| Rosa roxburghii | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Unripe hip | |
 | |
| Habit | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | Rosa |
| Species: | R. roxburghii |
| Binomial name | |
| Rosa roxburghii | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
List
| |
Rosa roxburghii (burr rose,chestnut rose,chinquapin rose, orcili), is a species of flowering plant in the familyRosaceae, native to the eastern Himalayas, Tibet, and central and southern China.[1][2] In the wild, it is found in thickets, mountain forests, on slopes, and alongside streams, typically 500 to 1,400 m (1,600 to 4,600 ft) above sea level.[3] A diffuse shrub capable of reaching 8 m (26 ft) but usually shorter, it is available from commercial suppliers.[4] In China, it is cultivated for itsvitamin C-rich hips on 170,000 ha (420,000 acres), mostly inGuizhou.[5]
It was dedicated toWilliam Roxburgh, a Scottish physician and botanist who was director of theCalcutta Botanical Garden.
Three forms have been recognized:Rosa roxburghii f.roxburghii, which has double or semi-double, reddish or pink flowers 5–6 cm (2.0–2.4 in) in diametre, Rosa roxburghii f.normalis Rehder & E. H. Wilson (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 2: 318. 1915), which has simple, pink flowers 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) in diametre and also,Rosa roxburghii f.hirtula (Regel) (Rehder and Wilson), flowers single, pale pink or lilac-pink from Japan.
R. roxburghii is also known commonly as the 'sweet chestnut rose', the 'chestnut rose',[6][7] the 'burr rose', and the 'chinquapin rose'.[8][9][10]
It gets its common name 'chestnut rose' from the large burredhips that look likechestnuts.[11]
It was originally found in China in the early 1800s, where it had been growing for generations,[8][12][10] and it is rarely grown in European gardens.[12] It was then introduced to the botanic garden inCalcutta around 1824.
In 1823, Trattinick changed the name of a species of rose. It was originally namedRosa microphylla byDr. William Roxburgh (1751-1815) in 1820, becauseRené Louiche Desfontaines had previously applied the namemicrophylla to an unrelated European species of rose in 1798. It then becameRosa roxburghii,[13][14] and Trattinick published this name change in 'Rosacearum monographia' on page 233 in 1823.[1][15][16]Rosacearum monographia ('Monograph of the Rose Family') covered generic and species descriptions of plants in the rose family, although it was not illustrated.[17]
The specific epithet was spelledroxbourgii in theprotologue,[3] butroxburghii is more commonly used.[13][18]
The etymological root of the binomial nameRosa is from the ancientLatin name for the rose. The Latinspecific epithet ofRoxburghii was named afterJohn Roxburgh (1770s–1820s), an occasional overseer ofCalcutta Botanic Garden.[19]
It was verified asRosa roxburghii byUnited States Department of Agriculture and theAgricultural Research Service on 15 February 1996,[15] and is listed asRosa roxburghii in theEncyclopedia of Life.[18]
Rosa roxburghii f.normalis is an accepted name by theRHS and listed in the RHS Plant Finder book.[20]
It is also often sold under the nameRosa roxburghii 'plena'.[21][22][23] Normally, advertised as a medium pink double form,[10] but a deeper pink version is available from nurseries.[11]
It belongs to the section 'Microphyllae' which also includes the Japanese species,R. hirtula.[24]
Aftergene sequencing was carried out it was found thatR. roxburghii is closely related toRosa odorata var. gigantea.[25]
Rosa roxburghii isnative totemperate areas of eastern Asia, within China and Japan.[26][27][15]
Found within China,[2][28][29] it is found in theprovinces ofAnhui,Zhejiang,Fujian,Hunan,Hubei,Gansu,Jiangxi,Guizhou,[2][30]Shaanxi,Sichuan,[24]Yunnan,[24]Guangxi andXinjiang.[3][15]
It is found growing in various habitats, including mountain forests, thickets, slopes, stream sides,[3][19] semi-arid river valleys, waysides,[6] and on roadsides. In China, it is commonly found on banks betweenrice fields, where it can obtain plenty of water during the summer.[2][24]
They can be found at an altitude of 500–2,500 m (1,600–8,200 ft) above sea level.[3]
Rosa roxburghii has various uses, including as anornamental,[3] as a food source,[31] and intraditional medicine.[15][27]
The edible fruits have a sweet, sour taste. The species is cultivated for its showy flowers, or as a hedge because of its abundant prickles.[3]
Rosa roxburghii andRosa sterilis have edible fruits eaten since 1765.[32] The fruit (rosehips) can be eaten raw or cooked,[33] and has a sweet and sour taste.[3]The fruit is rich invitamin E[34] andvitamin C.[2] The vitamin C content is 5-7% of the total fruit mass.[35][better source needed]
Thephytochemical characteristics of the fruit include 135volatile organic compounds and 59 compounds inmethanolextracts, including 13 organic acids,[29] 12flavonoids, 11triterpenes, nineamino acids, fivephenylpropanoid derivatives, four condensedtannins, twostilbenes, two benzaldehyde derivatives, and one benzoic acid derivative.[2][32][better source needed] Roxbins A and B were also found in the fruit.[36][37]
There is only a thin layer of edible flesh surrounding the many seeds. It can be ground into a powder, and mixed withflour or added to other foods as a supplement.[34][38] In China, it is the commercial source of rosehip powder.[35]
While being edible, there are some hazards of eatingRosa roxburghii. There is a layer of hairs around the seeds just beneath the flesh of the fruit. These hairs can cause irritation to the mouth and digestive tract if ingested.[6]
The Japanese name for the chestnut rose isizayoibara, (十六夜薔薇), where the termizayoi (十六夜) refers to the morphology of the flower lacking a petal, making it seem as if it has a notch at one side.[39]
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Other common names; chestnut rose, Chinquapin rose ... 3 suppliers