The Lord Jenkins of Hillhead | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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.jpg) Jenkins in 1977 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chancellor of the University of Oxford | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 14 March 1987 – 5 January 2003 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice‑Chancellor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Harold Macmillan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Chris Patten | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President of the European Commission | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 6 January 1977 – 19 January 1981 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | François-Xavier Ortoli | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Gaston Thorn | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home Secretary | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 4 March 1974 – 10 September 1976 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Robert Carr | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Merlyn Rees | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 23 December 1965 – 30 November 1967 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Harold Wilson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Frank Soskice | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | James Callaghan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chancellor of the Exchequer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 30 November 1967 – 19 June 1970 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Harold Wilson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chief Secretary | Jack Diamond | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | James Callaghan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Iain Macleod | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | Roy Harris Jenkins (1920-11-11)11 November 1920 Abersychan,Monmouthshire, Wales | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 5 January 2003(2003-01-05) (aged 82) East Hendred, Oxfordshire, England | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party |
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| Spouse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Parent | Arthur Jenkins (father) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Military service | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allegiance | United Kingdom | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Branch/service | British Army | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rank | Captain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unit | Royal Artillery | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Battles/wars | World War II | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Roy Harris Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead (11 November 1920 – 5 January 2003) was a British politician and writer who served asPresident of the European Commission from 1977 to 1981. At various times aMember of Parliament (MP) for theLabour Party and theSocial Democratic Party (SDP), and apeer for theLiberal Democrats, he wasChancellor of the Exchequer andHome Secretary under theWilson andCallaghan Governments.
The son ofArthur Jenkins, a coal-miner and Labour MP, Jenkins was educated at theUniversity of Oxford and served as anintelligence officer during theSecond World War. Initially elected as MP forSouthwark Central in 1948, he moved to become MP forBirmingham Stechford in 1950. On the election ofHarold Wilson after the1964 election, Jenkins was appointedMinister of Aviation. A year later, he was promoted to theCabinet to becomeHome Secretary. In this role, Jenkins embarked on a major reform programme; he sought to build what he described as "a civilised society", overseeing measures such as the effective abolition in Britain of bothcapital punishment andtheatre censorship, the partialdecriminalisation of homosexuality, relaxing ofdivorce law, suspension ofbirching and the liberalisation ofabortion law.
Following thedevaluation crisis in November 1967, Jenkins replacedJames Callaghan asChancellor of the Exchequer. Throughout his time at the Treasury, Jenkins oversaw a tight fiscal policy in an attempt to control inflation, and oversaw a particularly toughBudget in 1968 which saw major tax rises. As a result of this, the Government's current account entered asurplus in 1969. After Labour unexpectedly lost the1970 election, Jenkins was elected asDeputy Leader of the Labour Party in 1970. He resigned from the position in 1972 after the Labour Party decided to opposeBritain's entry to the European Communities, which he strongly supported.[2] When Labour returned to power following the1974 election, Wilson appointed Jenkins as Home Secretary for the second time. Two years later, when Wilson resigned as prime minister, Jenkins stood in theleadership election to succeed him, finishing third behindMichael Foot and the winnerJames Callaghan. He subsequently chose to resign from Parliament and leave British politics, to accept appointment as the first-ever (and so far, only) BritishPresident of the European Commission, a role he took up in January 1977.
After completing his term at the Commission in 1981, Jenkins announced a surprise return to British politics; dismayed with the Labour Party's move further left under the leadership of Michael Foot, he became one of the "Gang of Four", senior Labour figures who broke away from the party and founded the SDP.[3] In 1982, Jenkins wona by-election to return to Parliament as MP for Glasgow Hillhead, taking the seat from the Conservatives in a famous result. He became leader of the SDP ahead of the1983 election, during which he formedan electoral alliance with theLiberal Party. Following his disappointment with the performance of the SDP in the election, he resigned as leader. He subsequently lost his seat in Parliament at the1987 election to Labour'sGeorge Galloway, and accepted alife peerage shortly afterwards; he sat in theHouse of Lords as aLiberal Democrat.
Jenkins was later elected to succeed former prime ministerHarold Macmillan asChancellor of the University of Oxford following the latter's death; he would hold this position until his own death sixteen years later. In the late 1990s, he served as a close adviser to Prime MinisterTony Blair and chaired amajor commission on electoral reform. In addition to his political career, he was also a noted historian, biographer, and writer.David Marquand described Jenkins's autobiography,A Life at the Centre (1991), as one which "will be read with pleasure long after most examples of the genre have been forgotten".[4]
Born inAbersychan,Monmouthshire, in southeasternWales, as an only child, Roy Jenkins was the son of aNational Union of Mineworkers official,Arthur Jenkins. His father was imprisoned during the1926 General Strike for his alleged involvement in disturbances.[5] Arthur Jenkins later became President of theSouth Wales Miners' Federation and Member of Parliament forPontypool,Parliamentary Private Secretary toClement Attlee, and briefly a minister in the1945 Labour government. Roy Jenkins' mother, Hattie Harris, was the daughter of a steelworks foreman.[6]
Jenkins was educated at Pentwyn Primary School,Abersychan County Grammar School,University College, Cardiff, and atBalliol College, Oxford, where he was twice defeated for the Presidency of theOxford Union, but took afirst-class degree inPolitics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE).[7] His university colleagues includedTony Crosland,Denis Healey andEdward Heath, and he became friends with all three, although he was never particularly close to Healey.[citation needed]
InJohn Campbell's biography,A Well-Rounded Life, a romantic relationship between Jenkins and Crosland was detailed.[8][9] Other figures whom he met at Oxford who would become notable in public life includedMadron Seligman,Nicholas Henderson andMark Bonham Carter.[10]
During theSecond World War, Jenkins received his officer training atAlton Towers and was posted to the 55th West Somerset Yeomanry atWest Lavington, Wiltshire.[11] Through the influence of his father, in April 1944, Jenkins was sent toBletchley Park to work as acodebreaker; while there he befriended the historianAsa Briggs.[12][13][10]
Having failed to winSolihull in1945, after which he spent a brief period working for theIndustrial and Commercial Finance Corporation,[10] he was elected to theHouse of Commons ina 1948 by-election as the Member of Parliament forSouthwark Central, becoming the "Baby of the House". His constituency was abolished inboundary changes for the1950 general election, when he stood instead in the newBirmingham Stechford constituency. He won the seat, and represented the constituency until 1977.
