María Rosalía Rita de Castro (Galician pronunciation:[rosaˈli.ɐðɪˈkastɾʊ]; 23 February 1837 – 15 July 1885), was a Galician poet and novelist, considered one of the most important figures of the 19th-centurySpanish literature and modernlyricism. Widely regarded as the greatestGalician cultural icon, she was a leading figure in the emergence of the literaryGalician language. Through her work, she projected multiple emotions, including the yearning for the celebration of Galician identity andculture, andfemale empowerment. She is credited with challenging the traditional female writer archetype.
Writing in Galician and Spanish, after the period known as theSéculos Escuros (lit. Dark Centuries), she became an important figure of the GalicianRomantic movement, known today as theRexurdimento ("Renaissance"), along withManuel Curros Enríquez andEduardo Pondal. Her poetry is marked bysaudade, an almost ineffable combination of nostalgia, longing and melancholy.
She marriedManuel Murguía, a member of the important literary group known as theRoyal Galician Academy,historian,journalist and editor of Rosalía's books. The couple had seven children: Alexandra (1859–1937), Aura (1868–1942), twins Gala (1871–1964) and Ovidio (1871–1900), Amara (1873–1921), Adriano (1875–1876) and Valentina (stillborn, 1877).[2] Only two of Rosalía's children married, Aura in 1897 and Gala in 1922; neither they nor their siblings left any children, and thus, today there are no living descendants of Rosalía de Castro and her husband. Their son Ovidio was a promising painter, his career cut short by early death.
Rosalía published her first collection of poetry in Galician,Cantares gallegos [gl] ("Galician Songs"), on 17 May 1863. This date, 17 May, is now known as theDía das Letras Galegas ("Galician Literature Day"), and commemorates Rosalía's achievement by dedicating, every year, this special day to a different writer, who must also write in the Galician language, since 1963.Día das Letras Galegas is an official holiday in the Autonomous Community of Galicia.
Relative poverty and sadness marked Rosalía's life, in spite of this, she had a strong sense of commitment to the poor and to the defenseless. She was a strong opponent ofabuse of authority and an ardent defender ofwomen's rights. Rosalía suffered fromuterine cancer and died in Padrón, province of A Coruña, Spain, on 15 July 1885.
She is buried in thePanteón de Galegos Ilustres, a pantheon (mausoleum) in theConvent of San Domingos de Bonaval in Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Rosalía de Castro is today one of the unquestionable poet laureates ofGalicia. Highly educated, expected to speak and write in Spanish and Galician she took the bold, unconventional step of writing her early poems in the Galician language. Her defiance earned her the contempt and spite of many that deemed Galician as a Spanish dialect fit "only for the illiterate and the churlish". However, Rosalía's defiant gesture won her the love and admiration of the common folk, who spoke Galician at home or on a daily basis.
Schools in Galicia,[3] in Spain,[4] in Russia[5] and in Uruguay, libraries,[6] cultural associations,[7][8][9] awards,[10] parks, folklore groups,[11][12][13] choirs,[14][15] compositions of her poems,[16][17] a Galician traditional morning song adorned with the lyrics of one of her poems,[18][19][20] a professional sports team,[21] monuments at home[22][23][24] and abroad,[25][26][27][28] a theater,[29] restaurants,[30][31][32] a label of white wine,[33] lodgings,[34][35][36] a banknote formerly in circulation,[37] a postage stamp,[38] a FS98 Iberia Airbus A340,[39] a sea-rescue plane,[40] a school train[41] and many streets[42][43][44] have all taken her name.
Small Stations Press published Rosalía de Castro'sGalician Songs in English, translated by *Erín Moure, in 2013. The Moure translation of de Castro'sNew Leaves was published by Small Stations in September 2016. In 2010 Edwin Mellen Press also published "the most thorough and representative volume of poetry and prose from Rosalía de Castro (1837–1885) ever translated into English."[45] In 2007, Shearsman Books published a paperback of selected poems translated by Michael Smith.[46] In 2004, Louis J. Rodrigues wrote for the literary magazineBabel a translation and analysis of two Rosalían poems,Nasín cando as prantas nasen andNegra Sombra.[47] In 1991, State University of New York Press launched an English anthology edited and translated by Anna-Marie Aldaz, Barbara N. Gantt and Anne C. Bromley.[48] In 1977 Kathleen Kulp-Hill translated several Galician poems as part of her work entitled "Rosalía de Castro";[49] this book is still available from AllBookstores.com.[50] In 1964 the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs published a selection of Galician poems translated into English by Charles David Ley;[51] this book may be found in Spanish Rare Books libraries.[52]
In Japan, the first volume of Rosalían poetry was translated in 2009 by Takekazu Asaka[53] which is available from DTP Publishing (Tokyo). In the nineteen-nineties Katsuyo Ohata wrote two articles in the journal, "The Review of Inquiry and Research" at Kansai Gaidai University (Osaka, Japan) on the Galician poet: "El inconsciente creativo de Rosalía de Castro"[54] and "En las orillas del Sar: El mundo íntimo de Rosalía de Castro."
