| Rote–Meto | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Indonesia (Rote, westernTimor) East Timor (Oecusse) |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian |
| Proto-language | Proto-Rote–Meto |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | rote1234 |
 Linguistic map of the Timor area. Rote Island is bottom-left. Meto varieties (light olive) are spoken over most of western Timor. Helong (purple) and Kupang Malay (beige) spoken in the western tip of Timor do not belong to the Rote–Meto subgroup. | |
TheRote–Meto languages are a subgroup of theAustronesian language family spoken in theLesser Sunda Islands. It includesMeto spoken on Timor and the languages ofRote Island.
Meto (also calledDawan,Atoni orTimorese) is a cluster of closely related dialects spoken in theIndonesian part of Timor and in theOecusse district ofEast Timor. Rote–Meto varieties spoken on Rote Island can be divided into two groups, West Rote and Nuclear (or East) Rote:[1]
A close relation between Meto and the languages of Rote was proposed in the 20th century by Jonker (1913) and Mills (1991).[2][3] Edwards (2018a, 2018b, 2021) studied the phonological history of the Rote–Meto languages and reconstructed the ancestral proto-language,Proto-Rote–Meto, based on internal evidence from the Rote–Meto languages, and also from the top-down by tracing the phonological changes that occurred in Rote–Meto reflexes ofProto-Austronesian andProto-Malayo-Polynesian reconstructions.[1][4][5]
In spite of being located at the opposite geographical ends of the Rote–Meto speech area, Meto and West Rote varieties share many common features in their lexicon and historical phonology.[2][4] This suggests that Proto-Rote–Meto first split into two branches, West Rote-Meto and Nuclear Rote.
| Rote–Meto |
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Subsequently, Meto came into close contact with Nuclear Rote varieties and underwent some shared innovations with the latter. Most likely, speakers of an early form of the Meto cluster originally lived on Rote Islands in the vicinity of West Rote speakers, but later in history migrated to Timor, where they only remained in contact with speakers of Nuclear Rote varieties.[4]
On a higher level, the Rote–Meto languages group with the Austronesian languages spoken to the east.[3] Edwards (2021) includes them in a proposedTimor–Babar subgroup, that comprises all Austronesian languages languages spoken in an area that ranges from Rote Island across Timor and theBarat Daya Islands toSelaru (one of theTanimbar Islands).[1]
This comparison table (a small selection from Edwards (2021:88–403)) illustrates the correspondences between the Rote–Meto languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Rote–Meto innovations.[1]
| Words inherited fromProto-Austronesian (PAn) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nuclear Rote (Termanu) | West Rote (Dengka) | Meto (Amarasi) | Proto-Rote–Meto | PAn | Meaning |
| uda | uɗan | uran | *uɗan | *quzan | 'rain' |
| huni | hundi | uki | *hundi | *punti | 'banana' |
| dale-k | lala-ʔ | nana-ʔ | *dalə | *daləm | 'inside' |
| ledo | lelo | neno | *ledo | *qaləjaw | 'sun, day' |
| fee | fee | fee | *fee | *bəRay | 'give' |
| Rote–Meto innovations | |||||
| Nuclear Rote (Termanu) | West Rote (Dengka) | Meto (Amarasi) | Proto-Rote–Meto | PAn | Meaning |
| hoka | hoka | hoka | *hoka | - | 'invite' |
| lui | lui | nui | *lui | - | 'remove' |
| ndui | ndui | kui | *ndui | - | 'draw water' |
| pinu | mbinu | pinu | *mbinu | - | 'snot' |
One third of the basic lexicon reconstructed for Proto-Rote–Meto does not go back to a known Austronesian or Malayo-Polynesianetymon. Many of these reconstructed words have sounds that did not occur in the ancestral Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and Proto-Austronesian languages, such asprenasalized stops at the beginning of a word. Most likely, these words were borrowed from a non-Austronesian language spoken by earlier inhabitants of the area.[4][6]