| Royal Corps of Colonial Troops | |
|---|---|
| Regio Corpo Truppe Coloniali | |
 Soldiers of the Royal Corps of Colonial Troops deployed in front of Forte Capuzzo, in Italian Libya | |
| Active | 1888–13 May 1943 |
| Countries | Italian Empire, present-day Eritrea, Somalia, Libya, Ethiopia |
| Role | Colonial troops |
| Part of | Royal Italian Army |
| Engagements | |
TheRoyal Corps of Colonial Troops (Italian:Regio Corpo Truppe Coloniali orRCTC) was a corps of theRoyal Italian Army, in which all the Italiancolonial troops were grouped until the end ofWorld War II inNorth Africa campaign.
Many of the Askaris in Eritrea were drawn from localNilotic populations, includingHamid Idris Awate, who reputedly had someNara ancestry.[1] Of these troops, the first Eritrean battalions were raised in 1888 from Muslim and Christian volunteers, replacing an earlierBashi-bazouk corps ofirregulars. The fourIndigeni battalions in existence by 1891 were incorporated into the Royal Corps of Colonial Troops that year. Expanded to eight battalions, the Eritrean Ascaris fought with distinction atSerobeti,Agordat,Kassala,Coatit andAdwa[2] and subsequently served in Libya and Ethiopia.
These troops were deployed on all fronts in Africa from theFirst Italo-Ethiopian War, theItalian-Turkish war, and theconquest of Ethiopia, until World War II. The colonial soldiers always showed courage and in some cases (like the Eritrean Ascari) fought with heroism.
Except for the German parachute division in Italy and the Japanese in Burma no enemy with whom the British and Indian troops were matched put up a finer fight than those Savoia battalions at Keren (Eritrea). Moreover, the Colonial troops, until they cracked at the very end, fought with valour and resolution, and their staunchness was a testimony to the excellence of the Italian administration and military training in Eritrea[3]
The colonial troops were commanded by Italian officers and NCOs, while soldiers were drawn from the Italian colonial territories (and to a smaller extent also from neighbouringYemen).
In 1940, 256,000Askaris in the Italian Royal Army were present in the local Italian colonies. Of these, 182,000 had been recruited inItalian East Africa (Eritrea, Somalia and Ethiopia) and 74,000 in Libya. In January 1941, when Allied forcesinvaded Italian-occupied Ethiopia in January 1941 most of the locally recruited ascaris deserted.[citation needed] Those that had been captured by the Allies ("thousands") have quickly released after being assessed as having little military value.[4]: 14 The majority of theEritrean Ascaris remained loyal until the Italian surrender four months later. [which surrender?discuss here.]
There were various Royal Corps of Colonial Troops:
The first two corps were united in 1935, and a year later,conquered Ethiopia was added to them, as a result of which they were all named the Forze armate dell'Africa Orientale Italiana (FF.AA. "A.O.I.", or FAAOI — Armed Forces ofItalian East Africa), and remained active until 1943, when Italy was defeated in WWII. The two corps, Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, were merged into a common Libyan corps, which in 1939 was renamed the Libyan corps. After 1936, the formation of colonial divisions began:
Italian Libya:
Italian East Africa:
At different times, the colonial troops of Italy consisted of irregular military units such as: bashi-buzuki, askari, savari, spahi, dubat, meharistes. Created and the so-called "gangs" (from the Italian word bande - a group), small cavalry military formations, as a rule, consisted of 100-200 people. At the same time, in North Africa, instead of horses, they used camels, more hardy to the desert area, more familiar to the Tuareg tribes.
With the occupation of Albania in 1939, colonial troops were created by the Italians there as well. They also consisted of local residents. Unlike Hitler's Nazis, who, moreover, did not yet have overseas colonies, the Italian fascists did not have a clear ideology of racial superiority, but were rather typical classical colonialists, so they tried not to destroy the local population, but exploited it. Therefore, not having a sufficient number of ethnic Italians in the colonies, to protect them, they willingly used the local people as soldiers. In turn, the natives went to the service of the Italians, because they had from this salary, rations, clothing and a relatively high status in their society.
