Rosaceae can be woody trees, shrubs, climbers or herbaceous plants.[12] The herbs are mostly perennials, but some annuals also exist, such asAphanes arvensis.[13]: 200 [14]
Theleaves are generally arrangedspirally, but have an opposite arrangement in some species. They can be simple orpinnately compound (either odd- or even-pinnate). Compound leaves appear in around 30 genera. The leaf margin is most often serrate. Pairedstipules are generally present and are considered a primitive feature within the family, though they have been independently lost in many groups of Amygdaloideae (previously called Spiraeoideae).[15] The stipules are sometimes adnate (attached surface to surface)[16] to thepetiole. Glands orextrafloral nectaries may be present on leaf margins or petioles. Spines may be present on the midrib of leaflets and the rachis of compound leaves.
Flowers of plants in the rose family are generally described as "showy".[17] They areradially symmetrical, and almost always hermaphroditic. Rosaceae generally have fivesepals,five petals, and many spirally arrangedstamens. The bases of the sepals, petals, and stamens are fused together to form a characteristic cup-like structure called ahypanthium. They can be arranged inspikes, orheads. Solitary flowers are rare. Rosaceae have a variety of color petals, but blue is almost completely absent.[12]
The family was traditionally divided into six subfamilies:Rosoideae,Spiraeoideae,Maloideae (Pomoideae),Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Neuradoideae, and Chrysobalanoideae, and most of these were treated as families by various authors.[19][20] Later (1971),Chrysobalanoideae was placed inMalpighiales andNeuradoideae has been assigned toMalvales. Schulze-Menz, in Engler's Syllabus edited by Melchior (1964), recognized Rosoideae, Dryadoideae, Lyonothamnoideae, Spireoideae, Amygdaloideae, and Maloideae.[21] They were primarily diagnosed by the structure of the fruits. More recent work has identified that not all of these groups weremonophyletic. Hutchinson (1964)[22] and Kalkman (2004)[23] recognized only tribes (17 and 21, respectively). Takhtajan (1997) delimited 21 tribes in 10 subfamilies:[4] Filipenduloideae, Rosoideae, Ruboideae, Potentilloideae, Coleogynoideae, Kerroideae, Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Spireoideae, Maloideae (Pyroideae), Dichotomanthoideae. A more modern model comprises three subfamilies, one of which (Rosoideae) has largely remained the same.
While the boundaries of the Rosaceae are not disputed, there is no general agreement as to how many genera it contains. Areas of divergent opinion include the treatment ofPotentilla s.l. andSorbus s.l.. Compounding the problem is thatapomixis is common in several genera. This results in an uncertainty in the number of species contained in each of these genera, due to the difficulty of dividing apomictic complexes into species. For example,Cotoneaster contains between 70 and 300 species,Rosa around 100 (including the taxonomically complexdog roses),Sorbus 100 to 200 species,Crataegus between 200 and 1,000,Alchemilla around 300 species,Potentilla roughly 500, andRubus hundreds, or possibly even thousands of species.
SubfamilyRosoideae: Traditionally composed of those genera bearingaggregate fruits that are made up of small achenes ordrupelets, and often the fleshy part of the fruit (e.g.strawberry) is thereceptacle or the stalk bearing the carpels. The circumscription is now narrowed (excluding, for example, the Dryadoideae), but it still remains a diverse group containing five or six tribes and 20 or more genera, including rose,Rubus (blackberry, raspberry),Fragaria (strawberry),Potentilla, andGeum.
SubfamilyAmygdaloideae: Within this group remains an identified clade with a pome fruit, traditionally known as subfamily Maloideae (or Pyroideae) which included genera such asMalus (apple),Cotoneaster, andCrataegus (hawthorn). To separate it at the subfamily level would leave the remaining genera as aparaphyletic group, so it has been expanded to include the former Spiraeoideae and Amygdaloideae.[15] The subfamily has sometimes been referred to by the name "Spiraeoideae", but this is not permitted by theInternational Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.
