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.jpg) Front view, October 2010 | |
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| Established | 1768; 257 years ago (1768) |
|---|---|
| Location | Burlington House, Piccadilly,London, United Kingdom |
| Visitors | 709,961 (2023)[1] |
| President | Rebecca Salter |
| CEO | Natasha Mitchell |
| Public transit access |  Green Park;Piccadilly Circus |
| Website | royalacademy.org.uk |
TheRoyal Academy of Arts (RA) is an art institution based inBurlington House inPiccadilly in London, England. Founded in 1768, it has a unique position as an independent, privately funded institution led by eminent artists and architects. Its purpose is to promote the creation, enjoyment and appreciation of thefine arts through exhibitions, education and debate.
The origin of the Royal Academy of Arts lies in an attempt in 1755 by members of theSociety for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, principally the sculptorHenry Cheere, to found an autonomous academy of arts. Prior to this a number of artists were members of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, including Cheere andWilliam Hogarth, or were involved in small-scale private art academies, such as theSt Martin's Lane Academy.[2] Although Cheere's attempt failed, the eventualcharter, called an 'Instrument', used to establish the Royal Academy of Arts over a decade later was almost identical to that drawn up by Cheere in 1755.[3]
The success of St Martin's Lane Academy led to the formation of theSociety of Artists of Great Britain and the Free Society of Artists.[4]Sir William Chambers, a prominent architect and head of the British government's architects' department, theOffice of Works, used his connections withKing George III to gain royal patronage and financial support for the Academy.[5] The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through a personal act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission "to establish a school or academy of design for the use of students in the arts" with an annual exhibition.[6]
The painterJoshua Reynolds was made its first president,[7] and Francis Milner Newton was elected the first secretary,[8] a post he held for two decades until his resignation in 1788.[9]
The instrument of foundation, signed by George III on 10 December 1768, named 34 founder members and allowed for a total membership of 40. The founder members were Reynolds,John Baker,George Barret,Francesco Bartolozzi,Giovanni Battista Cipriani,Augustino Carlini,Charles Catton,Mason Chamberlin,William Chambers,Francis Cotes,George Dance,Nathaniel Dance,Thomas Gainsborough,John Gwynn,Francis Hayman,Nathaniel Hone the Elder,Angelica Kauffman,Jeremiah Meyer,George Michael Moser,Mary Moser,Francis Milner Newton,Edward Penny,John Inigo Richards,Paul Sandby,Thomas Sandby,Dominic Serres,Peter Toms,William Tyler,Samuel Wale,Benjamin West,Richard Wilson,Joseph Wilton,Richard Yeo,Francesco Zuccarelli.[10]William Hoare andJohann Zoffany were added to this list by the King in 1769.[10]
The Royal Academy was initially housed in cramped quarters inPall Mall, although in 1771 it was given temporary accommodation for its library and schools in OldSomerset House, then a royal palace.[11] In 1780 it was installed in purpose-built apartments in the first completed wing of New Somerset House, located in theStrand and designed by Chambers, the Academy's first treasurer.[11] The Academy moved in 1837 toTrafalgar Square, where it occupied the east wing of the recently completedNational Gallery (designed by another Academician,William Wilkins).[12] These premises soon proved too small to house both institutions. In 1868, 100 years after the Academy's foundation, it moved toBurlington House, Piccadilly, where it remains.[13]
The first Royal Academy exhibition of contemporary art, open to all artists, opened on 25 April 1769 and ran until 27 May 1769. 136 works of art were shown and this exhibition, now known as theRoyal Academy Summer Exhibition, has been staged annually without interruption to the present day. Following the cessation of a similar annual exhibition at theBritish Institution, the Academy expanded its exhibition programme to include a temporary annual loan exhibition of Old Masters in 1870.[14]
Britain's first public lectures on art were staged by the Royal Academy, as another way to fulfil its mission. Led by Reynolds, the first president, the first program included a lecture byWilliam Hunter.[15]
In 2018, the Academy's 250th anniversary, the results of a major refurbishment were unveiled. The project began on 1 January 2008 with the appointment ofDavid Chipperfield Architects.Heritage Lottery Fund support was secured in 2012. On 19 October 2016 the RA'sBurlington Gardens site was closed to the public and renovations commenced. Refurbishment work included the restoration of 150 sash windows, glazing upgrades to 52 windows and the installation of two large roof lights.[16] The "New RA" was opened to the public on 19 May 2018. The £56 million development includes new galleries, a lecture theatre, a public project space for students and a bridge linking theBurlington House and Burlington Gardens sites. As part of the process 10,000 works from the RA's collection were digitised and made available online.[17][18]
