Roorkee City | |
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City | |
| Roorkee City | |
Building_IIT-Roorkee.JPG)   From top: Main Administrative Building ofIIT Roorkee, TheEast India Company-era (1854) Ganeshpur Bridge over theGanges Canal and St. John's Church. | |
  Roorkee City Location in Uttarakhand, India | |
| Coordinates:29°52′29.49″N77°53′23.74″E / 29.8748583°N 77.8899278°E /29.8748583; 77.8899278 | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Uttarakhand |
| District | Haridwar |
| Founded | 1842 |
| Municipality | 1868 |
| Founded by | Proby Cautley |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipal Corporation |
| • Body | Roorkee Municipal Corporation |
| • Mayor | Anita Agarwal (BJP) |
| • Lok Sabha MP | Trivendra Singh Rawat (BJP) |
| • MLA | Pradip Batra (BJP) |
| • Municipal Commissioner | Vijay Nath Shukl,PCS |
| • Rank | 5 |
| Elevation | 275 m (902 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| • Metro | 132,889 |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Hindi |
| • Native | Kauravi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 247667 |
| Telephone code | +91-1332 |
| Vehicle registration | UK-17 |
| Sex ratio | 1.12[1]♂/♀ |
Roorkee (Rūṛkī;Hindi:[ɾuːɽkiː]), formerly also anglicized asRurki, is a city andmunicipal corporation in theHaridwar district of the state ofUttarakhand, India. It is 31 km (19 mi) fromHaridwar, the district headquarters. It is spread over a flat terrain under theSivalik Hills of theHimalayas. The city is developed on the banks of theGanges Canal, its dominant feature, which flows from north–south through the middle of the city.
Roorkee became part of theLandhaura estate of theGurjars in 1824 after the death ofRam Dayal Singh Gurjar[citation needed]. Roorkee is home to Asia's Second engineering college theIndian Institute of Technology Roorkee, formerly known as Thomson College of Civil Engineering[citation needed]. Roorkee is also known for theRoorkee Cantonment, one of the country's oldest military establishments and the headquarters ofBengal Engineer Group since 1853.[2]
Until 1824, Roorkee was part of Landhaura estate or kingship exercises by local Hindu rulers. The area was under control of Parmar (Panwar) chiefs in easternSaharanpur includingHaridwar in kingship of Raja Sabha Chandra ofJabarhera (Jhabrera).
In 1792Ram Dayal and his son Sawai Singh were ruling the area but due to family reasons Ramdayal left Jhabrera and went to Landhaura village and left Roorkee under the control of Raja Ramdayal Singh atLandhaura. There were two branches of Jhabrera State (riyasat), with main branch atJhabrera and the second one atLandhaura. Both father and son were ruling simultaneously without any conflicts until the death of Raja Sawai Singh ofJabarhera in 1803. After the death of Sawai Singh total control of powers transferred to Ram Dayal Singh at Landhaura.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
After the death ofRaja Ram Dayal Singh in 29 March 1813,[12][13][11] it was a part of theLandhaura princely state until 1824 when the British occupied it.[14]
Roorkee is listed in theAin-i-Akbari as apargana under thesarkar ofSaharanpur, producing a revenue of 12,234dams for the imperial treasury and supplying a force of 1200 infantry and 125 cavalry.[15]
Before 1840, the city was a tiny hamlet consisting of mud huts on the banks of the Solani rivulet.[16] Digging work on theUpper Ganges Canal formally began in April 1842, under the aegis ofProby Cautley, a British officer. Local works were designed and overseen by the engineerThomas Login.[17] Soon, Roorkee developed into a town. The canal, which was formally opened on 8 April 1854, provided irrigation waters for more than 767,000 acres (310,000 ha) in 5,000 villages.[18]
Col. P.T. Cautley, an officer in the British Army, was most instrumental in constructing the canal. According to Dept. of Hydrology, the canal, which is still considered as a marvel of engineering, was built in 1853. However, water was released in the canal on 8 April 1854.
To look after the maintenance of the canal, the Canal Workshop and Iron Foundry were established in 1843 on the civil lines of the canal bank. This was followed by the establishment of a Civil Engineering School; classes started in 1845[16] to train local youth to assist in the civil-engineering work of the Upper Ganges Canal.[19] This was to become the first engineering college established in India.[20] On 25 November 1847, the college was formally constituted through a proposal by the Sir James Thomason, Lt. Governor of North-Western Province (1843–53).[16] After his death in 1853, the college was rechristened asThomason College of Civil Engineering. The college later renamed toUniversity of Roorkee in 1949; on 21 September 2001, through an Act of Parliament, it was made one of theIndian Institutes of Technology,IIT Roorkee.[21] In 1853 Bengal Sappers and Miners were stationed here which provided a controlling influence during the1857 uprising. Under the Post Office Act of 1866, it was among the first few towns to have a post office and first telegraph office in the district. In 1886, Roorkee was placed on the rail map of India. In 1907, the first provincial trunk road from Meerut-Roorkee-Dehradun was constructed. In 1920, Roorkee became the first town inUttar Pradesh to havehydroelectricity.
India's first aqueduct was constructed over the Solani river, near Roorkee as part of theGanges Canal project, which itself was India's first irrigation work in North India.[22] In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built by Proby Cautley in Roorkee to transport construction materials for the Ganges canal. It was operated by theBengal Sappers. A steam engine,Jenny Lind, (specially shipped from England moved on rails in India), pulled a freight train that ran in Roorkee on 22 December 1851 between Roorkee andPiran Kaliyar, 10 km (6.2 mi) from the city, two years before the first passenger trains were started betweenBombay and Thana in 1853 and 14 years after the first freight trains ran in Chennai in 1837.[23] A replica of what the locomotive is thought to have looked like is exhibited at Roorkee Railway Station.
