Te Arawa Māori first settled in Rotorua in the 14th century, and a thrivingpā was established atOhinemutu by the people who would becomeNgāti Whakaue. The city became closely associated with conflict during theMusket Wars of the 1820s. Ohinemutu was invaded by aNgāpuhi-led coalition in 1823, commanded byHongi Hika andPōmare I. In the 19th century early European settlers had an interest in developing Rotorua, due to its uniquegeothermal activity in Rotorua and its surrounding area.[9] Then, efforts by Māori and Europeans alike to establish Rotorua as aspa town led to a99-year lease of land from Ngāti Whakaue to the Government. The city first became a major site of tourism due to the Rotorua's close proximity to thePink and White Terraces, until they were destroyed by thevolcanic eruption ofMount Tarawera in 1886. Rotorua was elevated to borough status in 1922 and to city status 40 years later.
Rotorua is a major destination for both domestic and international tourists. It is known for its geothermal activity and Māori cultural tourism, and featuresgeysers – notably thePōhutu Geyser atWhakarewarewa – and hot mud pools. This thermal activity is sourced to theRotorua Caldera, in which the city lies.
The name Rotorua comes from theMāori language, where the full name for the city and lake isTe Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe.[10]Roto means 'lake' andrua means 'two' or in this case, 'second' – Rotorua thus meaning 'Second lake'.Kahumatamomoe was the uncle of theMāori chiefIhenga, the ancestral explorer of theTe Arawa.[11] It was the second major lake the chief discovered, and he dedicated it to his uncle. It is the largest of a multitude of lakes found to the northeast, all connected with the Rotorua Caldera and nearbyMount Tarawera. The name can also mean the equally appropriate 'Crater lake'.[11]
A common nickname for Rotorua is "Sulphur City" due to thehydrogen sulphide emissions, which gives the city a smell similar to "rotten eggs",[1] as well as "Rotten-rua" combining its legitimate name and the rotten smell prevalent.[12] Another common nickname is "Roto-Vegas", likening the city's own strip of road flanked by businesses and restaurants tothat of Las Vegas.[13]
The area was initially settled byMāori of theTe Arawaiwi in the 14th century, and a thrivingpā was built atOhinemutu by the shores ofLake Rotorua. According to Te Arawa folklore, the city's bountifulgeothermal springs had resulted from a plea byNgātoro-i-rangi, an ancestraltohunga, for the gods to send fire-bearing spirits fromHawaiki, the semi-mythological Māori homeland. The Te Arawa Māori who lived at Ohinemutu eventually began to call themselvesNgāti Whakaue, after their ancestorWhakaue Kaipapa.[14]
Rotorua was a site of heavy conflict during theMusket Wars. During the early 1820s, the large NortherniwiNgāpuhi had begun expanding outwards further south, drivingNgāti Pāoa and their chiefTe Hīnaki from modern-daySouth Auckland, and launched periodic raids into theBay of Plenty.[15] A military expedition into the Bay of Plenty by a combined Ngāpuhi andNgāti Maru nō Hauraki force in 1818 had set the stage for further raids in the modern Rotorua area. Ngāpuhi and its allies launched an ambitious invasion of theWaikato in 1822, with a battalion led by junior chiefTe Pae-o-te-Rangi were ambushed and slaughtered byNgāti Whakaue for trespassing into Rotorua. This was apparently at the insistence ofTe Rauparaha; under Māori customary law the attack demandedutu. Ngāpuhi commanderHongi Hika convened with his fellow chiefsPōmare I andTe Wera Hauraki to propose war, and thus in February 1823 a Ngāpuhi-led coalition invaded Rotorua.[16]: 242 The force, which also includedNgāti Whātua and someWaikato Tainui, landed atTauranga and headed up thePongakawa valley to attackMokoia Island[17][18][19] Te Arawa fell back after the loss of 170 men and were defeated by Ngāpuhi,[20] and utu was satisfied.[15]
The first European in the area was probablyPhillip Tapsell who was trading from theBay of Plenty coast atMaketu from 1828. He later married into Te Arawa and became highly regarded by them.[21] MissionariesHenry Williams and Thomas Chapman visited in 1831[11] and Chapman and his wife established a mission at Te Koutu in 1835.[22] This was abandoned within a year, but Chapman returned in 1838 and established a second mission at Mokoia Island.[11][22]
