This article is about the capital of Normandy. For other uses, seeRouen (disambiguation).
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From left to right, top to bottom: partial view of the city and the Seine from Côte Sainte-Catherine; the courthouse; Place du Vieux-Marché;rue du Gros-Horloge, at night;Rouen Cathedral; the National Museum of Education; sailboats during the 2019 edition of the Armada; theGustave-Flaubert Bridge.
Rouen was the seat of theExchequer of Normandy during the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of theAnglo-Norman andAngevin dynasties, which ruled bothEngland and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. From the13th century onwards, the city experienced a remarkable economic boom, thanks in particular to the development of textile factories and river trade. Claimed by both the French and the English during theHundred Years' War, it was on its soil thatJoan of Arc was tried and burned alive on 30 May 1431. Severely damaged by the wave ofbombing in 1944, it nevertheless regained itseconomic dynamism in the post-war period thanks to its industrial sites and its large seaport, which merged with the ports of Le Havre and Paris in 2021 to form the HAROPA Port.[6]
Endowed with a prestige established during themedieval era, and with a long architectural heritage in its historical monuments, Rouen is an important cultural capital. Several renowned establishments are located here, such as theMuseum of Fine Arts, Le Secq des Tournelles museum, andRouen Cathedral.
Seat of anarchdiocese, it also hosts a court of appeal and auniversity. Every four to six years, Rouen becomes the showcase for a large gathering of sailing ships called "L'Armada"; this event makes the city an occasional capital of the maritime world.
Rouen was founded by theGaulish tribe of theVeliocasses, who controlled a large area in the lower Seine valley. They called itRatumacos; theRomans called itRotomagus. It was considered the second city ofGallia Lugdunensis afterLugdunum (Lyon) itself. Under the reorganization ofDiocletian, Rouen was the chief city of the divided province Gallia Lugdunensis II and reached the apogee of its Roman development, with an amphitheatre andthermae of which foundations remain. In the 5th century, it became the seat of a bishopric and later a capital ofMerovingianNeustria.
From their first incursion into the lower valley of the Seine in 841, theNormans overran Rouen. From 912, Rouen was the capital of theDuchy of Normandy and residence of thelocal dukes, untilWilliam the Conqueror moved his residence toCaen.[7] In 1150, Rouen received its founding charter which permittedself-government.
During the 12th century, Rouen was the site of ayeshiva known asLa Maison Sublime. Discovered in 1976, it is now a museum.[8] At that time, about 6,000 Jews lived in the town, comprising about 20% of the population.[citation needed]
On 24 June 1204, KingPhilip II Augustus of France entered Rouen and definitively annexed Normandy to theFrench Kingdom. He demolished the Norman castle and replaced it with his own, theChâteau Bouvreuil, built on the site of theGallo-Roman amphitheatre.[citation needed] A textile industry developed based on wool imported from England, for which the cities of Flanders and Brabant were constantly competitors, and finding its market in theChampagne fairs. Rouen also depended for its prosperity on the river traffic of the Seine, on which it enjoyed a monopoly that reached as far upstream asParis.[citation needed]
In the 13th and 14th centuries urban strife threatened the city: in 1291, the mayor was assassinated and noble residences in the city were pillaged.Philip IV reimposed order and suppressed the city's charter and the lucrative monopoly on river traffic, but he was quite willing to allow the Rouennais to repurchase their old liberties in 1294.[citation needed] In 1306, he decided to expel the Jewish community of Rouen, then numbering some five or six thousand. In 1389, another urban revolt of the underclass occurred, theHarelle. It was suppressed with the withdrawal of Rouen's charter and river-traffic privileges once more.[citation needed]
During theHundred Years' War, on 19 January 1419, Rouen surrendered after along siege toHenry V of England, who annexedNormandy once again to thePlantagenet domains. French soldierAlain Blanchard summarily hung English prisoners of war from the city walls during the siege, for which he was beheaded after Rouen fell, whileCanon andVicar General of RouenRobert de Livet excommunicated Henry V, resulting in him being imprisoned for five years in England.[citation needed]Joan of Arc, who supported a return to French rule, wasburned at the stake on 30 May 1431 in Rouen, where most inhabitants supported the duke of Burgundy, the French king's enemy. The king of France,Charles VII, recaptured the town in 1449.
Left to right: St Ouen, Notre Dame, St MaclouGros-Horloge
Rouen is known forRouen Cathedral, with itsTour de Beurre (butter tower) financed by the sale ofindulgences for the consumption of butter duringLent. The cathedral's gothic façade (completed in the 16th century) was the subject ofa series of paintings byClaude Monet, some of which are exhibited in theMusée d'Orsay in Paris.
Other famous structures includeRouen Castle, whose keep is known as thetour Jeanne d'Arc, whereJoan of Arc was brought in 1431 to be threatened with torture (contrary to popular belief, she was not imprisoned there but in thetour de lady Pucelle(since destroyed); theChurch of Saint Ouen (12th–15th century); thePalais de Justice, which was once the seat of theParlement (French court of law) of Normandy; theGothicChurch of St Maclou (15th century); and the Museum of Fine Arts and Ceramics which contains a splendid collection offaïence andporcelain for which Rouen was renowned during the 16th to 18th centuries. Rouen is also noted for its survivinghalf-timbered buildings.
