Since the hall's opening byQueen Victoria in 1871, the world's leading artists from many performance genres have appeared on its stage. It is the venue for theBBC Proms concerts, which have been held there every summer since 1941. It is host to more than 390 shows in the main auditorium annually, including classical, rock and pop concerts, ballet, opera, film screenings with live orchestral accompaniment, sports, awards ceremonies, school and community events, and charity performances and banquets. A further 1000 events are held each year in the non-auditorium spaces. Over its 153-year history, the hall has hosted people from various fields, including meetings held bysuffragettes, speeches fromWinston Churchill,Charles de Gaulle, andAlbert Einstein, fights byLennox Lewis, exhibition bouts byMuhammad Ali, and concerts from regular performers at the venue such asEric Clapton andShirley Bassey.[2][3][4]
The hall was originally to have been called theCentral Hall of Arts and Sciences, but the name was changed to theRoyal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences by Queen Victoria upon laying the hall's foundation stone in 1867, in memory of her husband,Prince Albert, who had died six years earlier. It forms the practical part of a memorial to the Prince Consort; the decorative part is theAlbert Memorial directly to the north inKensington Gardens, now separated from the hall byKensington Gore.
In 1851, theGreat Exhibition, organised byPrince Albert, the Prince Consort, was held inHyde Park, London. The Exhibition was a success and led Prince Albert to propose the creation of a group of permanent facilities for the public benefit, which came to be known asAlbertopolis. TheExhibition's Royal Commission boughtGore House, but it was slow to act, and in 1861 Prince Albert died without having seen his ideas come to fruition. However, a memorial was proposed for Hyde Park, with a Great Hall opposite.[5]
The dome (designed byRowland Mason Ordish) was made of wrought iron and glazed. There was a trial assembly of the dome's iron framework inManchester; then it was taken apart again and transported to London by horse and cart. When the time came for the supporting structure to be removed from the dome after reassemblyin situ, only volunteers remained on site in case the structure collapsed. It did drop – but only by five-sixteenths of an inch (7.9 mm).[8] The hall was scheduled to be completed by Christmas Day 1870, and the Queen visited a few weeks beforehand to inspect.[9]
The Royal Albert Hall in London was officially opened on 29 March 1871 by Queen Victoria and her eldest son, thePrince of Wales, in honor of her late husband, Prince Albert.
The official opening ceremony of the hall was on 29 March 1871. This had originally been scheduled for 1 May, the twentieth anniversary of the opening of the Great Exhibition, but was brought forward at the request of Queen Victoria.[5] A welcoming speech was given byEdward, the Prince of Wales because the Queen was too overcome to speak; "her only recorded comment on the Hall was that it reminded her of theBritish constitution".[10]
The composer, organist, and choir conductorWilliam Carter founded and directed a choir specifically for the opening of Royal Albert Hall.[11] In the concert that followed, the hall's acoustic problems immediately became apparent. Engineers first tried to remove the strong echo by suspending a canvas awning below the dome. This helped and also sheltered concert-goers from the sun, but the problem was not solved: it used to be jokingly said the hall was "the only place where a British composer could be sure of hearing his work twice".[12]
In July 1871, French organistCamille Saint-Saëns performedChurch Scene fromFaust byCharles Gounod;The Orchestra described his performance as "an exceptional and distinguished performer ... the effect was most marvellous."[13]
Initiallylit by gas, the hall contained a special system by which thousands of gas jets were lit within ten seconds. Though it was demonstrated as early as 1873 in the hall,[14] fullelectric lighting was not installed until 1888.[10] During an early trial when a partial installation was made, one disgruntled patron wrote toThe Times, declaring it to be "a very ghastly and unpleasant innovation".[15]
In May 1877,Richard Wagner himself conducted the first half of each of the eight concerts which made up the Grand Wagner Festival. After his turn with the baton, he handed it over to conductorHans Richter and sat in a large armchair on the corner of the stage for the rest of each concert. Wagner's wifeCosima, the daughter of Hungarian virtuoso pianist and composerFranz Liszt, was among the audience.[citation needed]
TheWine Society was founded at the hall on 4 August 1874,[16] after large quantities of cask wine were found in the cellars. A series of lunches were held to publicise the wines, and General Henry Scott proposed a co-operative company to buy and sell wines.[17]
Postcard of the Royal Albert Hall (c. 1903) with an inset of theAlbert MemorialRoyal Albert Hall, viewed from the south looking north towardsHyde Park, 1986.