The lakeshore was a prominent site of skirmishes during theNew Zealand Wars of the 1860s.William Fox advocated for turning the Rotorua region into anational park, inspired by theYellowstone in theUnited States.[23] Conversely, the Te Arawa community suggested the establishment of a township centred around Rotorua's thermal springs, with the intent of developing aPolynesian Spa andhealth resort where tourists could indulge in hot pools.[23] In 1880, instead of selling the land, theNgāti Whakaue people leased 50 acres to the Crown under theFenton Agreement,[24][25] granting the government the authority to offer 99-year leases on their behalf.[23] Revenues from leases helped fundRotorua Boys' High School, and increased significantly upon the expiry of the 99-year leases.[26] The eponymous Fenton Street in the modern city's CBD bears the judge's name.[27] Nevertheless, the enactment of theThermal Springs District Act in 1881 gave the government exclusive rights to both purchase and lease lands containing hot springs, lakes, or river, and as a result, by the turn of the century, nearly half of the Rotorua blocks were sold.[23] In 1993, the Crown settled aTreaty of Waitangi claim with the Ngāti Whakaue people to honour their broken contract, by agreeing to return the gifted lands that were no longer required for their original use.[28]
The town was connected to Auckland with the opening of theRotorua Branch railway and commencement of theRotorua Express train in 1894, resulting in the rapid growth of the town and tourism from this time forward. Guidebooks about the 'Land of Boiling Water' also proliferated.[23] During the 1880s, tourists, especially from Australia, started visiting Rotorua to witness its natural marvels like thePink and White Terraces until these were destroyed in avolcanic eruption in 1886.[23] Rotorua was established as a borough in 1922, elected its firstmayor in 1923, and declared a city in 1962 before becoming adistrict in 1979.[29]
The city of Rotorua and the adjacent Lake Rotorua are located within the Rotorua Caldera that was formed in a major volcanic eruption approximately 240,000 years ago. The caldera is the source of the geothermal activity that is a key feature of the city and surrounding region.[30][31]
The Rotorua region enjoys a mildtemperate climate (Cfb). Rotorua is situated inland from the coast and is sheltered by high country to the south and east of the city, resulting in less wind than many other places in New Zealand. During the winter months, June – August, temperatures can drop below 0 °C. Frost is common in Rotorua during its winter months, with an average of 57 ground frosts annually, and 20 nights per year below 0 °C. Snowfall in Rotorua is rare, and since the 1970s has only been recorded twice. On 15 August 2011 and 13 July 2017, snowflakes fell in the town centre, and during the July 2017 snowfall, snow accumulated in the nearby Mamaku ranges and in the outer reaches of the district, where snowfall occurs on average once every three years.
Climate data for Rotorua (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1973–present)
The Rotorua region has 17 lakes, known collectively as the Lakes of Rotorua. Fishing, waterskiing, swimming and other water activities are popular in summer. Several of the lakes are stocked for sports fishing with trout from theFish and Game New Zealand hatchery atNgongotahā. The lakes are also used for event venues; Rotorua hosted the 2007 World Waterski Championships and Lake Rotorua was the venue for the World Blind Sailing Championships in March 2009.[36] Lake Rotorua is also used as a departure and landing point for float planes.
The Rotorua urban area, as defined by Statistics New Zealand, covers 46.06 km2 (17.78 sq mi) and incorporates 29 statistical areas.[37] It has an estimated population of 58,500 as of June 2025.[7]
Rotorua had a population of 55,326 in the2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,140 people (2.1%) since the2018 census, and an increase of 6,429 people (13.1%) since the2013 census. There were 26,883 males, 28,254 females, and 189 people ofother genders in 19,137 dwellings.[39] 2.7% of people identified asLGBTIQ+. The median age was 35.6 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 12,270 people (22.2%) aged under 15 years, 10,878 (19.7%) aged 15 to 29, 23,739 (42.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 8,442 (15.3%) aged 65 or older.[38]
People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 57.1%European (Pākehā); 46.0%Māori; 7.3%Pasifika; 11.9%Asian; 0.7% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 1.9% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander".