There are many museums in Rouen: theMusée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, an art museum with paintings by well-known artists such asClaude Monet andGéricault; theMusée maritime fluvial et portuaire, a museum on the history of the port of Rouen and navigation;Musée des antiquités,[11] an art and history museum with local works from the Bronze Age through the Renaissance, theMusée de la céramique, the Museum of Natural History, founded in 1834 and re-opened in 2007,[12] and the Musée Le Secq des Tournelles, which houses various collections of objects.[13]
TheJardin des Plantes de Rouen is a notablebotanical garden once owned by Scottish bankerJohn Law, dating from 1840 in its present form. It was the site ofÉlisa Garnerin's parachute jump from a balloon in 1817. There is also a park and garden at the Champs de Mars, to the east of the city centre. TheParis–Rouen motor race of 1894,Le Petit Journal Horseless Carriages Contest, ended at the Champs de Mars.[14]
In the centre of the Place du Vieux Marché (the site of Joan of Arc's pyre)[15] is the modernchurch of St Joan of Arc. This is a large, modern structure which dominates the square. The form of the building represents an upturnedViking boat and a fish shape.[16]
Rouen was also home to theFrench Grand Prix, hosting the race at the nearbyRouen-Les-Essarts track sporadically between 1952 and 1968. In 1999 Rouen authorities demolished the grandstands and other remnants of Rouen's racing past. Today, little remains beyond the public roads that formed the circuit.
Rouen has anopera house, whose formal name is "Rouen Normandy Opera House – Theatre of Arts" (in French:Opéra de Rouen Normandie – Théâtre des arts).
TheSeine is a major axis for maritime cargo links in the Port of Rouen. The Cross-Channel ferry ports ofCaen,Le Havre,Dieppe (50 minutes) andCalais, and theChannel Tunnel are within easy driving distance (two and a half hours or less).
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found onPhabricator and onMediaWiki.org.
The main opera company in Rouen is the Opéra de Rouen – Normandie. The company performs in the Théâtre des Arts, 7 rue du Docteur Rambert. The company presents opera, classical and other types of music, both vocal and instrumental, as well as dance performances.[23] Every five years, the city hosts the large maritime exposition,L'Armada.[24]
King Edward IVPierre CorneilleThomas CorneilleJean JouvenetJean RestoutGustave Flaubert, 1865A class at the Lycée Pierre-Corneille, Rouen 1902, artistsRobert Antoine Pinchon (second row, right) andMarcel Duchamp (third row, left)Salon des Artistes Rouennais,Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen,c. 1930François Hollande, 2017
Rouen was the birthplace of:
Noel Alexandre (1639–1724), theologian and ecclesiastical historian.[27]
During the second half of the 20th century, several sculptures byJean-Yves Lechevallier were erected in the city. Inaugurated in 2010, the Rouen Impressionnée hosted the contemporary urban (re)development[59] installation sculpture 'Camille' by Belgian artistArne Quinze. Quinze's use of interlocking systems in sculpture employ wood, concrete, paint and metal. The Quasi-Quinze[60] method of sculpture utilizes structural integrity and randomness as key elements for 'Camille'. Located on the Boieldieu Bridge in the center of Rouen, this intentional location was chosen by the artist[61] to magnify the historical separation of its city's citizens.
Rouen Cathedral, Full Sunlight, byClaude Monet, 1894.
Rouen Cathedral is the subject of a series of paintings by theImpressionist painterClaude Monet, who painted the same scene at different times of the day. Two paintings are in theNational Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.; two are in the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow; one is in theNational Museum of Serbia in Belgrade. The estimated value of one painting is over $40 million.
The arms of Rouen areblazoned : Gules, apascal lamb, haloed and contourné, holding a banner argent charged with a cross Or, and on a chief azure, 3fleurs de lys Or
This may be rendered, "On a red background a haloed white pascal lamb looking back over its shoulder (contourné) holds a white banner bearing a gold cross; above, a broad blue band across the top bears 3 gold fleurs de lis". On the front of the "Grand Poste" (rue Jeanne d'Arc), the banner is charged with a leopard (the lion passant seen on Norman and English arms). This was the official seal of Rouen at the beginning of the 12th century, before Normandy was incorporated into Capetian France.
^"Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved4 December 2022.
^"Our history".HAROPA Port. 10 March 2023. Retrieved26 June 2024.
^Stratford, Jenny., and British Archaeological Association.Medieval Art, Architecture, and Archaeology at Rouen. Conference Transactions for the Year ... ; 1986. London]: British Archaeological Association, 1993.
^"ROUEN–BOOS (76)"(PDF).Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in French). Meteo France.Archived(PDF) from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved6 August 2019.
^"Hanover – Twin Towns" (in German). hanover.de/ Hannover.de – Offizielles Portal der Landeshauptstadt und der Region Hannover in Zusammenarbeit mit hier.de. Archived fromthe original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved17 July 2009.
^de Smet, Aurelie (12 November 2013). "The role of temporary use in urban (re)development: examples from Brussels".Brussels Studies. La revue scientifique électronique pour les recherches sur Bruxelles / Het elektronisch wetenschappelijk tijdschrift voor onderzoek over Brussel / The e-journal for academic research on Brussels.doi:10.4000/brussels.1196.ISSN 2031-0293.
^Baerlecken, Daniel. "Judith Reitz/Daniel Baerlecken."Susanne Schindler/Axel Sowa/Ariane Wilson (eds.) Constructing Knowledge––Das Wissen der Architektur 50 (2009): 61.
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