesweepers were built in the United Kingdom for the RIN. After commissioning, many of these ships joined various escort groups operating in the northern approaches to the British Isles.HMIS Sutlej andHMIS Jumna, each armed with six high-angle 4-inch guns, were present during the Clyde "Blitz" of 1941 and assisted the defence of this area by providing anti-aircraft cover. For the next six months these two ships joined the Clyde Escort Force, operating in the Atlantic and later the Irish Sea Escort Force where they acted as the senior ships of the groups. While engaged on these duties, numerous attacks against U-boats were carried out and attacks by hostile aircraft repelled. At the time of action in which theGerman battleship Bismarck was involved, theSutlej left Scapa Flow, with all despatch as the senior member of a group, to take over a convoy from the destroyers which were finally engaged in the sinking of theBismarck.[24]
LaterHMIS Cauvery,HMIS Kistna,HMIS Narbada,HMIS Godavari, also anti-aircraft sloops, completed similar periods in the U.K. waters escorting convoys in the Atlantic and dealing with attacks from hostile U-boats, aircraft and glider bombs. These six ships and the minesweepers all eventually proceeded to India carrying out various duties in the North Atlantic, Mediterranean and Cape stations en route. The fleet minesweepers wereHMIS Kathiawar,HMIS Kumaon,HMIS Baluchistan,HMIS Carnatic,HMIS Khyber,HMIS Konkan,HMIS Orissa,HMIS Rajputana,HMIS Rohilkhand.[24]
Four Australian-builtBathurst-class sloops served with the RIN from 1943 onwards. These includedHMIS Bengal, which was a part of theEastern Fleet during World War II, and escorted numerous convoys between 1942 and 1945.[25]
The sloopsHMIS Sutlej andHMIS Jumna played a role inOperation Husky, the Allied invasion ofSicily by providing air defence and anti-submarine screening to the invasion fleet.[26][27]
Furthermore, the Royal Indian Navy participated in convoy escort duties in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean and was heavily involved in combat operations as part of theBurma Campaign, carrying out raids, shore bombardment, naval invasion support and other activities.[28]
The sloopHMISPathan was sunk in June 1940 by the Italian Navy SubmarineGalvani during theEast African Campaign[29][30][31][32]
In the days immediately following theAttack on Pearl Harbor,HMS Glasgow was patrolling theLaccadive Islands in search of Japanese ships and submarines. At midnight on 9 December 1941, HMSGlasgow sank the RIN patrol vesselHMIS Prabhavati with twolighters in tow en route to Karachi, with 6-inch shells at 6,000 yards (5,500 m).Prabhavati was alongside the lighters and was mistaken for a surfaced Japanese submarine.[33][34][35]
HMIS Indus was sunk by a Japanese aircraft during the Burma Campaign on 6 April 1942.[36]
HMIS Jumna was ordered in 1939, and built byWilliam Denny and Brothers. She wascommissioned in 1941,[37] and with World War II underway, was immediately deployed as a convoy escort.Jumna served as an anti-aircraft escort during theJava Sea campaign in early 1942, and was involved in intensive anti-aircraft action against attacking Japanese twin-engined level bombers and dive bombers, claiming five aircraft downed from 24 to 28 February 1942.
In June 1942,HMIS Bombay was involved in the defence of Sydney Harbour during theattack on Sydney Harbour.