The Royal Academy receives funding from neither the State nor the Crown, and operates as a charity.[19] The RA's home in Burlington House is owned by the UK government and provided to the Academy on apeppercorn rent leasehold of 999 years.[20]
One of its principal sources of revenue is hosting a programme of temporary loan exhibitions. These are comparable to those at theNational Gallery,the Tate Gallery and leading art galleries outside the United Kingdom. In 2004 the highlights of the Academy's permanent collection went on display in the newly restored reception rooms of the original section of Burlington House, which are now known as theJohn Madejski Fine Rooms.[21]
Under the direction of former exhibitions secretary SirNorman Rosenthal, the Academy has hosted ambitious exhibitions of contemporary art. In its 1997 "Sensation", it displayed the collection of work byYoung British Artists owned byCharles Saatchi. The show was controversial for its display ofMarcus Harvey'sportrait of Myra Hindley, a convicted murderer. The painting was vandalised while on display.[22]
In 2004, the Academy attracted media attention for a series of financial scandals and reports of a feud between Rosenthal and other senior staff. These problems resulted in the cancellation of what were expected to have been profitable exhibitions.[23] In 2006, it attracted the press by erroneously placing only the support for a sculpture on display, and then justifying it being kept on display.[24]
From 3 February to 28 April 2024, the RA showed the exhibition "Entangled Pasts, 1768-now" in order to reveal and discuss "connections between art associated with the Royal Academy of Arts andBritain's colonial histories."[25] However, according toColin Grant, inThe Guardian, the exhibition "appears to be tame" though it attempts to "critique the exclusive and impenetrable RA."[26]
The Academy hoststhe Summer Exhibition an annualopen art exhibition, which means anyone can enter their work to be considered for exhibition. Established in 1769, it is the oldest and largest open submission exhibition in the world and is included inLondon's Social Season. The members of The Academy, also known as Royal Academicians select and hang the works. Art works in a variety of media are exhibited including painting, sculpture, film, architecture, photography and printmaking.
Tracey Emin exhibited in the 2005 show. In March 2007 Emin accepted the Academy's invitation to become a Royal Academician, commenting in her weekly newspaper column that, "It doesn't mean that I have become more conformist; it means that the Royal Academy has become more open, which is healthy and brilliant."[27]
In 1977,Sir Hugh Casson founded the Friends of the Royal Academy, a charity designed to provide financial support for the institution.[28]
Pin Drop Studio hosts live events where well-known authors, actors and thinkers read a short story chosen as a response to the main exhibition programme. The literary evenings are hosted by Pin Drop Studio founder Simon Oldfield. Guests have includedGraham Swift,Sebastian Faulks,Lionel Shriver,William Boyd,Will Self, DameEileen Atkins, DameSiân Phillips,Lisa Dawn andBen Okri.[29]
The RA and Pin Drop Short Story Award is an open submission writing prize, held annually along similar principles of the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition. The award ceremony features a live reading of the winning story in its entirety by a special guest. Past winning stories have been read byStephen Fry,Dame Penelope Wilton,Juliet Stevenson andGwendoline Christie.[30]
On 10 December 2019,Rebecca Salter was elected the first female President of the Royal Academy[31] on the retirement of SirChristopher Le Brun.[32]
In September 2007,Sir Charles Saumarez Smith became Secretary and Chief Executive of the Royal Academy, a newly created post.[33] Saumarez Smith stepped down from the role at the end of 2018, and it was announced that Axel Rüger, director of theVan Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, would fill the position from June 2019.[34]
The Royal Academy Schools form the oldest art school in Britain, and have been an integral part of the Royal Academy of Arts since its foundation in 1768. A key principle of the RA Schools is that their three-year post graduate programme is free of charge to every applicant offered a place.[35]