Since the beginning of the colonial conquest theKingdom of Italy created military units with colonial soldiers. The main units included as parts of the RCTC were:
All these military units underwent a reorganization in the 1930s, the Eritrean, Somali, and Ethiopian became theArmed Forces of Italian East Africa.
TheRoyal Italian Army started to modernize the colonial units in the mid-1930s. For theSecond Italo-Ethiopian War in 1935 and at the outset ofWorld War II, it also created infantry divisions manned by colonial troops:
Other units composed mainly of colonial troops were the Libyan paratroopersAscari del Cielo and theItalian Africa Police.
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The uniforms differed between the various specialities and, to a lesser extent, in the different periods. The system of distinctivesashes was common to all the regular departments of all colonies. Each unit or branch was identifiable by the colours and motif of the wide woollensash ("etagà") wrapped around the waist and, in the Eritrean and AOI cavalry units, wrapped around the tarbush.[9][10] As examples, the 17th Eritrean Battalion had black and white tarbushtassels and vertically striped sashes; while the 64th Eritrean Battalion wore both of these items in scarlet and purple. The same colours were reproduced in the edging thread of theshoulder straps of the Italian officers who led the units.[11]
The ascari of Eritrea, Somalia and AOI wore the colonial uniform in white or khaki cloth with the aforementioned distinctive sashes, felt tarbush (a high redfez) with bow and frieze depending on the speciality.[12] White uniforms were initially used and later were relegated to parades with khaki being worn for other duties. Askari wore three different types of four pocket tunics; the M1929giubba with low standing collar, the pre-1940 and M1940camicotta Sahariano per Coloniali with stand-and-fall collars. Libyans, Ethiopians, and Eritreans wore baggy trousers while Somalis wore baggy knee lengthshorts. Theirputtees were often worn with bare feet: in fact, respecting tradition, the shoes were optional. When present they could consist of both sandals, boots, or marching boots. Khaki covers were often worn on the tachia and tarbush when on campaign.
The Muslim ascari of East Africa (most of the colonials wereCopts) wore a turban as their headdress, with a battalion-coloured diagonal band on the front. Libyan ascari and savari used, instead of tarbush, the traditional Libyantachia (ṭaqīyā),[13] a form fitting fez, of garnet red felt with blue bow and white "sub-tachia".[14] The colours distinguished the Savari departments, in addition to the usual bands.
Rank grades were applied on tarbush in the upper front as follows; no stars soldier "Ascaro",1 Star Corporal "Muntaz", 2 stars Sergeant "Buluk Bashi", 3 stars Marshall "Jusbasci, (after 1908 replaced by Sciumbasci). On the tarbusc under the rank stars were specialties insignia for marksman, signalier, etc. Originally about 180mm (7.08 ins) tall the tarbusc increased in height to 20 cms (7.87 ins) and taller around 1900. In 1913 a khaki cover was worn over the tarbusc for camouflage.[15][16]
The Italian officers permanently assigned to colonial units wore the issue tropical peaked cap, the coloured sash of his battalion with identical piping around his shoulder boards mounted on any issue tunic. He could wear either khaki straight trousers or breeches with high brown field boots with or without lacing at the foot.[17]
The zaptié of all the colonies were distinguished by the collar frogs of thecarabinieri, with the flame on the headdress and the distinctive scarlet band.
The irregular units such as the dubat, basci-buzuk, spahis and bande did not wear a standard uniform although the bande had a system of ranks of a sort.
The Ascari had the following ranks, from simple soldier to senior non-commissioned officer:Ascari -Muntaz (corporal) -Bulukbasci (lance-sergeant) -Sciumbasci (sergeant). TheSciumbasci-capos (staff-sergeants) were the senior Eritrean non-commissioned officers, chosen in part according to their performance in battle.