Amygdaloideae has been identified as theearliest branching subfamily by Chin et al. (2014),[24] Li et al. (2015),[25] Li et al. (2016),[26] and Sun et al. (2016).[27] Most recently Zhang et al. (2017) recovered these relationships using wholeplastid genomes:[28]
The sister relationship between Dryadoideae and Rosoideae is supported by the following shared morphological characters not found in Amygdaloideae: presence of stipules, separation of thehypanthium from theovary, and the fruits are usually achenes.[28]
Dryadoideae has been identified as the earliest branching subfamily by Evans et al. (2002)[29] and Potter (2003).[30] Most recently Xiang et al. (2017) recovered these relationships usingnucleartranscriptomes:[31]
Rosoideae has been identified as the earliest branching subfamily by Morgan et al. (1994),[32] Evans (1999),[33] Potter et al. (2002),[34] Potter et al. (2007),[15] Töpel et al. (2012),[35] and Chen et al. (2016).[36] The following is taken from Potter et al. (2007):[15]
The sister relationship between Amygdaloideae and Dryadoideae is supported by the following shared biochemical characters not found in Rosoideae: production ofcyanogenic glycosides and production ofsorbitol.[28]
The Rosaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found nearly everywhere except for Antarctica. They are primarily concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere in regions that are not desert or tropical rainforest.[9]
However, several genera are also introduced noxious weeds in some parts of the world, costing money to be controlled. Theseinvasive plants can have negative impacts on the diversity of local ecosystems once established. Such naturalised pests includeAcaena,Cotoneaster,Crataegus, andPyracantha.[10]
In Bulgaria and parts of western Asia, the production of rose oil from fresh flowers such asRosa damascena,Rosa gallica, and other species is an important economic industry.[12]
^abcHeywood, V.H.; Brummitt, R.K.; Culham, A.; Seberg, O. (2007).Flowering Plant Families of the World. Ontario, Canada: Firefly Books. pp. 280–282.ISBN978-1-55407-206-4.
^Stace, C. A. (2019).New Flora of the British Isles (Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics.ISBN978-1-5272-2630-2.
^Caratini, Roger. La Vie de plantes. 1971. Encyclopédie Bordas.
^Lawrence, G.H.M. 1960.Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Macmillan.
^Schulze-Menz GK. (1964). "Rosaceae". In Melchior H (ed.).Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. II (12 ed.). Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger. pp. 209–218.
^Hutchinson J. (1964).The Genera of Flowering Plants. Vol. 1, Dicotyledons. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1–516.
^Kalkman C. (2004). "Rosaceae". In Kubitzki K (ed.).Flowering plants—Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. 6 (1 ed.). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 343–386.doi:10.1007/978-3-662-07257-8.ISBN978-3-540-06512-8.S2CID12809916.
^Evans RC, Campbell C, Potter D, Morgan D, Eriksson T, Alice L, Oh SH, Bortiri E, Gao F, Smedmark J, Arsenault M (2–7 August 2002). "A Rosaceae phylogeny".Abstracts. Botany 2002—Botany in the Curriculum: Integrating Research and Teaching. Madison, Wisconsin: Botanical Society of America, St. Louis. p. 108.
^Potter D. (2003). "Molecular phylogenetic studies in Rosaceae". In Sharma AK, Sharma A (eds.).Plant Genome: Biodiversity and Evolution. Vol. 1, Part A: Phanerogams. Enfield, NH: Scientific Publications. pp. 319–351.ISBN978-1-578-08238-4.
^Chen ZD, Yan T, Lin L, Lu LM, Li HL, Sun M, Liu B, Chen M, Niu YT, Ye JF, Cao ZY, Liu HM, Wang XM, Wang W, Zhang JB, Meng Z, Cao W, Li JH, Wu SD, Zhao HL, Liu ZJ, Du ZY, Wan QF, Guo J, Tan XX, Su JX, Zhang LJ, Yang LL, Liao YY, Li MH, Zhang GQ, Chung SW, Zhang J, Xiang KL, Li RQ, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Zhou SL, Ran JH, Wang XQ, Jin XH, Chen YS, Gao TG, Li JH, Zhang SZ, Lu AM, et al. (China Phylogeny Consortium) (2016)."Tree of life for the genera of Chinese vascular plants".Journal of Systematics and Evolution.54 (4):277–306.Bibcode:2016JSyEv..54..277C.doi:10.1111/jse.12219.
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