On 11 November 1942,Bengal was escorting the Dutch tankerOndina[38] to the southwest ofCocos Islands in the Indian Ocean. Two Japanesecommerce raiders armed with six-inch guns attackedOndina.Bengal fired her single four-inch gun andOndina fired her 102 mm and both scored hits onHōkoku Maru, which shortly blew up and sank.[38][39]
On 12 February 1944, theJapanese submarine Ro-110 was depth charged and sunk east-south-east off Visakhapatnam, India by the Indian sloopHMIS Jumna and the Australian corvettesHMAS Launceston andHMAS Ipswich.Ro-110 had attacked convoy JC-36 (Colombo-Calcutta) and torpedoed and damaged the British merchantAsphalion (6,274 GRT).[37][40]
On 12 August 1944, theGerman submarine U-198 was sunk near theSeychelles, in position 03º35'S, 52º49'E, bydepth charges fromHMIS Godavari and the British frigateHMSFindhorn.[41][36]
In February 1946, Indian sailors launched theRoyal Indian Navy Mutiny on board more than fifty ships and in shore establishments, protesting about issues such as the slow rate of demobilization and discrimination in the Navy.[42] The mutiny found widespread support and spread all over India, including elements in theArmy and theAir Force. A total of seventy-eight ships, twenty shore establishments and 20,000 sailors were involved in this mutiny.
On 1 March 1947, the designation of "Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Navy" was replaced with that of "Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Navy."[43] On 21 July 1947, H.M.S. Choudhry and Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman, both of whom later commanded the Pakistani and Indian Navies, respectively, became the first Indian RIN officers to attain the acting rank of captain.[44] Following India's independence in 1947 and the ensuing partition, the Royal Indian Navy was divided between the newly independentDominion of India and theDominion of Pakistan, and the Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee divided the ships and men of the Royal Indian Navy between India and Pakistan. The division of the ships was on the basis of two-thirds of the fleet to India, one third to Pakistan.[45]
The committee allocated to theRoyal Pakistan Navy (RPN) three of the seven active sloops,HMIS Godavari,HMIS Hindustan andHMIS Narbada, four of the ten serviceableminesweepers, twofrigates, twonaval trawlers, four harbour launches and a number ofHarbour Defence Motor Launches. 358 personnel, and 180 officers, most of whom were Muslims or Europeans, volunteered to transfer to the RPN. India retained the remainder of the RIN's assets and personnel, and many British officers opted to continue serving in the RIN.[22] As only nine of the Navy's 620 Indian commissioned officers in 1947 had more than 10 years' service, with the majority of them only having served from five to eight years, British officers seconded from the Royal Navy continued to hold senior RIN shore appointments after Independence, though all naval vessels had Indian commanders by the year's end.[46]
In May 1948,Ajitendu Chakraverti became the first Indian commodore in the post-independence RIN, in the appointment of Chief of Staff Naval HQ.[47] On 21 June 1948, the additional designation of "Chief of the Naval Staff" was added before that of "Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Navy."[48] In January 1949, the first batch of 13 Indian officers began their flight training, initiating the process which would lead to the formation of theIndian Naval Air Arm.[49]