In 1926, British media proprietor but then dancerLew Grade won the 'Charleston Championship of the World', where American actor and dancerFred Astaire was one of the judges.[20][21]
In 1933, German physicistAlbert Einstein led the 'Einstein Meeting' at the hall for the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics, a British charity.[22]
In 1936, the hall was the scene of a giant rally celebrating theBritish Empire on the occasion of the centenary ofJoseph Chamberlain's birth. In October 1942, the hall suffered minor damage duringWorld War II bombing, but in general was left mostly untouched as German pilots used the distinctive structure as a landmark.[14]
In 1949, the canvas awning was removed and replaced with fluted aluminium panels below the glass roof, in a new attempt to cure the echo; but the acoustics were not properly tackled until 1969 when large fibreglass acoustic diffusing discs (commonly referred to as "mushrooms" or "flying saucers") were installed below the ceiling.[10] In 1968, the hall hosted theEurovision Song Contest 1968 which was broadcast on television live in colour for the first time,[23] and from 1969 to 1988 theMiss World contest was staged in the venue.[24]
From 1996 until 2004, the hall underwent a programme of renovation and development supported by a £20 million grant from theHeritage Lottery Fund and £20m from Arts Council England to enable it to meet the demands of the next century of events and performances. Thirty "discreet projects" were designed and supervised by the architecture and engineering firmBDP without disrupting events. These projects included improved ventilation to the auditorium, more bars and restaurants, improved seating, better technical facilities, and improved backstage areas. Internally, the Circle seating was rebuilt during June 1996 to provide more legroom, better access, and improved sightlines.[25]
The largest project of the ongoing renovation and development was the building of a new south porch – door 12, accommodating a first-floor restaurant, new ground floor box office and subterranean loading bay. Although the exterior of the building was largely unchanged, the south steps leading down toPrince Consort Road were demolished to allow construction of underground vehicle access and a loading bay with accommodation for threeHGVs carrying all the equipment brought by shows. The steps were then reconstructed around a new south porch, named The Meitar Foyer after a significant donation from Mr & Mrs Meitar. The porch was built on a similar scale and style to the three pre-existing porches at Door 3, 6 and 9: these works were undertaken byTaylor Woodrow Construction.[25] On 4 June 2004, the project received theEuropa Nostra Award for remarkable achievement.[26]
The East (Door 3) and West (Door 9) porches were glazed and new bars opened along with ramps to improve disabled access. The Stalls were rebuilt in a four-week period in 2000 using steel supports allowing more space underneath for two new bars; 1,534 unique pivoting seats were laid – with an addition of 180 prime seats. The Choirs were rebuilt at the same time. The whole building was redecorated in a style that reinforces its Victorian identity. 43,000 sq ft (4,000 m2) of new carpets were laid in the rooms, stairs, and corridors – specially woven with a border that follows the oval curve of the building.[27]
The Royal Albert Hall as seen fromPrince Consort RoadAcoustic diffusing discs (lit in purple/blue) hanging from the roof of the hall. The fluted aluminium panels are seen behind.
During the first half of 2011, changes were made to the backstage areas to relocate and increase the size of crew catering areas under the South Steps away from the stage and create additional dressing rooms nearer to the stage.[32]
From January to May 2013, the Box Office area at Door 12 underwent further modernisation to include a new Café Bar on the ground floor, a new Box Office with shop counters and additional toilets. The design and construction were carried out by contractor 8Build. Upon opening it was renamed 'The Zvi and Ofra Meitar Porch and Foyer.' owing to a large donation from the couple.[33]
In Autumn 2013, work began on replacing the Victorian steam heating system over three years and improving cooling across the building. This work followed the summer Proms season during which temperatures were unusually high.[34] Further heatwaves led to a rebuild of the Rausing Circle level in 2021 with air-cooling ventilation installed, significantly decreasing heat there during hot weather.