In 1947, he edited a collection ofClement Attlee's speeches, published under the titlePurpose and Policy.[14] Attlee then granted Jenkins access to his private papers so that he could write his biography, which appeared in 1948 (Mr Attlee: An Interim Biography).[15] The reviews were generally favourable, includingGeorge Orwell's inTribune.[16]
In 1950, he advocated a largecapital levy, abolition ofpublic schools and introduction of a measure ofindustrial democracy to nationalised industries as key policy objectives for the Labour government.[10] In 1951Tribune published his pamphletFair Shares for the Rich.[17][18] Here, Jenkins advocated the abolition of large private incomes by taxing them, graduating from 50 per cent for incomes between £20,000 and £30,000 to 95 per cent for incomes over £100,000.[17] He also proposed further nationalisations and said: "Future nationalisations will be more concerned with equality than with planning, and this means that we can leave the monolithic public corporation behind us and look for more intimate forms of ownership and control".[19] He later described this "almostRobespierrean" pamphlet as "the apogee of my excursion to the left".[18]
Jenkins contributed an essay on 'Equality' to the 1952 collectionNew Fabian Essays.[20] In 1953 appearedPursuit of Progress, a work intended to counterBevanism. Retreating from what he had demanded inFair Shares for the Rich, Jenkins now argued that the redistribution of wealth would occur over a generation[21] and abandoned the goal of public school abolition.[10] However, he still proposed further nationalisations: "It is quite impossible to advocate both the abolition of great inequalities of wealth and the acceptance of a one-quarter public sector and three-quarters private sector arrangement. Amixed economy there will undoubtedly be, certainly for many decades and perhaps permanently, but it will need to be mixed in very different proportions from this".[22] He also opposed the Bevanites' neutralist foreign policy platform: "Neutrality is essentially a conservative policy, a policy of defeat, of announcing to the world that we have nothing to say to which the world will listen. ... Neutrality could never be acceptable to anyone who believes that he has a universal faith to preach".[23] Jenkins argued that the Labour leadership needed to take on and defeat the neutralists and pacifists in the party; it would be better to risk a split in the party than face "the destruction, by schism, perhaps for a generation, of the whole progressive movement in the country".[24]
Between 1951 and 1956, he wrote a weekly column for the Indian newspaperThe Current. Here he advocated progressive reforms such as equal pay, the decriminalisation of homosexuality, the liberalisation of the obscenity laws and the abolition of capital punishment.[25]Mr Balfour's Poodle, a short account of the House of Lords crisis of 1911 that culminated in theParliament Act 1911, was published in 1954. Favourable reviewers includedA. J. P. Taylor,Harold Nicolson,Leonard Woolf andViolet Bonham Carter.[26] After a suggestion byMark Bonham Carter, Jenkins then wrote a biography of the Victorian radical, SirCharles Dilke, which was published in October 1958.[27] Between 1955 and 1958 Jenkins served on the Board of Governors of theBritish Film Institute.[28]
During the 1956Suez Crisis, Jenkins denouncedAnthony Eden's "squalid imperialist adventure" at a Labour rally in Birmingham Town Hall.[29] Three years later he claimed that "Suez was a totally unsuccessful attempt to achieve unreasonable and undesirable objectives by methods which were at once reckless and immoral; and the consequences, as was well deserved, were humiliating and disastrous".[30]
Jenkins praisedAnthony Crosland's 1956 workThe Future of Socialism as "the most important book on socialist theory" sinceEvan Durbin'sThe Politics of Democratic Socialism (1940).[31] With much of the economy now nationalised, Jenkins argued, socialists should concentrate on eliminating the remaining pockets of poverty and on the removal of class barriers, as well as promoting libertarian social reforms.[32] Jenkins was principal sponsor, in 1959, of the bill which became the liberalisingObscene Publications Act, responsible for establishing the "liable to deprave and corrupt" criterion as a basis for a prosecution of suspect material and for specifying literary merit as a possible defence.[33]
In July 1959,Penguin published Jenkins'The Labour Case, timed to anticipate theupcoming election.[34] Jenkins argued that Britain's chief danger was that of "living sullenly in the past, of believing that the world has a duty to keep us in the station to which we are accustomed, and showing bitter resentment if it does not do so". He added: "Our neighbours in Europe are roughly our economic and military equals. We would do better to live gracefully with them than to waste our substance by trying unsuccessfully to keep up with the power giants of the modern world".[35] Jenkins claimed that the Attlee government concentrated "too much towards the austerity of fair shares, and too little towards the incentives of free consumers' choice".[36] Although he still believed in the elimination of poverty and more equality, Jenkins now argued that these aims could be achieved by economic growth. In the final chapter ('Is Britain Civilised?') Jenkins set out a list of necessary progressive social reforms: the abolition of the death penalty, decriminalisation of homosexuality, abolition of the Lord Chamberlain's powers of theatre censorship, liberalisation of the licensing and betting laws, liberalisation of the divorce laws, legalisation of abortion, decriminalisation of suicide and more liberal immigration laws. Jenkins concluded:
Let us be on the side of those who want people to be free to live their own lives, to make their own mistakes, and to decide, in an adult way and provided they do not infringe the rights of others, the code by which they wish to live; and on the side of experiment and brightness, of better buildings and better food, of better music (jazz as well asBach) and better books, of fuller lives and greater freedom. In the long run these things will be more important than the most perfect of economic policies.[37]
In the aftermath of Labour's 1959 defeat, Jenkins appeared onPanorama and argued that Labour should abandon further nationalisation, question its connection with the trade unions and not dismiss a closer association with theLiberal Party.[38][39] In November he delivered aFabian Society lecture in which he blamed Labour's defeat on the unpopularity of nationalisation and he repeated this in an article forThe Spectator.[39][40] HisSpectator article also called for Britain to accept its diminished place in the world, to grantcolonial freedom, to spend more on public services and to promote the right of individuals to live their own lives free from the constraints of popular prejudices and state interference.[39][41] Jenkins later called it a "good radical programme, although...not a socialist one".[42]
In May 1960, Jenkins joined theCampaign for Democratic Socialism, a Gaitskellite pressure group designed to fight against left-wing domination of the Labour Party.[43] In July 1960 Jenkins resigned from his frontbench role in order to be able to campaign freely for British membership of the Common Market.[44] At the 1960 Labour Party conference inScarborough, Jenkins advocated rewritingClause IV of the party's constitution but he was booed.[45] In November he wrote inThe Spectator that "unless the Labour Party is determined to abdicate its role as a mass party and become nothing more than a narrow sectarian society, its paramount task is to represent the whole of the Leftward-thinking half of the country—and to offer the prospect of attracting enough marginal support to give that half some share of power".[46]
During 1960–62, his main campaign was British membership of the Common Market, where he became Labour's leading advocate of entry. WhenHarold Macmillan initiated the first British application to join the Common Market in 1961, Jenkins became deputy chairman of the all-party Common Market Campaign and then chairman of the Labour Common Market Committee.[47] At the 1961 Labour Party conference Jenkins spoke in favour of Britain's entry.[48]
Since 1959, Jenkins had been working on a biography of the Liberal Prime Minister,H. H. Asquith. For Jenkins, Asquith ranked with Attlee as the embodiment of the moderate, liberal intelligence in politics that he most admired. Through Asquith's grandson, Mark Bonham Carter, Jenkins had access to Asquith's letters to his mistress,Venetia Stanley.[49]Kenneth Rose,Michael Foot,Asa Briggs andJohn Grigg all favourably reviewed the book when it was published in October 1964.[50] However, Violet Bonham Carter wrote a defence of her father inThe Times against the few criticisms of Asquith in the book,[51] andRobert Rhodes James wrote inThe Spectator that "Asquith was surely a tougher, stronger, more acute man...than Mr. Jenkins would have us believe. The fascinating enigma of his complete decline is never really analysed, nor even understood. ... We required aSutherland: but we have got anAnnigoni".[52] John Campbell claims that "for half a century it has remained unchallenged as the best biography and is rightly regarded as a classic".[50]
Like Healey and Crosland, he had been a close friend ofHugh Gaitskell and for them Gaitskell's death and the elevation ofHarold Wilson as Labour Party leader was a setback. For Jenkins, Gaitskell would remain his political hero.[53] After the1964 general election Jenkins was appointedMinister of Aviation and was sworn of the Privy Council. While at Aviation he oversaw the high-profile cancellations of theBAC TSR-2 andConcorde projects (although the latter was later reversed after strong opposition from the French Government). In January 1965Patrick Gordon Walker resigned as Foreign Secretary and in the ensuing reshuffle Wilson offered Jenkins theDepartment for Education and Science; however, he declined it, preferring to stay at Aviation.[54][55]
In the summer of 1965, Jenkins eagerly accepted an offer to replaceFrank Soskice as Home Secretary. However Wilson, dismayed by a sudden bout of press speculation about the potential move, delayed Jenkins' appointment until December. Once Jenkins took office – the youngest Home Secretary sinceChurchill – he immediately set about reforming the operation and organisation of theHome Office. The Principal Private Secretary, Head of the Press and Publicity Department and Permanent Under-Secretary were all replaced. He also redesigned his office, famously replacing the board on which condemned prisoners were listed with a fridge.[56]
Following the1966 general election, in which Labour won a comfortable majority, Jenkins pushed through a series of police reforms which reduced the number of separate forces from 117 to 49.[54][57]The Times called it "the greatest upheaval in policing since the time ofPeel".[58] His visit to Chicago in September (to study their policing methods) convinced him of the need to introduce two-way radios to the police; whereas the Metropolitan Police possessed 25 radios in 1965, Jenkins increased this to 2,500, and provided similar numbers of radios to the rest of the country's police forces. Jenkins also provided the police with more car radios, which made the police more mobile but reduced the amount of time they spent patrolling the streets.[59] HisCriminal Justice Act 1967 introduced more stringent controls on the purchase of shotguns, outlawed last-minute alibis and introduced majority verdicts injuries in England and Wales. The Act was also designed to lower the prison population by the introduction of release under licence, easier bail, suspended sentences and earlier parole.[59]
Immigration was a divisive and provocative issue during the late 1960s and on 23 May 1966 Jenkins delivered a speech on race relations, which is widely considered to be one of his best.[60] Addressing a London meeting of the National Committee for Commonwealth Immigrants he notably defined Integration:
... not as a flattening process of assimilation but as equal opportunity, accompanied by cultural diversity, in an atmosphere of mutual tolerance.