English was spoken by 95.6%, Māori by 14.7%, Samoan by 0.5%, and other languages by 10.9%. No language could be spoken by 2.3% (e.g. too young to talk).New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 19.0, compared with 28.8% nationally.[38]
Of those at least 15 years old, 8,322 (19.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 23,331 (54.2%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 11,406 (26.5%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $38,200, compared with $41,500 nationally. 3,174 people (7.4%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was 21,432 (49.8%) full-time, 5,511 (12.8%) part-time, and 2,088 (4.8%) unemployed.[38]
Rotorua has the highest proportion of Māori of any city in New Zealand.[40]
In 2024, thegross domestic product (GDP) of the Rotorua District was $4,857 M, representing 1.2% of New Zealand's total GDP. The industry sector[Note 1] with the largest contribution to the Rotorua District GDP was agriculture, forestry and fishing, at 10.7%. This is more than twice the 5.0% contribution that this sector makes to the national economy. The next highest contribution to the district GDP was from health care and social assistance, representing 9.1% in the district GDP, versus 6.6% in the national economy. Manufacturing contributed 7.1%, compared with 7.8% in the national economy.[44]
The industry sector with the highest employment in the district was health care and social assistance, at 12.8% of the filled jobs. The next largest sector was accommodation and food services at 9.8% of the filled jobs. As a major visitor destination, Rotorua District has a higher proportion of jobs in accommodation and food services than the national average of 6.5%.[45] Tourism (comprising parts of multiple industry sectors) contributed $336.9 million (6.9%) to the district GDP, down from 8% in 2000.[46]
Mud pool,Tikitere ("Hell's Gate"), Rotorua.The Prince of Wales Feathers thermal spring erupting
Known as a spa town and major tourist resort since the 1800s, many of Rotorua's buildings reflect this history.Government Gardens, close to the lake-shore at the eastern edge of the town, include theRotorua Museum of Art and History housed in the large Tudor-style bath house building, and theArt Deco styleBlue Baths, noted for its embrace of mixed sex bathing in the 1930s. As of October 2023[update], both buildings are closed because of earthquake strength concerns.[47][48]
There are many geothermal attractions in the Rotorua area, including:[49]
The especially pungent smell in the central-east 'Te Ngae' area is due to the dense sulphur deposits located next to the southern boundary of the Government Gardens, in the area known as 'Sulphur Point'.
Te Puia is a major visitor attraction and Māori cultural centre in Rotorua. It encompasses an area of 70 ha (170 acres) within theWhakarewarewa valley at the southern end of the city, and includes thePōhutu Geyser, mud pools, hot springs, and silica formations. In addition to the geothermal features, Te Puia includes theNew Zealand Māori Arts and Crafts Institute and national schools of wood carving, weaving, stone and bone carving. There is a carved meeting house,Te Aronui a Rua, and other facilities for visitors. In 2025, Te Puia was the supreme winner at the New Zealand Tourism Awards.[55]
Lakeland Queen is asternwheeler passenger vessel that operates cruises on Lake Rotorua. She was built in Rotorua in 1986 by brothers Ian and Doug Stewart of the company Lakeland Steel Products, in the style of the historicMississippi paddle steamers.[56]Lakeland Queen was launched on 26 October 1986,[57] and is the only sternwheeler passenger vessel in New Zealand.[58]Lakeland Queen is used for breakfast, lunch and dinner cruises and sightseeing. Māori cultural entertainment has been provided on some cruises.[59] The cruises often have live music, with Blues Cruises a regular feature.[60][61][62][63]
Wingspan National Bird of Prey Centre is a captive breeding facility and visitor centre located in theNgongotahā Valley. Wingspan undertakes conservation, education and research activities related tobirds of prey found in New Zealand, and provides demonstrations offalconry.[64]
Rotorua is served bystate highways5,30, and30A, and the Thermal Explorer Highway touring route, withstate highways 33 and36 terminating on the outskirts of the city.
State Highway 5, running concurrently with the Thermal Explorer Highway, is the main north–south route through Rotorua, bypassing the city centre to the west. North of the city at Ngongotahā, State Highway 36 splits off to provide a route toTauranga via Pyes Pa, while State Highway 5 turns westward, connecting toState Highway 1 atTīrau and providing the main route into Rotorua fromHamilton andAuckland. To the south, State Highway 5 provides the main route fromTaupō,Hawke's Bay,Manawatū, andWellington.
State Highway 30 runs southwest to northeast through the city. It enters the city in the southwest (running concurrently with SH 5), before crossing the southern suburbs to the shore of Lake Rotorua east of the city centre. It then runs through the suburb of Te Ngae, before splitting off SH 33 to continue eastwards.
State Highway 30A runs northwest to southeast, connecting State Highways 5 and 30 with each other via the city centre.