On 26 January 1950, when India adopted its currentconstitution and became arepublic, the Royal Indian Navy became theIndian Navy. Its vessels were redesignated as "Indian Naval Ships", and the "HMIS" ship prefix for existing vessels was changed to 'INS'.[50] At 9:00 that morning, theWhite Ensign of the Royal Navy was struck and replaced with theIndian Naval Ensign, with theFlag of India in its canton, symbolically completing the transition to the new Indian Navy.[51]
| No. | Portrait | Name (born–died) | Term of office | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
| Commodore, Bombay Marine (1738-1739) | |||||||
| 1 | Commodore Bagwell | 1738 | 1739 | 1 year | [52] | ||
| Superintendent, Bombay Marine (1739-1830) | |||||||
| 1 | Charles Rigby Esq. (also Deputy Governor of Bombay) | 1739 | [52] | ||||
| 2 |  | CommodoreSir William James, 1st Baronet | 1751 | 1754 | 3 years | [52] | |
| 3 | Captain Samuel Hough | 1754 | 1772 | 18 years | [52] | ||
| 4 | Commodore John Watson | 1772 | 1774 | 2 years | [52] | ||
| 5 | Captain Simon Matham | 1774 | 1776 | 2 years | [52] | ||
| 6 | CommodoreGeorge Emptage | 1781 | 1785 | 4 years | [52] | ||
| 7 | CaptainPhilip Dundas | 1792 | 1801 | 9 years | [53] | ||
| 8 | .jpg) | Captain SirWilliam Taylor Money | 1801 | 1810 | 9 years | [54] | |
| 9 | CaptainHenry Meriton | 1813 | 1825 | 12 years | [52][55] | ||
| 10 | Captain Thomas Buchanan | 1825 | 1827 | 2 years | [52][56] | ||
| 11 |  | CaptainSir Charles MalcolmCB | 1827 | 1830 | 3 years | [57][52][58] | |
| Superintendent, Indian Navy (1830-1844) | |||||||
| 1 | | CaptainSir Charles MalcolmCB | April 1830 | 10 January 1837 | 6 years, 284 days | [52] | |
| 2 | Rear-AdmiralSir Charles MalcolmCB | 10 January 1837 | July 1838 | 1 year, 172 days | [52] | ||
| 3 | Captain Sir Robert Oliver | July 1838 | October 1844 | 6 years, 83 days | [52] | ||
| Officiating Superintendent, Indian Navy (1844-1845) | |||||||
| 1 | Captain John Pepper | October 1844 | April 1845 | 182 days | [52] | ||
| 2 | Acting CaptainHenry Blosse Lynch | April 1845 | December 1845 | 244 days | [52] | ||
| Superintendent, Indian Navy (1845-1848) | |||||||
| 1 | Captain Sir Robert Oliver | December 1845 | April 1848 | 2 years, 122 days | [52] | ||
| Commander-in-Chief, Indian Navy (1848) | |||||||
| 1 | Commodore Sir Robert Oliver | April 1848 | 6 August 1848 | 127 days | [52] | ||
| Officiating Superintendent, Indian Navy (1848-1849) | |||||||
| 1 | Captain Henry Blosse Lynch | 6 August 1848 | 30 August 1848 | 24 days | [52] | ||
| Superintendent, Indian Navy (1848-1849) | |||||||
| 1 | Captain John Croft Hawkins | 31 August 1848 | 26 January 1849 | 148 days | [52] | ||
| Superintendent & Commander-in-Chief, Indian Navy (1849–62) | |||||||
| 1 | CommodoreStephen Lushington | 26 January 1849 | March 1852 | 3 years, 35 days | [52] | ||
| 2 | CommodoreHenry John Leeke | March 1852 | 15 April 1854 | 2 years, 45 days | [52] | ||
| 3 | Rear-AdmiralHenry John Leeke | 15 April 1854 | July 1857 | 3 years, 77 days | [52] | ||
| 4 |  | CommodoreGeorge Greville Wellesley | July 1857 | July 1862 | 5 years | [52] | |
| Superintendent, Indian Navy (1862-1863)) | |||||||
| 1 | Commodore John James Frushard | July 1862 | April 1863 | 274 days | [52] | ||
| Superintendent, Bombay Marine (1863-1874)) | |||||||
| 1 | Captain John Wellington YoungCB | April 1863 | April 1868 | 5 years | [52] | ||
| 2 | Captain G. F. Robinson | April 1868 | September 1874 | 6 years | [52] | ||
| Naval Adviser to Government of India (1874-1880) | |||||||
| 1 |  | CaptainJohn Bythesea | 5 August 1877 | November 1880 | 3 years | [52] | |
| 2 | Rear-AdmiralJohn Bythesea | 1874 | 5 August 1877 | 3 years | [52] | ||
| Director, Her Majesty's Indian Marine (1882–83) | |||||||