Before going on to ask:
Where in the world is there a university which could preserve its fame, or a cultural centre which could keep its eminence, or a metropolis which could hold its drawing power, if it were to turn inwards and serve only its own hinterland and its own racial group?
And concluding that:
To live apart, for a person, a city, a country, is to lead a life of declining intellectual stimulation.[60]
By the end of 1966, Jenkins was the Cabinet's rising star; theGuardian called him the best Home Secretary of the century "and quite possibly the best since Peel", theSunday Times called him Wilson's most likeliest successor and theNew Statesman labelled him "Labour's Crown Prince".[61]
In a speech to the London Labour Conference in May 1967, Jenkins said his vision was of "a more civilised, more free and less hidebound society" and he further claimed that "to enlarge the area of individual choice, socially, politically and economically, not just for a few but for the whole community, is very much what democratic socialism is about".[62] He gave strong personal support toDavid Steel'sPrivate Member's Bill for the legalisation of abortion, which became theAbortion Act 1967, telling the Commons that "the existing law on abortion is uncertain and...harsh and archaic", adding that "the law is consistently flouted by those who have the means to do so. It is, therefore, very much a question of one law for the rich and one law for the poor".[63] When the Bill looked likely to be dropped due to insufficient time, Jenkins helped ensure that it received enough parliamentary time to pass and he voted for it in every division.[64]
Jenkins also supportedLeo Abse's bill for the decriminalisation of homosexuality, which became theSexual Offences Act 1967.[65] Jenkins told the Commons: "It would be a mistake to think...that by what we are doing tonight we are giving a vote of confidence or congratulation to homosexuality. Those who suffer from this disability carry a great weight of loneliness, guilt and shame. The crucial question...is, should we add to those disadvantages the full rigour of the criminal law? By its overwhelming decisions, the House has given a fairly clear answer, and I hope that the Bill will now make rapid progress towards the Statute Book. It will be an important and civilising Measure".[66]
Jenkins also abolished the use of flogging in prisons.[67] In July 1967 Jenkins recommended to the Home Affairs Select Committee a bill to end theLord Chamberlain's power to censor the theatre. This was passed as theTheatres Act 1968 under Jenkins' successor as Home Secretary, James Callaghan.[68] Jenkins also announced that he would introduce legislation banning racial discrimination in employment, which was embodied in theRace Relations Act 1968 passed under Callaghan.[69] In October 1967 Jenkins planned to introduce legislation that would enable him to keep out the 20,000 Kenyan Asians who held British passports (this was passed four months later under Callaghan as theCommonwealth Immigrants Act 1968, which was based on Jenkins' draft).[69]
Jenkins is often seen as responsible for the most wide-ranging social reforms of the late 1960s, with popular historianAndrew Marr claiming "the greatest changes of the Labour years" were thanks to Jenkins.[70] These reforms would not have happened when they did, earlier than in most other European countries, if Jenkins had not supported them.[71] In a speech in Abingdon in July 1969, Jenkins said that the "permissive society" had been allowed to become a dirty phrase: "A better phrase is the 'civilized society', based on the belief that different individuals will wish to make different decisions about their patterns of behaviour and that, provided these do not restrict the freedom of others, they should be allowed to do so within a framework of understanding and tolerance".[72] Jenkins' words were immediately reported in the press as "The permissive society is the civilised society", which he later wrote "was not all that far from my meaning".[73]
For some conservatives, such asPeter Hitchens, Jenkins' reforms remain objectionable. In his bookThe Abolition of Britain, Hitchens accuses him of being a "cultural revolutionary" who takes a large part of the responsibility for the decline of "traditional values" in Britain. During the 1980sMargaret Thatcher andNorman Tebbit would blame Jenkins for family breakdowns, the decline of respect for authority and the decline of social responsibility. Jenkins replied by pointing out that Thatcher, with her large parliamentary majorities, never attempted to reverse his reforms.[74]
From 1967 to 1970 Jenkins served asChancellor of the Exchequer, replacingJames Callaghan following thedevaluation crisis of November 1967. Jenkins' ultimate goal as Chancellor was economic growth, which depended on restoring stability to sterling at its new value after devaluation. This could only be achieved by ensuring a surplus in thebalance of payments, which had been in a deficit for the previous five years. Therefore, Jenkins pursueddeflation, including cuts in public expenditure and increases in taxation, in order to ensure that resources went into exports rather than domestic consumption.[75] Jenkins warned the House of Commons in January 1968 that there was "two years of hard slog ahead".[76]
He quickly gained a reputation as a particularly tough Chancellor with his 1968 budget increasing taxes by £923 million, more than twice the increase of any previous budget to date.[77] Jenkins had warned the Cabinet that a second devaluation would occur in three months if his budget did not restore confidence in sterling.[78] He restored prescription charges (which had been abolished when Labour returned to office in 1964) and postponed the raising of the school leaving age to 16 to 1973 instead of 1971. Housing and road building plans were also heavily cut, and he also accelerated Britain's withdrawalEast of Suez.[79][80] Jenkins ruled out increasing the income tax and so raised the taxes on: drinks and cigarettes (except on beer), purchase tax, petrol duty, road tax, a 50 per cent rise inSelective Employment Tax and a one-off Special Charge on personal incomes. He also paid for an increase in family allowances by cutting child tax allowances.[81]
DespiteEdward Heath claiming it was a "hard, cold budget, without any glimmer of warmth" Jenkins' first budget broadly received a warm reception, withHarold Wilson remarking that "it was widely acclaimed as a speech of surpassing quality and elegance" andBarbara Castle that it "took everyone's breath away".[54]Richard Crossman said it was "genuinely based on socialist principles, fair in the fullest sense by really helping people at the bottom of the scale and by really taxing the wealthy".[82] In his budget broadcast on 19 March, Jenkins said that Britain had been living in a "fool's paradise" for years and that it was "importing too much, exporting too little and paying ourselves too much", with a lower standard of living than France or West Germany.[83]