In 2017, work began on a two-story 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) basement extension for use as backstage and archival space to the south-west quadrant of the building. The project is nicknamed the "Great Excavation", in reference to the Great Exhibition of 1851.[35] A new archive space opened in the extension on 12 October 2023.[36]
In 2018, a Walk of Fame was unveiled at the hall, with the first eleven recipients of a star including theSuffragettes (who held meetings at the hall),Winston Churchill andAlbert Einstein (both of whom delivered speeches here),Muhammad Ali (who had exhibition events at a venue he dubbed a 'helluva hall'), andEric Clapton (who has played the venue over 200 times), among others, who were viewed as "key players" in the building's history.[2]
Due to theCOVID-19 pandemic, restrictions meant the hall was closed on 17 March 2020 for the longest time since the Second World War. In December 2020, it reopened for threesocially distanced performances but was then closed for a second period, finally reopening to full capacity on 19 July 2021.[35]
The Triumph of Arts and SciencesFrieze on the Royal Albert Hall
The hall, a Grade Ilisted building,[38] is anellipse in plan, with its external major and minor axes of 272 and 236 feet (83 and 72 meters), and its internal minor and major axis of 185 and 219 feet (56 and 67 m).[39][40] The great glass and wrought-irondome roofing the hall is 135 ft (41 m) high. The hall was originally designed with a capacity for 8,000 people and has accommodated as many as 12,000 (although present-day safety restrictions mean the maximum permitted capacity is now 5,272[1] including standing in the Gallery).
Around the outside of the building is 800-foot–long terracottamosaic frieze, depicting "The Triumph of Arts and Sciences", in reference to the hall's dedication.[39] Proceeding counter-clockwise from the north side the sixteen subjects of the frieze are:
Various Countries of the World bringing in their Offerings to the Exhibition of 1851
Music
Sculpture
Painting
Princes, Art Patrons and Artists
Workers in Stone
Workers in Wood and Brick
Architecture
The Infancy of the Arts and Sciences
Agriculture
Horticulture and Land Surveying
Astronomy and Navigation
A Group of Philosophers, Sages and Students
Engineering
The Mechanical Powers
Pottery and Glassmaking
Above the frieze is an inscription in 12-inch-high (30 cm)terracotta letters that combine historical fact and Biblical quotations:
Appearing at the Royal Albert Hall (2014) is a specially commissioned mural by SirPeter Blake. The work serves as a visual "who's who" of more than 140 years of culture at the venue, featuring over 400 notable figures who have appeared on its stage since 1871. Alongside musicians such asBob Dylan,David Bowie,Jimi Hendrix,Adele,Beyoncé andJay-Z, the mural also includes historical and cultural icons such asAlbert Einstein, SirWinston Churchill,Muhammad Ali, astronautBuzz Aldrin, and even the fictional Dalek and wrestling legendBig Daddy.[42]The Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences was opened by Her Majesty on 29 March 1871.
Many events arepromoted by the hall, whilst since the early 1970s promoterRaymond Gubbay has brought a range of events to the hall including opera, ballet and classical music. Some events include classical and rock concerts, conferences, banquets, ballroom dancing, poetry recitals, educational talks, motor shows, ballet, opera, film screenings and circus shows. It has hosted many sporting events, including boxing, squash, table tennis, basketball, mixed martial arts as it hostedUFC 38 (the firstUFC event to be held in the UK), tennis, and even a marathon. It has also hosted wrestling, including in 1991 the first officialsumo wrestling tournament to be held outside Japan, with a return occurring in 2025.[46][47][48][49] Tennis was first played at the hall in March 1970, and theATP Champions Tour Masters was played annually from 1997 to 2021.
The hall first hosted boxing in 1918, when it hosted a tournament between British and American servicemen. There was acolour bar in place at the hall, preventing black boxers from fighting there, between 1923 and 1932.[50] Greats of British boxing such asFrank Bruno,Prince Naseem Hamed,Henry Cooper andLennox Lewis have all appeared at the venue.[51] The hall's storied boxing history was halted in 1999 when it lost its licence to hold boxing and wrestling matches after complaints from residents about noise levels.[52] In 2011, after a legal battle, the licence to host boxing and wrestling events was restored and boxing events resumed in 2012.[52][51] In 2019Nicola Adams won the WBO Flyweight title which was the first fight for a world title at the venue sinceMarco Antonio Barrera took onPaul Lloyd in 1999.[53]
One notable event was aPink Floyd concert held on 26 June 1969 which involved shooting cannons, building furniture on the stage, and having a man in a gorilla suit roam the audience. At one point, Rick Wright went to the pipe organ and began to play "The End of the Beginning", the final part of "Saucerful of Secrets", joined by the brass section of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (led by the conductor, Norman Smith) and the ladies of the Ealing Central Amateur Choir.[54] A portion of the pipe organ recording is included on Pink Floyd's albumThe Endless River.[55]
In November 1969,Petula Clark performed an historic sold-out concert, significantly filmed for the first colour broadcast on BBC. "Petula Clark in Concert at The Royal Albert Hall" was screened in colour at 1 minute past midnight on November 15 1969.