All commissioned officers of the Eritrean Ascari were Italian.[18]
The indigenous personnel had their own hierarchy different from that of the Royal Army, which is also the same for all RCTCs. The highest rank achievable for the natives was that of a non-commissioned officer, while the corps officers were all Italians.
The rank badges consisted of chevrons in red and yellow wool fabric, made at an angle, with the tip facing the shoulder, mounted on a pentagonal blue, later black, triangle clothbrassard, in the manner of theOttoman Army. Libyan troops wore the same insignia until 1939 when they became officially Italians, they could also wear theStar of Savoy at this point, with another change to a modified smaller version sewn directly onto the upper arm sleeve in 1941. The grades were repeated on the tarbush withchevrons and five-pointed stars.
The grades were as follows:[19][20]
On the black cloth triangle of the badge were also placed the marks of seniority - according to the table below - and of merit (the Savoy crown) as a promotion badge for war merit, as well as the speciality badge (machine gunner, chosen machine gunner, musician, trumpeter, tambourine, saddler,farrier, international bracelet) and the war wound badge.
| 1 red cloth star | 2 years of service |
| 2 red cloth stars | 6 years of service |
| 3 red cloth stars | 10 years of service |
| 1 silver fabric star | 12 years of service |
| 2 silver fabric stars | 14 years of service |
| 3 silver fabric stars | 15 years of service |
| 1 gold fabric star | 20 years of service |
| 2 gold fabric stars | 24 years of service |
| 3 gold fabric stars | 28 years of service |
The following rank table is for Askari serving in the Italian Forces.
| Rank group | Enlisted | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Army and Air force |  |  |  |  |  |  | No insignia |
| Sciumbasci capo | Sciumbasci | Bulucbasci capo | Bulucbasci | Muntaz | Uachil | Ascaro | |
| Navy and Carabinieri |  |  |  |  |  |  | No insignia |
| Sciumbasci capo | Sciumbasci | Bulucbasci capo | Bulucbasci | Muntaz | Uachil | Ascaro | |
The Italian colonial forces were armed with older model weapons, mainly produced in Italy itself, or captured, but by the beginning of World War II, they were clearly outdated.
Since the 20s, the following armored vehicles were transferred to Libya;
Colonial units were primarily equipped with light artillery and mortars
The Royal Corps of Colonial Troops has been awarded 4 Gold Medals of Military Valor ("Medaglia d'oro al valor militare"):
TwoGold Medal of Military Valor:
In one hundred and fifty battles gloriously sustained in the service of His Majesty the King of Italy, gave constant evidence of strong heroic military discipline, of fierce warrior spirit, of unquestioned loyalty and value, lavishing their blood with a zeal and devotion than never had limitations. Eritrea - Tripoli - Cyrenaica, from 1889 to 1929. - May 12, 1930[33]
With the courage of their race, fueled by love for the flag and the belief in the higher destinies of Italy in Africa, gave during the war, many proofs of the most brilliant heroism. With great generosity, and similar faithfulness, gave their blood for the consecration of the Italian Empire. Italo-Ethiopian War, October 3, 1935 - May 5, 1936.- November 19, 1936.[34]
OneGold Medal of Military Valor:
With the courage of their race - fueled by love for the flag and the belief in the higher destinies of Italy in Africa, gave during the war, many proofs of the most brilliant heroism. With great generosity, and similar faithfulness, gave their blood for the consecration of the Italian Empire. Italo-Ethiopian War, October 3, 1935 - May 5, 1936. - November 19, 1936.[35]
OneGold Medal of Military Valor:
With the courage of their race - fueled by love for the flag and the belief in the higher destinies of Italy in Africa, gave during the war, many proofs of the most brilliant heroism. With great generosity, and similar faithfulness, gave their blood for the consecration of the Italian Empire. Italo-Ethiopian War, October 3, 1935 - May 5, 1936. - November 19, 1936.[36]
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