Jenkins' supporters in the Parliamentary Labour Party became known as the "Jenkinsites". These were usually younger, middle-class and university-educated ex-Gaitskellites such asBill Rodgers,David Owen,Roy Hattersley,Dick Taverne,John Mackintosh andDavid Marquand.[84] In May–July 1968, some of his supporters, led byPatrick Gordon Walker andChristopher Mayhew, plotted to replace Wilson with Jenkins as Labour leader but he declined to challenge Wilson.[85] A year later his supporters again attempted to persuade Jenkins to challenge Wilson for the party leadership but he again declined.[86] He later wrote in his memoirs that the 1968 plot was "for me...the equivalent of the same season of 1953 forRab Butler. Having faltered for want of single-minded ruthlessness when there was no alternative to himself, he then settled down to a career punctuated by increasingly wide misses of the premiership. People who effectively seize the prime ministership – Lloyd George, Macmillan, Mrs Thatcher – do not let such moments slip".[87]
In April 1968, with Britain's reserves declining by approximately £500 million every quarter, Jenkins went to Washington to obtain a $1,400 million loan from theInternational Monetary Fund.[88] Following a further sterling crisis in November 1968, Jenkins was forced to raise taxes by a further £250 million.[89] After this the currency markets slowly began to settle and his 1969 budget represented more of the same with a £340 million increase in taxation to further limit consumption.[90][91]
By May 1969, Britain's current account position was in surplus, thanks to a growth in exports, a drop in overall consumption and, in part, theInland Revenue correcting a previous underestimation in export figures. In July Jenkins was also able to announce that the size of Britain's foreign currency reserves had been increased by almost $1 billion since the beginning of the year. It was at this time that he presided over Britain's only excess of government revenue over expenditure in the period 1936–7 to 1987–8.[54][92] Thanks in part to these successes, there was a high expectation that the 1970 budget would be a more generous one. Jenkins, however, was cautious about the stability of Britain's recovery and decided to present a more muted and fiscally neutral budget. It is often argued that this, combined with a series of bad trade figures, contributed to the Conservative victory at the1970 general election. Historians and economists have often praised Jenkins for presiding over the transformation in Britain's fiscal and current account positions towards the end of the 1960s.Andrew Marr, for example, described him as one of the 20th century's "most successful chancellors".[70]Alec Cairncross considered Jenkins "the ablest of the four Chancellors I served".[93]
Public expenditure as a proportion of GDP rose from 44 per cent in 1964 to around 50 per cent in 1970.[94] Despite Jenkins' warnings about inflation, wage settlements in 1969–70 increased on average by 13 per cent and contributed to the high inflation of the early 1970s and consequently negated most of Jenkins' efforts to obtain a balance of payments surplus.[95][96]
After Labour unexpectedly lost power in 1970, Jenkins was appointedShadow Chancellor of the Exchequer byHarold Wilson. Jenkins was also subsequentlyelected to the deputy leadership of the Labour Party in July 1970, defeating future Labour LeaderMichael Foot and former Leader of the CommonsFred Peart at the first ballot.[97] At this time he appeared the natural successor toHarold Wilson, and it appeared to many only a matter of time before he inherited the leadership of the party, and the opportunity to become prime minister.[4][98]
This changed completely, however, as Jenkins refused to accept the tide of anti-European feeling that became prevalent in the Labour Party in the early 1970s. After a special conference on the EEC was held by the Labour Party on 17 July 1971, which Jenkins was forbidden to address, he delivered one of the most powerful speeches of his career.[99] Jenkins told a meeting of the Parliamentary Labour Party on 19 July: "At conference the only alternative [to the EEC] we heard was 'socialism in one country'. That is always good for a cheer. Pull up the drawbridge and revolutionize the fortress. That's not a policy either: it's just a slogan, and it is one which becomes not merely unconvincing but hypocritical as well when it is dressed up as our best contribution to international socialism".[100] This reopened the old Bevanite–Gaitskellite divide in the Party; Wilson told Tony Benn the day after Jenkins' speech that he was determined to smash the Campaign for Democratic Socialism.[101]
At the 1971 Labour Party conference in Brighton, the NEC's motion to reject the "Tory terms" of entry into the EEC was carried by a large majority. Jenkins told a fringe meeting that this would have no effect on his continued support for Britain's entry.[102] Benn said Jenkins was "the figure dominating this Conference; there is no question about it".[103] On 28 October 1971, he led 69 Labour MPs through thedivision lobby in support of the Heath government's motion to take Britain into the EEC. In so doing, they were defying a three-line whip and a five-to-one vote at the Labour Party annual conference.[4] Jenkins later wrote: "I was convinced that it was one of the decisive votes of the century, and had no intention of spending the rest of my life answering the question of what did I do in the great division by saying 'I abstained'. I saw it in the context of thefirst Reform Bill, the repeal of theCorn Laws, Gladstone'sHome Rule Bills, the Lloyd GeorgeBudget and theParliament Bill, theMunich Agreement and theMay 1940 votes".[104]
Jenkins' action gave the European cause a legitimacy that would have otherwise been absent had the issue been considered solely as a party political matter. However, he was now regarded by the left as a "traitor".James Margach wrote in theSunday Times: "The unconcealed objective of the Left now is either to humiliate Roy Jenkins and his allies into submission – or drive them from the party".[105] At this stage, however, Jenkins would not fully abandon his position as a political insider, and chose tostand again for deputy leader, an act his colleagueDavid Marquand claimed he later came to regret.[4] Jenkins promised not to vote with the government again and he narrowly defeated Michael Foot on a second ballot.[106]
In accordance with the party whip, Jenkins voted againstEuropean Communities Bill 55 times.[107] However, he resigned both the deputy leadership and his shadow cabinet position in April 1972, after the party committed itself to holding a referendum on Britain's membership of the EEC. This led to some former admirers, includingRoy Hattersley, choosing to distance themselves from Jenkins. Hattersley later claimed that Jenkins' resignation was "the moment when the old Labour coalition began to collapse and the eventual formation of a new centre party became inevitable".[108] In his resignation letter to Wilson, Jenkins said that if there were a referendum "the Opposition would form a temporary coalition of those who, whatever their political views, were against the proposed action. By this means we would have forged a more powerful continuing weapon against progressive legislation than anything we have known in this country since the curbing of the absolute powers of the old House of Lords".[109]
Jenkins' lavish lifestyle — Wilson once described him as "more a socialite than a socialist" — had already alienated much of the Labour Party from him.