On 22 September 2011,Adele performed aone-night-only concert as part of hertour.[57] The concert was filmed for DVD and screened at cinemas in 26 cities around the world.[58] Her performance debuted at number one in the United States with 96,000 copies sold, the highest one-week tally for a music DVD in four years. After one week, it became the best-selling music DVD of 2011. As of 28 November 2012, it had surpassed sales of one million copies in the United States and sales of three million copies worldwide and makes the first music DVD to surpass sales of one million in the USA sinceEagles'Farewell 1 Tour-Live from Melbourne in 2005 (Garth Brooks'The Ultimate Hits sold one million copies in 2007, but was a CD/DVD combination).[59][60] The live version of "Set Fire to the Rain" taken from her performance won theGrammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance at the55th Annual Grammy Awards in 2013.[61]
In 2017 the hall hosted the70th British Academy Film Awards, often referred to as theBAFTAs, for the first time in 20 years, replacing theRoyal Opera House at which the event had been held since 2008.[64] The BAFTAs were held regularly at the venue until moving to theRoyal Festival Hall in 2023. TheOlivier Awards also moved to the Albert Hall in 2017 and remain there as of 2025.
In June 2025, Irish boybandWestlife announced they would perform there as part of their 25th Anniversary celebrations on the 27th and 28th of October.
Former regular events includeClassical Spectacular, a Raymond Gubbay production, which performed at the hall from 1989 to 2022. It combined popular classical music, lights and special effects. Between 1996 and 2008, the hall hosted the annualNational Television Awards all of which were hosted bySir Trevor McDonald,[65] and theClassic Brit Awards were hosted annually at the hall from 2000 to 2013, and again in 2018. TheInstitute of Directors' Annual Convention was synonymous with the hall for over 50 years, taking place most years between 1961 and 2016.
TheRoyal Choral Society is the longest-running regular performance at the hall, having given its first performance as the Royal Albert Hall Choral Society on 8 May 1872.[66] From 1876, it established the annualGood Friday performance of Handel'sMessiah.[67]
The BBC Sir Henry Wood Promenade Concerts, known as "The Proms", is a popular annual eight-week summer season of dailyclassical music concerts and other events at the hall. In 1941, following the destruction of theQueen's Hall in anair raid, the hall was chosen as the new venue for the Proms.[68] In 1944 with increased danger to the hall, part of the Proms season was held in theBedford Corn Exchange. Following the end ofWorld War II the Proms continued being held in the hall and have done so annually every summer since. The event was founded in 1895, and now each season consists of over 70 concerts, in addition to a series of events at other venues across the United Kingdom. In 2009, the total number of concerts reached 100 for the first time.Jiří Bělohlávek described The Proms as "the world's largest and most democratic musical festival" of all such events in the world of classical music festivals.[69]
Proms (short forpromenade concerts) is a term which arose from the original practice of the audience promenading, or strolling, in some areas during the concert. Proms concert-goers, particularly those who stand, are sometimes described as "Promenaders", but are most commonly referred to as "Prommers".[70]
Cirque du Soleil has performed annually, with a show being staged at the start of most years since 1996. Cirque has had to adapt many of their touring shows to perform at the venue, modifying the set, usually built for arenas or big top tents instead. The following shows have played the RAH:Saltimbanco (1996, 1997 and 2003),Alegría (1998, 1999, 2006 and 2007),Dralion (2004 and 2005),Varekai (2008 and 2010),Quidam (2009 and 2014),Totem (2011, 2012 and 2019),Koozå (2013 and 2015),Amaluna (2016 and 2017),OVO (2018 and 2026),Luzia (2020 and 2022),Kurios (2023), Alegría: In a New Light (2024)[71] andCorteo (2025).