Rotorua has a local bus service,[71] with 11 routes under the Baybus brand, serving the urban area, mostly at half-hourly intervals,[72] operated byReesby Buses.[73]Bike racks were introduced in 2017[74] andBee Cards for fares on 27 July 2020.[75] Trial commuter services between Rotorua and Tauranga are running in each direction until the end of 2021.[76][77] The city is also served byInterCity[78] and services to local tourist sites.[79]
Edwin Robertson, who died aged 74 in 1931,[80] started withpack horses in 1869 and ran coaches from 1873.[81] In 1902, the Tauranga route was sold and became Robertson & Co,[82] then, about 1903, Rotorua Motor Coaching Co. Ltd.[83] In 1904, Hot Lakes Transport, which ran trips to Taupō,[84]Waiotapu and all the lakes,[85] and Rotorua Motor Coaching added motor cars to their fleets of coaches.[86] In 1905 E. Robertson & Co moved fromOhinemutu to the new town, close to the new railway station,[81] which remained the main stop until InterCity moved to their stop from Hinemoa / Fenton Street[87] to the Tourism Office in 1995.[88] The last coach ran in 1919.[89] When Hot Lakes Transport's assets were sold in 1920, they had 10 coaches and 3 motor cars.[90] In September 1920, Rotorua Motor Transport Co. was formed and took over Hot Lakes Transport Co. and Rotorua Motor Coaching Co,[91] continuing with similar services.[92] In 1926, a consortium of local operators formed Rotorua Bus Co.[93] During 1922, Kusab's transport company became K Motors,[89] which was taken over by the railways in 1938.[94] Rotorua Motor Transport and Rotorua Bus Co followed in 1940[95] and all became part ofNew Zealand Railways Road Services.[83]
Scenic and chartered flights in both helicopters and float planes are operated by Volcanic Air, who are based on Rotorua's lake front.[citation needed]
From 2009 to 2015 there was also an international link, with direct Sydney to Rotorua flights.[96]
Rotorua is connected to the rail network by theRotorua Branch line fromPutāruru. Until 8 October 2001, passenger trains ran from Auckland to Rotorua via Hamilton daily using Silver Fern railcars, terminating north of the town centre at Koutu (the original station on Amohau Street was closed and relocated to Koutu on 18 August 1989). However, owing to poor advertising of the service and the location of the station being a 15-minute walk from the town centre in an industrial area, passenger services stopped in October 2001. Freight services on the line declined over the decades until the nightly freight service stopped in June 2000, largely due to a continual move of freight and passengers onto road transport using ever-improving highways in the region. The line is currently disused.
Rotorua is home to the central campus ofToi Ohomai Institute of Technology, which provides a range of certificates, diplomas and a limited number of degree-level programmes. The largest programmes on offer are Māori language,nursing,forestry, business,computing, tourism andhospitality. As of June 2022[update], Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology is a business division ofTe Pūkenga – New Zealand Institute of Skills and Technology.[97]
Rotorua Lakes High School serving the eastern suburbs. A co-educational state school for Years 9–13 with about 700 students[101]
Western Heights High School serving the western suburbs. A co-educational state school for Years 9–13 with about 1200 students[102]
Students can also attend Te Rangihakahaka Centre for Science and Techbnology, a Māori- and English-medium special character school from years 1–10.[103] It currently has around 100 students.[104] Students here need to attend a mainstream secondary school orKura Kaupapa Māori for their senior secondary schooling.
Kura Kaupapa Māori (Māori language immersion schools)
^Bardsley, Dianne; Simpson, Jane (2009). "Hypocoristics in New Zealand and Australian English". In Peters, Pam; Collins, Peter; Smith, Adam (eds.).Comparative Studies in Australian and New Zealand English: Grammar and beyond. John Benjamins. p. 57.ISBN978-90-272-4899-2.
^abAnderson, Atholl (November 2015).Tangata Whenua (1st ed.). Auckland: Bridget Williams Books (published November 2015). pp. 178–180.ISBN9781927131411.
^Tarakawa, Takaanui (1899). "Nga Mahi A Te Wera, Me Nga-Puhi Hoki, Ki Te Tai-Rawhiti / The Doings of Te Wera-Hauraki and Nga-Puhi, on the East Coast, N.Z".Journal of the Polynesian Society.8:179–187,235–249.
^Grace, John Te Herekiekie (1970) [1959].Tuwharetoa: The history of the Maori people of the Taupo District. Auckland, New Zealand: A.H. & A.W. Reed. p. 274.ISBN9780589003739.
^"Bike".The Redwoods – Whakarewarewa Forest, Rotorua, New Zealand. 24 March 2020.Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved24 October 2023.