In May 1972, he collected theCharlemagne Prize, which he had been awarded for promoting European unity.[110] In September an ORC opinion poll found that there was considerable public support for an alliance between the 'moderate' wing of the Labour Party and the Liberals; 35 per cent said they would vote for a Labour–Liberal alliance, 27 per cent for the Conservatives and 23.5 per cent for 'Socialist Labour'.The Times claimed that there were "twelve million Jenkinsites".[111] During the spring and summer of 1972, Jenkins delivered a series of speeches designed to set out his leadership credentials. These were published in September under the titleWhat Matters Now, which sold well.[112] In the book's postscript, Jenkins said that Labour should not be a narrow socialist party advocating unpopular left-wing policies but must aim to "represent the hopes and aspirations of the whole leftward thinking half of the country", adding that a "broad-based, international, radical, generous-minded party could quickly seize the imagination of a disillusioned and uninspired British public".[113]
FollowingDick Taverne's victory in the1973 Lincoln by-election, where he stood as "Democratic Labour" in opposition to the official Labour candidate, Jenkins gave a speech to the Oxford University Labour Club denouncing the idea of a new centre party.[114][115] Jenkins was elected to the shadow cabinet in November 1973 asShadow Home Secretary.[116] During theFebruary 1974 election, Jenkins rallied to Labour and his campaign was described byDavid Butler andDennis Kavanagh as sounding "a note of civilised idealism".[117] Jenkins was disappointed that the Liberal candidate in his constituency won 6000 votes; he wrote in his memoirs that "I already regarded myself as such a closet Liberal that I naïvely thought they ought nearly all to have come to me".[118]
Jenkins wrote a series of biographical essays that appeared inThe Times during 1971–74 and which were published asNine Men of Power in 1974. Jenkins chose Gaitskell,Ernest Bevin,Stafford Cripps,Adlai Stevenson II,Robert F. Kennedy,Joseph McCarthy,Lord Halifax,Léon Blum andJohn Maynard Keynes.[119] In 1971 Jenkins delivered three lectures on foreign policy atYale University, published a year later asAfternoon on the Potomac?[120]
When Labour returned to power in early 1974, Jenkins was appointed Home Secretary for the second time. Earlier, he had been promised the treasury; however, Wilson later decided to appointDenis Healey as Chancellor instead. Upon hearing fromBernard Donoughue that Wilson had reneged on his promise, Jenkins reacted angrily. Despite being on a public staircase, he is reported to have shouted "You tellHarold Wilson he must bloody well come to see me ...and if he doesn't watch out, I won't join his bloody government ... This is typical of the bloody awful way Harold Wilson does things!"[121][122] The Jenkinsites were dismayed by Jenkins' refusal to insist upon the Chancellorship and began to look elsewhere for leadership, thus ending the Jenkinsites as a united group.[123]
Jenkins served from 1974 to 1976. Whereas during his first period as Home Secretary in the 1960s the atmosphere had been optimistic and confident, the climate of the 1970s was much more fractious and disillusioned.[124] After two Northern Irish sisters,Marian Price andDolours Price, were imprisoned for 20 years for the1973 Old Bailey bombing, they went on hunger strike in order to be transferred to a prison in Northern Ireland.[125] In a television broadcast in June 1974, Jenkins announced that he would refuse to give in to their demands, although in March 1975 he discreetly transferred them to a Northern Irish prison.[125]
He undermined his previous liberal credentials to some extent by pushing through the controversialPrevention of Terrorism Act in the aftermath of theBirmingham pub bombings of November 1974, which, among other things, extended the length of time suspects could be held in custody and instituted exclusion orders.[126] Jenkins also resisted calls for the death penalty to be restored for terrorist murderers.[127] On 4 December he told the Cabinet committee on Northern Ireland that "everything he heard made him more convinced that Northern Ireland had nothing to do with the rest of the UK".[128] When reviewingGarret FitzGerald's memoirs in 1991, Jenkins proclaimed: "My natural prejudices, such as they are, are much more green than orange. I am a poor unionist, believing intuitively that evenPaisley andHaughey are better at dealing with each other than the English are with either".[129]
TheSex Discrimination Act 1975 (which legislated for gender equality and set up theEqual Opportunities Commission) and theRace Relations Act 1976 (which extended to private clubs the outlawing of racial discrimination and founded theCommission for Racial Equality) were two notable achievements during his second time as Home Secretary.[130]
Jenkins opposed Michael Foot's attempts to grant pickets the right to stop lorries during strikes and he was dismayed by Anthony Crosland's decision to grant an amnesty to the 11 Labour councillors atClay Cross who had been surcharged for refusing to increase council rents in accordance with the Conservatives' Housing Finance Act 1972.[131] After two trade unionists,Ricky Tomlinson andDes Warren (known as the "Shrewsbury Two"), were imprisoned for intimidation and affray for their part in a strike, Jenkins refused to accede to demands from the labour movement that they should be released. This demonstrated Jenkins' increasing estrangement from much of the labour movement and for a time he was heckled in public by people chanting "Free the Two".[132] Jenkins also unsuccessfully tried to persuade the Cabinet to adopt electoral reform in the form ofproportional representation and to have theOfficial Secrets Act 1911 liberalised to facilitate moreopen government.[133]
Although becoming increasingly disillusioned during this time by what he considered the party's drift to the left, he was the leading Labour figure in theEEC referendum of June 1975 (and was also president of the 'Yes' campaign). In September 1974 he had followedShirley Williams in stating that he "could not stay in a Cabinet which had to carry out withdrawal" from the EEC.[134] During the referendum campaign, Tony Benn claimed that 500,000 jobs had been lost due to Britain's membership; Jenkins replied on 27 May that "I find it increasingly difficult to take Mr Benn seriously as an economics minister".[135] He added that Britain outside the EEC would enter "an old people's home for fading nations. ... I do not even think it would be a comfortable or agreeable old people's home. I do not much like the look of some of the prospective wardens".[136] The two men debated Britain's membership together onPanorama, which was chaired byDavid Dimbleby.[137] According to David Butler andUwe Kitzinger, "they achieved a decidedly more lucid and intricate level of discussion than is commonly seen on political television".[138] Jenkins found it congenial to work with the centrists of all parties in the campaign and the 'Yes' campaign won by two to one.[139]
After the referendum, Wilson demoted Benn to Energy Secretary and attempted to balance the downgrading of Benn with the dismissal of the right-wing ministerReg Prentice from the Department of Education, despite already promising Jenkins that he had no intention of sacking Prentice. Jenkins threatened to resign if Prentice was sacked, telling Wilson that he was "a squalid little man who was using squalid little arguments in order to explain why he was performing so much below the level of events".[140] Wilson quickly backed down.[141] In September Jenkins delivered a speech in Prentice's constituency ofNewham to demonstrate solidarity with him after he was threatened with deselection by left-wingers in the constituency party. Jenkins was heckled by both far-left and far-right demonstrators and he was hit in the chest by a flour bomb thrown by a member of theNational Front.[142] Jenkins warned that if Prentice was deselected "it is not just the local party that is undermining its own foundations by ignoring the beliefs and feelings of ordinary people, the whole legitimate Labour Party, left as well as right, is crippled if extremists have their way". He added that if "tolerance is shattered formidable consequences will follow. Labour MPs will either have to become creatures of cowardice, concealing their views, trimming their sails, accepting orders, stilling their consciences, or they will all have to be men far far to the left of those whose votes they seek. Either would make a mockery of parliamentary democracy".[143]
In January 1976, he further distanced himself from the left with a speech inAnglesey, where he repudiated ever-higher public spending: "I do not think you can push public expenditure significantly above 60 per cent [of GNP] and maintain the values of a plural society with adequate freedom of choice. We are here close to one of the frontiers of social democracy".[144] A former supporter, Roy Hattersley, distanced himself from Jenkins after this speech.[145][146]
In May 1976, he told thePolice Federation conference to "be prepared first to look at the evidence and to recognize how little the widespread use of prison reduces our crime or deals effectively with many of the individuals concerned".[147] He also responded to the Federation's proposals on law and order: "I respect your right to put them to me. You will no doubt respect my right to tell you that I do not think all the points in sum amount to a basis for a rational penal policy".[147]