Classic FM hold a popular concert twice a year with a regularly changing lineup. The concert in September 2013 had to be cancelled due to a fire alert in the hall's basement leading to an evacuation of the building[72][73]
Since 1998 theEnglish National Ballet has had several specially staged arena summer seasons in partnership with the hall. These includeStrictly Gershwin, June 2008 and 2011,Swan Lake, June 2002, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2024,Romeo & Juliet (Deane), June 2001 and 2005,The Sleeping Beauty, April – June 2000 and June 2026, andCinderella June 2019 and 2023.[75]
Starting in 2000 theTeenage Cancer Trust has held annual charity concerts in most years. They started as a one-off event but have expanded over the years to a week or more of evening events.Roger Daltrey ofThe Who was intimately involved with the planning of the events until 2024, his final year in charge included performances fromYoung Fathers,Noel Gallagher andThe Chemical Brothers.[77]
The hall hosts hundreds of events and activities beyond its main auditorium.There are regular free art exhibitions in the ground floor Amphi corridor, which can be viewed when attending events or on dedicated viewing dates.Visitors can take a guided tour of the hall on most days, which includes most front-of-house areas, the auditorium, the Gallery and the Royal Retiring Room. Other tours include Behind the Scenes, Inside Out and School tours.Children's events include Storytelling and Music Sessions for ages four and under. These take place in the Door 3 Porch and Albert's Band sessions in the Elgar Room during school holidays."Late Night Jazz" events in the Elgar Room, generally on a Thursday night, feature cabaret-style seating and a relaxed atmosphere with drinks available."Classical Coffee Mornings" are held on Sundays in the Elgar Room with musicians from theRoyal College of Music accompanied with drinks and pastries.[84]
Eric Clapton performing on stage at the hall in May 2017
Eric Clapton is a regular performer at the hall. Since 1964, Clapton has performed there over 200 times, and has stated that performing at the venue is like "playing in my front room".[85][86][87] In December 1964, Clapton made his first appearance at the hall withthe Yardbirds. It was also the venue for his bandCream'sfarewell concerts in 1968 and reunion shows in 2005. He also instigated theConcert for George, which was held at the hall on 29 November 2002 to pay tribute to one of Clapton's lifelong friends, formerBeatleGeorge Harrison, as well as theJeff Beck Tribute concerts held in May 2023. Clapton passed 200 shows at the hall in 2015, and his most recent concerts at the venue were in May 2025.[87]
Petula Clark has graced the stage numerous times since her debut performance at the hall in 1943. sellout concerts in 1969, 1974 and 1983 are among the most notable as are Clark's numerous appearances at special events, awards and celebration concerts. Clark's 1983 concert was a 40th year anniversary concert to celebrate her first appearance at the venue in 1943.
Shirley Bassey is another of the hall's most prolific female headline performers, having appeared there multiple times between 1971 and 2022.[4] Her most recent appearance in October 2022 saw her headline a celebration of 60 years of the music of James Bond, performing "Diamonds Are Forever" and "Goldfinger".[88]
James Last appeared 90 times at the hall between 1973 and 2015, making him the most frequent non-British performer to have played the venue.[89]
The hall'seducation and outreach programme engages with more than 200,000 people a year. It includes workshops for local teenagers led by musicians such asFoals,Jake Bugg,Emeli Sandé,Nicola Benedetti,Alison BalsomFirst Aid Kit andJohn Legend, science and maths lessons, visits to local residential homes from the venue's in-house group, Albert's Band, under the 'Songbook' banner, and the Friendship Matinee: an orchestral concert for community groups, with £5 admission.[90] Each year, the hall runs the"Future Makers" competition to discover and support emerging talent from across London, where eight acts are chosen for the finals to perform in front of a live audience as well as a panel of industry professionals. One winning act is selected to receive a tailored package of support from the Royal Albert Hall and industry partners.[91]
A large mural byPeter Blake, titledAppearing at the Royal Albert Hall, is displayed in the hall's Café Bar. Unveiled in April 2014, it shows more than 400 famous figures who have appeared on the stage.[101]
In 1955, English film directorAlfred Hitchcock filmed the climax ofThe Man Who Knew Too Much in the hall.[102] The 15-minute sequence featured James Stewart, Doris Day and composer Bernard Herrmann, and was filmed partly in the Queen's Box. Hitchcock was a long-time patron of the hall and had already set the finale of his 1927 filmThe Ring in the venue, as well as his first version ofThe Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), starring Leslie Banks, Edna Best and Peter Lorre.[103]
In 2022, the hall was recreated for the climax of the filmBetter Man, in whichRobbie Williams (portraying himself) reenacts his2001 live performance. While the hall's stage was rebuilt in Melbourne, audience reactions were filmed a year later on location, guided by audiovisual prompts.