Editoria Crisálida, in 2008, published an anthology of Rosalía's Galician poems in Portuguese, translated byAndityas Soares de Moura [Wikidata].[55] There is a statue in her honor in the Galicia Square in the city of Porto, Portugal, by the sculptor Barata Feyo (September 1954).[56]
In the French-speaking world Folle Avoine in 2003 offered a French anthology of Galician poems translated by Jose-Carlos Gonzalez.[57]
Rosalía de Castro on the 1979 500Pesetas banknote.
The name Rosalía de Castro has been used by several institutions, public spaces and/or parks, and on consumer goods, thus showing the social influence and impact this poet has had on the region. Today, it is possible to find schools and universities named after the writer in the Spanish Autonomous Region of Galicia as well as other parts of Spain,Russia,Venezuela (Teatro Rosalía de Castro) andUruguay also have places that bear her name.[citation needed] Furthermore, there are numerous parks, plazas and streets, cultural associations, prizes granted to people that are intimately linked with the Galician and Spanish languages, libraries, folk groups, choirs, and even a wine with the nameRías Baixas.[citation needed] There is also a plane from the airlineIberia, as well as an aircraft belonging to theMaritime Safety and Rescue Society (Salvamento Marítimo),[citation needed] have been given the name of Rosalía de Castro. Moreover, there are a multitude of monuments, commemorative plaques and sculptures dedicated to her in many parts of the world.
On 23 October 1979, the last of the500 peseta bills was printed, being that in 1987, this bill was to be substituted by acoin of the same value. The bill had the portrait of Rosalía de Castro displayed on the obverse side, created by Pablo Sampedro Moledo: on the reverse side were the House/Museum of Rosalía located in Padrón and a few handwritten verses from Rosalía de Castro's workFollas Novas. With the printing of this bill, Rosalía de Castro became, exceptingIsabella I of Castile, the only non-allegorical female to be placed on the obverse side of a Spanish bill.[58][59]
^Rosalia de Castro, Anna-Marie Aldaz, Barbara N. Gantt and Anne C. Bromley: "Poems by Rosalía de CastroArchived 2012-10-20 at theWayback Machine." Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 1991.
^Kathleen Kulp-Hill: "Rosalía de Castro." Boston: Twayne Publishers. 1977.
^Professor Takekazu Asaka talks about his learning of the Galician language and his translation to Japanese ofCantares Gallegos. InO Galego do Xapón onYouTube.
—————— (1997). "Un importante documento para a biografía de Rosalía de Castro".Grial (in Galician) (136):479–501.
—————— (1999). "Sobre as orixes de Rosalía de Castro: a inclusa de Santiago de Compostela e o caso de Josefa Laureana de Castro".A Trabe de Ouro (in Galician) (39).
Blas, Ceferino de (2013).Rosalía de Castro y Faro de Vigo en el 150 aniversario de Cantares Gallegos (in Spanish).ISBN978-84-616-5429-1.
Pimentel, Pascoaes, Carballo, G.-Sabell, Prado, F. de la Vega, Piñeiro, Rof and Lorenzana (1952).7 ensayos sobre Rosalía. Galaxia.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Rodríguez Sánchez, Francisco (2011).Rosalía de Castro, estranxeira na súa patria (a persoa e a obra de onte a hoxe) (in Galician). AS-PG.ISBN978-84-89679-99-3.
Vilavedra, Dolores, ed. (1995).Diccionario da Literatura Galega (in Galician). Vol. I. Galaxia. pp. 127–130.ISBN84-8288-019-5.
——————, ed. (1997).Diccionario da Literatura Galega (in Galician). Vol. II. Galaxia.ISBN84-8288-137-X.
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