When Wilson suddenly resigned as prime minister in March 1976, Jenkins was one of six candidates for theleadership of the Labour Party but came third in the first ballot, behind Callaghan and Michael Foot. Realising that his vote was lower than expected, and sensing that the parliamentary party was in no mood to overlook his actions five years before, he immediately withdrew from the contest.[4] On issues such as the EEC, trade union reform and economic policy he had proclaimed views opposite to those held by the majority of Labour Party activists, and his libertarian social views were at variance with the majority of Labour voters.[148] A famous story alleged that when one of Jenkins' supporters canvassed a group of miners' MPs in the Commons' tea-room, he was told: "Nay, lad, we're all Labour here".[149]
Jenkins had wanted to become Foreign Secretary,[150] but Foot warned Callaghan that the party would not accept the pro-European Jenkins as Foreign Secretary. Callaghan instead offered Jenkins the Treasury in six months' time (when it would be possible to moveDenis Healey to the Foreign Office). Jenkins turned the offer down.[151] Jenkins then accepted an appointment asPresident of the European Commission (succeedingFrançois-Xavier Ortoli) after Callaghan appointedAnthony Crosland to the Foreign Office.[152]
In an interview withThe Times in January 1977, Jenkins said that: "My wish is to build an effective united Europe. ... I want to move towards a more effectively organized Europe politically and economically and as far as I am concerned I want to go faster, not slower".[153] The main development overseen by theJenkins Commission was the development of theEconomic and Monetary Union of the European Union from 1977, which began in 1979 as theEuropean Monetary System, a forerunner of the Single Currency orEuro.[154] His biographer calls Jenkins "the godfather of the euro" and claims that among his successors onlyJacques Delors has made more impact.[155]
In a speech inFlorence in October 1977, Jenkins argued that monetary union would facilitate "a more efficient and developed rationalisation of industry and commerce than is possible under a Customs Union alone". He added that "a major new international currency" would form "a joint and alternative pillar of the world monetary system" which would lead to greater international stability. Monetary union would also combat inflation by controlling the money supply. Jenkins conceded that this would involve the diminution of national sovereignty but he pointed out that "governments which do not discipline themselves already find themselves accepting very sharp surveillance" from the IMF. Monetary union would also promote employment and diminish regional differences. Jenkins ended the speech by quotingJean Monnet's statement that politics was "not only the art of the possible, but...the art of making possible tomorrow what may seem impossible today".[156]
President Jenkins was the first president to attend aG8 summit on behalf of the Community.[157] He received an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Laws) from theUniversity of Bath in 1978.[158]
In October 1978,Tribune reported (falsely) that Jenkins and his wife had not paid their Labour Party subscription for several years. After this was repeated in the national press, Jenkins' drafted his wife's letter toThe Times that refuted the allegation.[159][160] Jenkins blamed the story on a "maliciousTrot in the North Kensington Labour Party".[159] Jenkins was disillusioned with the Labour Party and he was almost certain that he could not stand again as a Labour candidate; in January 1979 he toldShirley Williams that the "big mistake we had made was not to go and support Dick Taverne in 1973; everything had got worse since then".[161]
He did not vote in the1979 election.[162] After the Conservatives won the electionMargaret Thatcher contemplated appointing Jenkins Chancellor of the Exchequer on the strength of his success at cutting public expenditure when he was Chancellor. However, his friendWoodrow Wyatt claimed that Jenkins "had other and fresh fish to fry".[163][164][165]
The Director-General of the BBC,Ian Trethowan, invited Jenkins to deliver theRichard Dimbleby Lecture for 1979, which he did on 22 November.[166] The title Jenkins gave to his lecture, "Home Thoughts from Abroad", derived from aRobert Browning poem. He delivered it in theRoyal Society of Arts and it was broadcast live on television.[167] Jenkins analysed the decline of the two-party system since 1951 and criticised the excessive partisanship of British politics, which he claimed alienated the bulk of voters, who were more centrist.[168] He advocated proportional representation and the acceptance of "the broad line of division between the public and private sectors", a middle way betweenThatcherism andBennism.[169] Jenkins said that the private sector should be encouraged without too much interference to create as much wealth as possible "but use the wealth so created both to give a return for enterprise and to spread the benefits throughout society in a way that avoids the disfigurements of poverty, gives a full priority to public education and health services, and encourages co-operation and not conflict in industry and throughout society".[170] He then reiterated his long-standing commitment to libertarianism:
You also make sure that the state knows its place...in relation to the citizen. You are in favour of the right of dissent and the liberty of private conduct. You are against unnecessary centralization and bureaucracy. You want to devolve decision-making wherever you sensibly can. ... You want the nation to be self-confident and outward-looking, rather than insular, xenophobic and suspicious. You want the class system to fade without being replaced either by an aggressive and intolerant proletarianism or by the dominance of the brash and selfish values of a 'get rich quick' society. ... These are some of the objectives which I believe could be assisted by a strengthening of the radical centre.[171]
The Listener reprinted the text along with assessments byEnoch Powell,Paul Johnson,Jack Jones,J. A. G. Griffith,Bernard Crick,Neil Kinnock andJo Grimond. They were all critical; Kinnock thought him misguided as Britain had already suffered from centrist rule for thirty years and Grimond complained that Jenkins' clarion call had come 20 years too late.[172]
Jenkins' last year as President of the European Commission was dominated byMargaret Thatcher's fight for arebate on Britain's contribution to the EEC budget.[173] He believed that the quarrel was unnecessary and regretted that it soured Britain's relationship with the Community for years.[174] In November 1980 Jenkins delivered the Winston Churchill memorial lecture in Luxembourg, where he proposed a solution to the British budgetary question. The proportion of the Community's budget spent on agriculture should be reduced by extending Community spending into new areas where Britain would receive more benefit, such as regional spending. The size of the Community's budget would, in his scheme, be tripled by transferring from the nation states to the Community competence over social and industrial policy.[175]
Following his Dimbleby Lecture, Jenkins increasingly favoured the formation of a new social democratic party.[176] He publicly aired these views in a speech to the Parliamentary Press Gallery in June 1980, where he repeated his criticisms of the two-party system and attacked Labour's move to the left. At the previous month's Wembley conference, Labour had adopted a programme which included non-cooperation with the EEC and "a near neutralist and unilateralist" defence policy that would, Jenkins argued, render meaningless Britain's NATO membership.[177] Labour's proposals for further nationalisation and anti-private enterprise policies, Jenkins claimed, were more extreme than in any other democratic country and it was not "by any stretch of the imagination a social democratic programme". He added that a new party could reshape politics and lead to the "rapid revival of liberal social democratic Britain".[177]
The Labour Party conference at Blackpool in September 1980 adopted a unilateralist defence policy, withdrawal from the EEC and further nationalisation, along with Tony Benn's demands for the mandatory reselection of MPs and an electoral college to elect the party leader.[178] In November Labour MPselected the left-winger Michael Foot over the right-wing Denis Healey[179] and in January 1981 Labour's Wembley conference decided that the electoral college that would elect the leader would give the trade unions 40 per cent of the vote, with MPs and constituency parties 30 per cent each.[180] Jenkins then joinedDavid Owen,Bill Rodgers andShirley Williams (known as the "Gang of Four") in issuing theLimehouse Declaration. This called for the "realignment of British politics".[180] They then formed theSocial Democratic Party (SDP) on 26 March.[181]
Jenkins delivered a series of speeches setting out the SDP's alternative to Thatcherism and Bennism and argued that the solution to Britain's economic troubles lay in the revenue fromNorth Sea oil, which should be invested in public services.[182] He attempted to re-enter Parliament at theWarrington by-election in July 1981 and campaigned on a six-point programme which he put forward as a Keynesian alternative to Thatcherism and Labour's "siege economy", but Labour retained the seat with a small majority.[183]