| 1 | Captain Harry Woodfall Brent | 1883 | 1883 | 1 year | [52] | ||
| Director of H.M.'s Indian Marine (1883–1892) | |||||||
| 1 | CaptainJohn Hext | 1883 | 1892 | 9 years | [52] | ||
| Director of the Royal Indian Marine (1892–1928)[n 1] | |||||||
| 1 | Rear-Admiral SirJohn HextKCIE (1842-1924) | 1892 | February 1898 | 6 years | |||
| 2 | Captain Walter Somerville GoodridgeCIE (30 March 1849-2 April 1929) | 5 March 1898 | 5 March 1904 | 6 years, 0 days | [59][60] [61] | ||
| 3 | CaptainGeorge Hayley HewettCIE (30 November 1855-1930) | 5 March 1904 | 17 March 1909 | 5 years, 12 days | [62] | ||
| 4 |  | CommodoreWalter LumsdenCIE, CVO (16 April 1865-22 November 1947) | 17 March 1909 | 12 June 1917 | 8 years, 87 days | [63][64] [65][66] | |
| 5 | Captain Neville Frederick Jarvis WilsonCMG, CBE (1865-1947) | 12 June 1917 | 27 August 1920 | 3 years, 76 days | [64][67] [66] | ||
| 6 | Rear-AdmiralHenry Lancelot MawbeyCB, CVO (16 June 1870-4 June 1933) | 28 August 1920 | 3 August 1922 | 1 year, 340 days | [68][69] [70] | ||
| 7 |  | Captain SirEdward James HeadlamCSI, CMG, DSO (1 May 1873-14 July 1943) | 3 August 1922 | 4 October 1928 | 6 years, 62 days | [71][72] | |
| Flag Officer Commanding and Director, Royal Indian Marine (1928–1934) | |||||||
| 1 |  | Vice-Admiral SirHumphrey T. WalwynKCSI, CB, DSO (1879-1957) | 5 October 1928 | 2 October 1934 | 5 years, 362 days | [72] | |
| Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Navy (1934–1947) | |||||||
| 1 | | Vice-Admiral SirHumphrey T. WalwynKCSI, CB, DSO (1879-1957) | 2 October 1934 | 16 November 1934 | 45 days | [73][74] | |
| 2 |  | Vice-AdmiralArthur BedfordCB, CSI (1881-1949) | 16 November 1934 | 23 November 1937 | 3 years, 7 days | [74][73] [75][76] | |
| 3 |  | Vice-Admiral SirHerbert FitzherbertKCIE, CB, CMG (1885-1958) | 23 November 1937 | 19 March 1943 | 5 years, 119 days | [77][76] | |
| 4 |  | AdmiralJohn Henry GodfreyCB (1888-1970) | 19 March 1943 | 15 March 1946 | 2 years, 361 days | [73][78] | |
| 5 | Vice-Admiral SirGeoffrey Audley MilesKCB, KCSI (1890-1986) | 15 March 1946 | 1 March 1947 | 351 days | [77][43] | ||
| Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Navy (1947–1948) | |||||||
| 1 | Vice-Admiral SirGeoffrey Audley MilesKCB, KCSI (1890-1986) | 1 March 1947 | 14 August 1947 | 167 days | [77][43] | ||
| 2 |  | Rear AdmiralJohn Talbot Savignac HallCIE (1896-1964) | 15 August 1947 | 20 June 1948 | 310 days | [77][43] | |
| Chief of the Naval Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Navy (1948–1950) | |||||||
| 1 | | Rear AdmiralJohn Talbot Savignac HallCIE (1896-1964) | 21 June 1948 | 14 August 1948 | 54 days | [77][48] | |
| 2 | Vice Admiral SirWilliam Edward ParryKCB (1893-1972) | 14 August 1948 | 25 January 1950 | 1 year, 164 days | |||
| Vessel types | India | Pakistan |
|---|---|---|
| Frigates |
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| Sloops | ||
| Corvettes | ||
| Minesweepers | ||
| Survey Vessels |
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| Trawlers |
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| Motor Minesweepers (MMS) |
|
|
| Motor Launches (ML) |
| |
| Harbour Defence Motor Launches (HDML) |
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|
| Tankers | ||
| Miscellaneous | All existing landing craft |
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)| Leadership | |||||||
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| Components and Commands | |||||||
| Military Academies |
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| Insignia | |||||||
| Documents | |||||||
| History & Future | |||||||
