Therose hip orrosehip, also calledrose haw androse hep, is theaccessory fruit of the various species ofrose plant. It is typically red to orange, but ranges from dark purple to black in some species. Rose hips begin to form afterpollination of flowers in spring or early summer, and ripen in late summer through autumn.
Roses are propagated from rose hips by removing theachenes that contain the seeds from thehypanthium (the outer coating) and sowing just beneath the surface of the soil.[1] The seeds can take up to a year to germinate.[2] Most species require chilling (stratification), with some, such asRosa canina, only germinating after two winter chill periods.[3]
Rose hips are used inbread andpies,jam,jelly,marmalade,syrup,soup,tea,wine, and otherbeverages.
Rose hips can be eaten raw, like berries, if care is taken to avoid the hairs inside the fruit. Theseurticating hairs are used asitching powder.[4]
A few rose species are sometimes grown for the ornamental value of their hips, such asRosa moyesii, which has prominent, large, red bottle-shaped fruits.Rosa macrophylla 'Master Hugh' has the largest hips of any readily available rose.[5]
Rose hips are commonly used in herbal tea, often blended withhibiscus. An oil is also extracted from the seeds.Rose hip soup, known asnyponsoppa inSwedish, is especially popular in Sweden.Rhodomel, a type ofmead, is made with rose hips.
Rose hips can be used to makepálinka, the traditional Hungarian fruitbrandy popular in Hungary, Romania, and other countries sharing Austro-Hungarian history. Rose hips are also the central ingredient ofcockta, the fruity-tasting national soft drink ofSlovenia.
Dried rose hips are also sold for crafts and home fragrance purposes. TheInupiat mix rose hips withwild redcurrant andhighbush cranberries and boil them into a syrup.[6]
Wild rose hip fruits are particularly rich invitamin C, containing 426 mg per 100 g[7] or 0.4% by weight (w/w).RP-HPLC assays of fresh rose hips and several commercially available products revealed a wide range ofL-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content, ranging from 0.03 to 1.3%.[8]
Rose hips contain thecarotenoidsbeta-carotene,lutein,zeaxanthin, andlycopene.[9][10] Ameta-analysis of human studies examining the potential for rose hip extracts to reducearthritis pain concluded there was a small effect requiring further analysis of safety and efficacy inclinical trials.[11] Use of rose hips is not considered an effective treatment for kneeosteoarthritis.[12]
According to the winter environment in the rose's native regions, a specific, adapted seed dormancy was established. In species like R. rugosa, R. gallica, R. canina, and *R. soulieana, it is known that dormancy can only be broken following intervals of chilling at 1–4 °C. Before germination, some roses require a second winter vernalization.
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