Despite it being a defeat, the by-election demonstrated that the SDP was a serious force. Jenkins said after the count that it was the first parliamentary election that he had lost in many years, but was "by far the greatest victory in which I have ever participated".[184]
At the SDP's first annual conference in October 1981, Jenkins called for "an end to the futile frontier war between public and private sectors" and proposed an "inflation tax" on excessive pay rises that would restrain rising wages and prices. After achieving this, an SDP government would be able to embark on economic expansion to reduce unemployment.[185]
In March 1982, he fought theGlasgow Hillhead by-election, in what had previously been a Conservative-held seat. Polls at the beginning of the campaign put Jenkins in third place but after a series of ten well-attended public meetings which Jenkins addressed, the tide began to turn in Jenkins' favour, and he was elected with a majority of just over 2,000 on a swing of 19 per cent.[186] The evening after his victory in Hillhead Jenkins told a celebration dinner of 200 party members held at theNorth British Hotel in Edinburgh "that the SDP had a great opportunity to become the majority party".[187] Jenkins' first intervention in the House of Commons following his election, on 31 March, was seen as a disappointment.[188] The Conservative MPAlan Clark wrote in his diary:
Jenkins, with excessive and almost unbearable gravitas, asked three very heavy statesman-like non-party-political questions of the PM. I suppose he is very formidable, but he was so portentous and long-winded that he started to lose the sympathy of the House about halfway through and the barracking resumed. The Lady replied quite brightly and freshly, as if she did not particularly know who he was, or care.[189]
Whereas earlier in his career, Jenkins had excelled in the traditional set-piece debates in which he spoke from the dispatch box, the focus of parliamentary reporting had now moved to the point-scoring of Prime Minister's Questions, which he struggled with. Seated in the traditional place for third parties in the Commons (the second or third row below the gangway), and without a dispatch box and the gravitas it could have conferred, Jenkins was situated near (and shared the same microphone with) Labour's "awkward squad" that includedDennis Skinner andBob Cryer, who regularly heckled abuse ("Roy, your flies are undone").[188]
Seven days after Jenkins' by-election victory, Argentina invaded the Falklands and theFalklands War transformed British politics, increased substantially the public's support for the Conservatives and ended any chance that Jenkins' election would reinvigorate the SDP's support.[190] In the SDP leadership election, Jenkins was elected with 56.44 per cent of the vote, with David Owen coming second.[191] The SDP's momentum was also seen to have stalled as a result of its poor performance in the1983 Darlington by-election, shortly before that year's general election, a contest which was seen as one where the party could do well. Despite much campaigning in the Labour-held seat, the SDP candidate finished a poor third.[192]
During the1983 election campaign, his position as the prime minister-designate for the SDP–Liberal Alliance was questioned by his close colleagues, as his campaign style was now regarded as ineffective; theLiberal leaderDavid Steel was considered to have a greater rapport with the electorate.[193] During the campaign, Steel called Jenkins to a meeting at his home inEttrickbridge and proposed that Jenkins take a lower profile and that Steel take over as leader of the campaign. According toSteve Richards while Jenkins rejected Steel's view, the meeting meant Jenkins' "confidence was undermined and he staggered to the finishing line with less verve than he had displayed in the early days of the SDP" and showed little sign of his earlier "exuberance".[194] Jenkins held on to his seat in Hillhead, which was the subject of boundary changes. While on the old boundaries the Conservatives had held the seat prior to Jenkins' victory, it was estimated by theBBC andITN that on the new boundaries Labour would have captured the seat with a majority of just over 2,000 votes in1979.[195] Jenkins was challenged byNeil Carmichael, the sitting Labour MP for theGlasgow Kelvingrove constituency which had been abolished and a ministerial colleague of Jenkins in the Wilson governments. Jenkins defeated Carmichael by 1,164 votes to retain his seat in the House of Commons.[196] According toTheGlasgow Herald, Labour supporters at the election count in theKelvin Hall booed and jeered when Jenkins' victory was announced, and he and his wife were "dismayed as police pushed back jostling crowds".[197]
Following the general election, Owen succeeded him unopposed.[198] Jenkins was disappointed with Owen's move to the right, and his acceptance and backing of some of Thatcher's policies. At heart, Jenkins remained an unrepentantKeynesian.[199] In his July 1984Tawney Lecture, Jenkins said that the "whole spirit and outlook" of the SDP "must be profoundly opposed to Thatcherism. It could not go along with the fatalism of the Government's acceptance of massive unemployment".[200] He also delivered a series of speeches in the Commons attacking the Thatcherite policies of the Chancellor,Nigel Lawson. Jenkins called for more government intervention to support industry and for North Sea oil revenues to be channelled into rebuilding Britain's infrastructure and into educating a skilled workforce.[201] He also attacked the Thatcher government for failing to join theEuropean Exchange Rate Mechanism.[202]
In 1985, he wrote toThe Times to advocate the closing down of the political surveillance role ofMI5.[203] During the controversy surroundingPeter Wright'sSpycatcher, in which he alleged that Harold Wilson had been a Soviet spy, Jenkins rubbished the allegation and reiterated his call for the end of MI5's powers of political surveillance.[204]
In 1986, he wonThe Spectator's Parliamentarian of the Year award.[205] He continued to serve as SDP Member of Parliament forGlasgow Hillhead until his defeat at the1987 general election by the Labour candidateGeorge Galloway, after boundary changes in 1983 had changed the character of the constituency.[206] After his defeat was announced,The Glasgow Herald reported that he indicated he would not stand for parliament again.[207] In 1986, his biography ofHarry S. Truman was published and the following year his biography ofStanley Baldwin was published.[208]
From 1987, Jenkins remained in politics as a member of theHouse of Lords as alife peer with the titleBaron Jenkins of Hillhead, ofPontypool in the County ofGwent.[209] Also in 1987, Jenkinswas elected Chancellor of the University of Oxford.[210] He was leader of theLiberal Democrats in the Lords from 1988 until 1997.
In 1988, he fought and won an amendment to theEducation Reform Act 1988, guaranteeing academic freedom of speech in further and higher education establishments. This affords and protects the right of students and academics to "question and test received wisdom" and has been incorporated into the statutes or articles and instruments of governance of all universities and colleges in Britain.[211][212]
In 1991, his memoirs,A Life at the Centre, was published byMacmillan, who paid Jenkins a £130,000 advance.[213] He was magnanimous to most of those colleagues with whom he had clashed in the past, except for David Owen, whom he blamed for destroying the idealism and cohesion of the SDP.[214] In the last chapter ('Establishment Whig or Persistent Radical?') he reaffirmed his radicalism, placing himself "somewhat to the left of James Callaghan, maybe Denis Healey and certainly of David Owen".[215] He also proclaimed his political credo:
My broad position remains firmly libertarian, sceptical of official cover-ups and uncompromisingly internationalist, believing sovereignty to be an almost total illusion in the modern world, although both expecting and welcoming the continuance of strong differences in national traditions and behaviour. I distrust the deification of the enterprise culture. I think there are more limitations to the wisdom of the market than were dreamt of in Mrs Thatcher's philosophy. I believe that levels of taxation on the prosperous, having been too high for many years (including my own period at the Treasury), are now too low for the provision of decent public services. And I think the privatisation of near monopolies is about as irrelevant as (and sometimes worse than) were the Labour Party's proposals for further nationalisation in the 1970s and early 1980s.[215]
A Life at the Centre was generally favourably reviewed: in theTimes Literary SupplementJohn Grigg said it was a "marvellous account of high politics by a participant writing with honesty, irony and sustained narrative verve". InThe SpectatorAnthony Quinton remarked that Jenkins was "not afraid to praise himself and earns the right to do so by unfudged self-criticism".[216] However, there were critical voices:John Smith inThe Scotsman charged that Jenkins never had any loyalty to the Labour Party and was an ambitious careerist intent only on furthering his career.[216] John Campbell claims thatA Life at the Centre is now generally recognised as one of the best political memoirs.[216]David Cannadine ranked it alongsideDuff Cooper'sOld Men Forget, R. A. Butler'sThe Art of the Possible and Denis Healey'sThe Time of My Life as one of the four best political memoirs of the post-war period.[217]
