| Rorate caeli | |
|---|---|
_2010-07-14_290.jpg) Medieval manuscript of the Gregorian chant "Rorate caeli" | |
| Type | Mass |
| Classification | Catholic |
| Scripture | (Isaiah 45:8) |
| Other name | Rorate coeli |
"Rorate caeli" or "Rorate coeli" ('Drop down, ye heavens') are theopening words ofIsaiah 45:8 in theVulgate. The text appears at several points in theChristian liturgy of the Western Church duringAdvent.
The text is frequently sung toplainsong atMass and in the Divine Office during Advent where it gives expression to the longings of Patriarchs and Prophets, and symbolically of the Church, for the coming of theMessiah. Throughout Advent it occurs daily as theversicle andresponse after the hymn atVespers.[1]
The text is used in theextraordinary form of the Roman Rite:[1]
The Introitplainsong may be found in the various editions of theRoman Gradual and the Solesmes "Liber Usualis", p. 125. Under the heading, "Prayer of the Churches of France during Advent",Prosper Guéranger (Liturgical Year, Advent tr., Dublin, 1870, pp. 155–6) gives it as an antiphon to each of a series of prayers ("Ne irascaris", "Peccavimus", "Vide Domine", "Consolamini") expressive of penitence, expectation, comfort, and furnishes the Latin text and an English rendering of the Prayer. The Latin text and a different English rendering are also given in the Baltimore "Manual of Prayers" (pp. 603–4). A plain-song setting of the "Prayer", or series of prayers, is given in the Solesmes "Manual of Gregorian Chant" (Rome-Tournai, 1903, 313–5) in plain-song notation, and in a slightly simpler form in modern notation in the "Roman Hymnal" (New York, 1884, pp. 140–3), as also in "Les principaux chants liturgiques" (Paris, 1875, pp. 111–2) and "Recueil d'anciens et de nouveaux cantiques notés" (Paris, 1886, pp. 218–9).[1]
In the seventeenth century,Rorate was arranged into a hymn combining the traditional text with other scriptural passages used in the liturgy for Advent. The earliest known version is in the OratorianOfficia Propria (1673); it also appears in French diocesan rites, such as the Rouen Processional of 1729 and 1763.[2]
The hymn was popularized in English by theEnglish Hymnal. In theBook of Hymns (Edinburgh, 1910), p. 4, W. Rooke-Ley translates the text in connection with theO Antiphons ('Mystic dew from heaven Unto earth is given: / Break, O earth, a Saviour yield—Fairest flower of the field').[1] The text also forms the basis for the hymn 'O Heiland, reiß die Himmel auf'.
The traditional English translation of the text is from theEnglish Hymnal (except for the third verse, and with the last verse modified here to follow the Latin).
In addition to traditional plainsong,musical settings of theRorate coeli have been composed by, amongst others,Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1572),Jacob Handl (1586),William Byrd (1605) andHeinrich Schütz (1639).[3]
Settings of the English text,Drop down ye heavens, have been written by a number of composers, includingJudith Weir (written in 1983 for the choir ofTrinity College Chapel, Cambridge),[4] Andrew Cusworth[5] andRichard Hey Lloyd (1979).[6]
| Latin | English |
|---|---|
| Roráte caéli désuper, et núbes plúant jústum. | Drop down, ye heavens, from above, and let the skies pour down righteousness. |
Ne irascáris Dómine, | Be not wroth very sore, O Lord, |
Peccávimus, et fácti súmus tamquam immúndus nos, | We have sinned, and are as an unclean thing, |
Víde Dómine afflictiónem pópuli túi, | Behold, O Lord, the affliction of thy people, |
Vos testes mei, dicit Dóminus, | Ye are my witnesses, saith the Lord, |
Consolámini, consolámini, pópule méus: | Comfort ye, comfort ye my people; |
The Rorate Mass got its proper name from thefirst word of theIntroit (Entrance antiphon): "Rorate caeli désuper et nubes pluant justum" ("Drop down dew, ye heavens, from above, and let the clouds rain the just").
In the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite, this Mass is celebrated very early in the morning on Saturdays during Advent. In some areas, it is celebrated on several or even all weekdays during Advent (the Votive Mass ofOur Lady in Advent). This custom faded after liturgical changes that occurred after theSecond Vatican Council.
The Rorate Mass is a Votive Mass in honor of the Virgin Mary for the season of Advent. It has a long tradition in the Catholic Church, especially in German-speaking areas.[7] The Masses had to begin relatively early in the morning when it was still dark due to winter-time and were said by candlelight.[7]
"Rorate Mass" is, originally, the name for avotive Mass of theBlessed Virgin in Advent, named by itsintroit (the sameRorate coeli as above). As such, its liturgical color is white. It is a tradition to celebrate such Rorate Masses in the early morning (before sunrise), accompanied bycandle light in an otherwise dark church. In theordinary form of the Roman Rite, it is often replaced by a Mass with the liturgical texts of the corresponding Advent weekday (consequently with violet vestments), or possibly the day's saint, but with the rest of the Rorate Mass traditions.
The Rorate Mass originated during the course of the Middle Ages as one of the various popular Advent devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary which were then developed.[8] As one of the themes of Advent is the Incarnation of Jesus Christ, the emergence of these devotions to the Blessed Virgin was natural. The Rorate Mass, in particular, was a favorite of the people. TheIntroit Antiphon, theEpistle, theGradual,Gospel, andCommunion Antiphon of the Rorate Mass were taken from the Mass ofEmber Wednesday in Advent, theOffertory was taken from the Fourth Sunday of Advent, and the orations (prayers) from theFeast of the Annunciation.
The Rorate Mass was also known in the Middle Ages as theMissa aurea (the Golden Mass), because of the various promises added to it (varias enim promissiones adjungebant his Missis), and theMissa Angelica (the Angelic Mass) because of the Gospel reading which, recounting the Annunciation, opens with the words "Missus est Angelus Gábriel (The Angel Gabriel was sent)".
The Rorate Mass was celebrated in the following ways:
There is also the custom in "Austria, Switzerland, and Germany" that "families walked in the dark of the early morning, (carrying lamps, candles, or later, flashlights) to church, where Mass was celebrated and favorites Advents hymns were sung.".[10] This tradition is also alive in modern Poland; however, depending on local custom, it is celebrated either in the early morning or in the late evening of Advent weekdays.
"As a rule theBlessed Sacrament was exposed at the same time"[11] as the Rorate Mass was being said. This was still customary "in many places" in the 1960s.
There is the custom of singing three times the antiphon "Ecce, Dominus veniet" at the conclusion of the Rorate Mass. After the Last Gospel, the Priest (and ministers if it is a Solemn High Mass) goes to the center of the altar. He then intones the antiphon three times after which the antiphon is continued by those present. Each intonation is begun at higher pitch than the previous one. This mirrors the practice of the three-fold "Ecce Lignum Crucis" on Good Friday and the three-fold Alleluia at the Easter Vigil. The text of the antiphon reads: "Ecce Dominus veniet, et omnes sancti ejus cum eo: et erit in die illa lux magna, alleluia. / Behold, the Lord will come, and with Him all His saints; and on that day there shall be a great light, alleluia."[12] The "Ecce, Dominus veniet" is the third antiphon for the Office of the First Sunday of Advent. The reference to the great light is fitting for a Mass that was just conducted in candlelight and during which the sun has risen.
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Rorate Coeli".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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