The Royal Academy Schools was the first institution to provide professional training for artists in Britain. The Schools' programme of formal training was modelled on that of the FrenchAcadémie de peinture et de sculpture, founded byLouis XIV in 1648. It was shaped by the precepts laid down by Sir Joshua Reynolds. In his fifteenDiscourses delivered to pupils in the Schools between 1769 and 1790, Reynolds stressed the importance of copying the Old Masters, and of drawing from casts after the Antique and from the life model. He argued that such a training would form artists capable of creating works of high moral and artistic worth. Professorial chairs were founded in Chemistry, Anatomy, Ancient History and Ancient Literature, the latter two being held initially bySamuel Johnson andOliver Goldsmith.[36]
In 1769, the first year of operation, the Schools enrolled 77 students. By 1830 more than 1,500 students had enrolled in the Schools, an average intake of 25 students each year. They included men such asJohn Flaxman,J. M. W. Turner,John Soane,Thomas Rowlandson,William Blake,Thomas Lawrence,Decimus Burton,[37]John Constable,George Hayter,David Wilkie,William Etty,Edwin Landseer, andCharles Lucy in 1838.[38] The first woman to enrol as a student of the Schools wasLaura Herford in 1860,[39] and other female students have includedDaisy Radcliffe Beresford.[40]Charles Sims was expelled from the Schools in 1895.[41] The Royal Academy made SirFrancis Newbolt the first Honorary Professor of Law in 1928.[42][43]
In 2011Tracey Emin was appointed Professor of Drawing,[44] andFiona Rae was appointed Professor of Painting – the first women professors to be appointed in the history of the Academy.[45] Emin was succeeded byMichael Landy,[46] and thenDavid Remfry in 2016 while Rae was succeeded byChantal Joffe in January 2016.[47]
The first president of the Royal Academy, Sir Joshua Reynolds, gave his noted self-portrait, beginning the Royal Academy collection. This was followed by gifts from other founding members, such as Gainsborough andBenjamin West. Subsequently, each elected Member was required to donate an artwork (known as a "Diploma Work") typical of his or her artistic output, and this practice continues today. Additional donations and purchases have resulted in a collection of approximately a thousand paintings and a thousand sculptures, which show the development of a British School of art. The Academy's collection of works on paper includes significant holdings of drawings and sketchbooks by artists working in Britain from the mid-18th century onwards, includingGeorge Romney,Lord Leighton andDame Laura Knight.[48]
The photographic collection consists of photographs of Academicians, landscapes, architecture and works of art. Holdings include early portraits byWilliam Lake Price dating from the 1850s, portraits byDavid Wilkie Wynfield andEadweard Muybridge'sAnimal Locomotion (1872–85).[49]
Among the paintings decorating the walls and ceilings of the building are those of Benjamin West and Angelica Kauffman, in the entrance hall (Hutchison 1968, p. 153), moved from the previous building at Somerset House. In the centre is West's roundelThe Graces Unveiling Nature,c. 1779,[50] surrounded by panels depicting the elements, Fire, Water, Air and Earth.[51] At each end are mounted two of Kauffman's circular paintings,Composition at the west end, andPainting or Colour andGenius or Invention at the east end.[52]
The most prized possession of the Academy's collection isMichelangelo'sTaddei Tondo, left to the Academy bySir George Beaumont. The Tondo is usually on display in the Collection Gallery, which opened in May 2018. Carved inFlorence in 1504–1506, it is the only marble by Michelangelo in the United Kingdom and represents theVirgin Mary and child with the infantSt John the Baptist.[53]
In the entrance portico are two war memorials. One is in memory of the students of the Royal Academy Schools who fell in World War I[54] and the second commemorates the 2,003 men of theArtists Rifles who gave their lives in that war with a further plaque to those who died in World War II.[55]
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Membership of the Royal Academy is composed of up to 80 practising artists, each elected by ballot of the General Assembly of the Royal Academy, and known individually as Royal Academicians (RA). The Royal Academy is governed by these Royal Academicians. The 1768 Instrument of Foundation allowed total membership of the Royal Academy to be 40 artists. Originally engravers were completely excluded from the academy, but at the beginning of 1769 the category of Associate-Engraver was created. Their number was limited to six, and unlike other associates, they could not be promoted to full academicians.[56] In 1853 membership of the Academy was increased to 42, and opened to engravers. In 1922, 154 years after the founding of the Royal Academy,Annie Swynnerton became the first woman Associate of the Royal Academy.[57]
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51°30′33″N0°08′22″W / 51.50917°N 0.13944°W /51.50917; -0.13944