In 1993, he was appointed to theOrder of Merit.[218] Also that year, hisPortraits and Miniatures was published. The main body of the book is a set of 6 biographical essays (Rab Butler,Aneurin Bevan,Iain Macleod,Dean Acheson,Konrad Adenauer,Charles de Gaulle), along with lectures, articles and book reviews.[219]
A television documentary about Jenkins was made byMichael Cockerell, titledRoy Jenkins: A Very Social Democrat, and broadcast on 26 May 1996. Although an admiring portrait overall, Cockerell was frank about Jenkins' affairs and both Jenkins and his wife believed that Cockerell had betrayed their hospitality.[220]
Jenkins hailedTony Blair'selection as Labour Party leader in July 1994 as "the most exciting Labour choice since the election ofHugh Gaitskell". He argued that Blair should stick "to a constructive line on Europe, in favour of sensible constitutional innovation...and in favour of friendly relations with the Liberal Democrats". He added that he hoped Blair would not move Labour further to the right: "Good work has been done in freeing it from nationalisation and other policies. But the market cannot solve everything and it would be a pity to embrace the stale dogmas of Thatcherism just when their limitations are becoming obvious".[221]
Jenkins and Blair had been in touch since the latter's time as Shadow Home Secretary, when he admired Jenkins' reforming tenure at the Home Office.[222] Jenkins toldPaddy Ashdown in October 1995: "I think Tony treats me as a sort of father figure in politics. He comes to me a lot for advice, particularly about how to construct a Government".[223] Jenkins tried to persuade Blair that the division in the centre-left vote between the Labour and Liberal parties had enabled the Conservatives to dominate the 20th century, whereas if the two left-wing parties entered into an electoral pact and adopted proportional representation, they could dominate the 21st century.[224] Jenkins was an influence on the thinking ofNew Labour and bothPeter Mandelson andRoger Liddle in their 1996 workThe Blair Revolution andPhilip Gould in hisUnfinished Revolution recognised Jenkins' influence.[225]
Before the1997 election, Blair had promised an enquiry into electoral reform. In December 1997, Jenkins was appointed chair of a Government-appointed Independent Commission on the Voting System, which became known as the "Jenkins Commission", to consider alternativevoting systems for the UK.[226] The Jenkins Commission reported in favour of a new uniquely British mixed-member proportional system called "Alternative vote top-up" or "limited AMS" in October 1998, although no action was taken on this recommendation. Blair told Ashdown that Jenkins' recommendations would not pass the Cabinet.[227]
British membership of theEuropean single currency, Jenkins believed, was the supreme test of Blair's statesmanship.[228] However, he was disappointed with Blair's timidity in taking on the Eurosceptic tabloid press. He told Blair in October 1997: "You have to choose between leading Europe or havingMurdoch on your side. You can have one but not both".[229] Jenkins was also critical of New Labour's authoritarianism, such as the watering down of theFreedom of Information Act 2000 and their intention toban fox hunting.[230] By the end of his life Jenkins believed that Blair had wasted his enormous parliamentary majority and would not be recorded in history as a great prime minister; he ranked him between Harold Wilson and Stanley Baldwin.[231]
AfterGordon Brown attacked Oxford University for indulging in "old school tie" prejudices because it rejected a state-educated pupil,Laura Spence, Jenkins told the House of Lords in June 2000 that "Brown's diatribe was born of prejudice out of ignorance. Nearly every fact he adduced was false".[232] Jenkins voted for theequalisation of the homosexual age of consent and for repealingSection 28.[230]
Jenkins wrote 19 books, including a biography ofGladstone (1995), which won the1995 Whitbread Award for Biography, and a much-acclaimed biography ofWinston Churchill (2001). His then-designated official biographer,Andrew Adonis, was to have finished the Churchill biography had Jenkins not survived the heart surgery he underwent towards the end of its writing. HistorianPaul Johnson called it the best one-volume biography on its subject.[233]
Jenkins underwentheart surgery in the form of a heart valve replacement on 12 October 2000[234] and postponed his 80th birthday celebrations whilst recovering, by having a celebratory party on 7 March 2001. He died on 5 January 2003, after suffering a heart attack at his home atEast Hendred, in Oxfordshire.[235] His last words, to his wife, were, "Two eggs, please, lightly poached".[236] At the time of his death, Jenkins was working on a biography of US PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt.[237]
After his death, Blair paid tribute to "one of the most remarkable people ever to grace British politics", who had "intellect, vision and an integrity that saw him hold firm to his beliefs of moderate social democracy, liberal reform and the cause of Europe throughout his life. He was a friend and support to me".[238] James Callaghan andEdward Heath also paid tribute andTony Benn said that as "a founder of the SDP he was probably the grandfather of New Labour".[239] However, he was strongly criticised by others includingDenis Healey, who condemned the SDP split as a "disaster" for the Labour Party which prolonged their time in opposition and allowed the Tories to have an unbroken run of 18 years in government.[240]
Writing inThe Guardian, Professor of Government at Oxford UniversityVernon Bogdanor provided this assessment of Jenkins:
Roy Jenkins was both radical and contemporary; and this made him the most influential exponent of the progressive creed in politics in postwar Britain. Moreover, the political creed for which he stood belongs as much to the future as to the past. For Jenkins was the prime mover in the creation of a form of social democracy which, being internationalist, is peculiarly suited to the age of globalisation and, being liberal, will prove to have more staying power than the statism ofLionel Jospin or the corporatist socialism ofGerhard Schröder. ... Roy Jenkins was the first leading politician to appreciate that a liberalised social democracy must be based on two tenets: whatPeter Mandelson called an aspirational society (individuals must be allowed to regulate their personal lives without interference from the state); and that a post-imperial country like Britain could only be influential in the world as part of a wider grouping (the EU).[241]
His alma mater, Cardiff University, honoured the memory of Roy Jenkins by naming one of its halls of residence Roy Jenkins Hall.
On 20 January 1945, Jenkins married Mary Jennifer (Jennifer) Morris (18 January 1921 – 2 February 2017).[242] They were married for almost 58 years until his death, although he had "several affairs",[243] including one with Jackie Kennedy's sisterLee Radziwill.[244] Among his long-term mistresses were Leslie Bonham Carter and Caroline Gilmour, wives of fellow MPs and close friendsMark Bonham Carter andIan Gilmour. However, these extra-marital relationships were conditional on his lovers having a good relationship with his wife: he later stated that he "could not imagine loving anyone who was not very fond of Jennifer".[10]
She was made aDBE for services to ancient and historical buildings. They had two sons, Charles and Edward, and a daughter, Cynthia.
Early in his life, Jenkins had a relationship withAnthony Crosland.[245][246][247] According to the former Liberal Democrat LeaderVince Cable, Jenkins was bisexual.[248]
Jenkins was a main character inSteve Waters' 2017 playLimehouse, which premiered at theDonmar Warehouse; Jenkins was portrayed byRoger Allam.[249]
covers his term as Chancellor.
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Baby of the House 1948–1950 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forSouthwark Central 1948–1950 | Constituency abolished |
| New constituency | Member of Parliament forBirmingham Stechford 1950–1977 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forGlasgow Hillhead 1982–1987 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Home Secretary 1965–1967 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chancellor of the Exchequer 1967–1970 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Home Secretary 1974–1976 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | President of the European Commission 1977–1981 | Succeeded by |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Chair of the Fabian Society 1957–1958 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Deputy Leader of the Labour Party 1970–1972 | Succeeded by |
| New post | Leader of the Social Democratic Party 1982–1983 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords 1988–1997 | Succeeded by |
| Academic offices | ||
| Preceded by | Chancellor of the University of Oxford 1987–2003 | Succeeded by |
 | ||
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