The municipality of Roorkee was created in 1868.[16] It had been home to theBengal Sappers and Miners since 1853, and two artillery units were stationed there.[16] Today, theRoorkee Cantonment has a large army base. TheBengal Engineering Group and Centre (BEG&C) are still there today.
In 1901, when the city had a population of 17,197, it was made the headquarters of the RoorkeeTehsil, in theSaharanpur district of theUnited Province of theBritish Raj; the tehsil included 426 villages (of theparganas of Jwalapur,Manglaur and Bhagwanpur) and six towns, the most important among them beingHaridwar andManglaur.[18] The Old Cemetery in the city is a protected monument, by theArchaeological Survey of India.[24]
Roorkee is located at29°52′N77°53′E / 29.87°N 77.88°E /29.87; 77.88.[25] It has an average elevation of 268 metres (879 ft).
Roorkee is 184.3 kilometres (114.5 mi) north of the Indian capital,New Delhi, between the riversGanges andYamuna, close to the foothills of theHimalayas. It is 65 kilometres away fromDehradun (the capital of Uttarakhand), 30 km (19 mi) fromHaridwar and 48 km (30 mi) away fromMuzaffarnagar. Before the creation ofUttarakhand on 9 November 2000,[26] Roorkee was a part of the state ofUttar Pradesh.
The city is located in the Roorkee plain which is composed of recent alluvium with a gentle slope. As per the census of 2011, the region is spread over 129.88 km2 (50.15 sq mi).[27]
There are a total of 106 villages in the Roorkee community development block of Hardwar. The total population of Roorkee block is 301,268 with a male population of 158,879 and a female population of 142,389. There are 51,329 households in Roorkee block.[28]
Roorkee has a monsoon-influencedhumid subtropical climate (KöppenCwa), typical of the northern Indo-Gangetic plain. There are three seasons. A sweltering, dry “hot” season begins in mid-March and extends until mid-June with steadily increasing humidity and discomfort. From mid-June until the end of September the southwest monsoon gives the “wet” season with a total of around 770 millimetres (30 in) of rainfall or about-four-fifths of the annual total. This monsoonal rain is accompanied by hot temperatures, very warm mornings, and extremely uncomfortable humidity. From early October the “cool” season begins as the monsoon retreats, featuring warm to very warm afternoons, cool mornings, and moderate humidity. Occasionally western disturbances between January and March will bring a little rainfall during this season, although the average total from October to March is only 145 millimetres or 5.7 inches.
| Climate data for Roorkee (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2012) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 30.1 (86.2) | 31.9 (89.4) | 39.0 (102.2) | 43.8 (110.8) | 47.4 (117.3) | 46.7 (116.1) | 45.0 (113.0) | 39.8 (103.6) | 38.3 (100.9) | 38.3 (100.9) | 33.9 (93.0) | 30.5 (86.9) | 47.4 (117.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.1 (66.4) | 23.6 (74.5) | 29.6 (85.3) | 35.4 (95.7) | 38.0 (100.4) | 37.2 (99.0) | 33.6 (92.5) | 32.9 (91.2) | 32.5 (90.5) | 31.4 (88.5) | 27.1 (80.8) | 22.1 (71.8) | 30.0 (86.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.4 (43.5) | 9.2 (48.6) | 14.1 (57.4) | 18.9 (66.0) | 23.1 (73.6) | 24.9 (76.8) | 25.4 (77.7) | 24.9 (76.8) | 23.4 (74.1) | 18.0 (64.4) | 11.8 (53.2) | 7.7 (45.9) | 16.9 (62.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.1 (30.0) | −2.2 (28.0) | 2.8 (37.0) | 7.2 (45.0) | 11.1 (52.0) | 16.1 (61.0) | 18.8 (65.8) | 19.0 (66.2) | 15.2 (59.4) | 8.9 (48.0) | 2.2 (36.0) | −0.7 (30.7) | −2.2 (28.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 27.7 (1.09) | 45.9 (1.81) | 26.5 (1.04) | 10.1 (0.40) | 23.6 (0.93) | 82.6 (3.25) | 263.6 (10.38) | 280.6 (11.05) | 192.8 (7.59) | 14.3 (0.56) | 2.5 (0.10) | 9.4 (0.37) | 979.7 (38.57) |
| Average rainy days | 1.8 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 4.2 | 8.9 | 10.8 | 6.6 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 42.9 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%)(at 17:30IST) | 68 | 59 | 47 | 39 | 40 | 51 | 72 | 76 | 72 | 62 | 65 | 66 | 60 |
| Source:India Meteorological Department[29][30][31] | |||||||||||||
The Roorkee Tehsil is the most populous among the three Tehsils in the Haridwar District with 45% of its population categorized as urban.[27] According to the2011 census Roorkee city has apopulation of 392,000,[citation needed] within the area of 8.11 square kilometres.[32] The average literacy rate of Roorkee is 89.48%.[citation needed] The sex ratio of the town as-of 2011, is 863 for all age groups while between the age 0–6 it is 820.[27]
For administrative purposes, the Roorkee city is part of the Haridwar district's Roorkee Tehsil.[32] The city falls under the Roorkee Legislative Assembly constituency, which is one of the seventy electoralUttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India.[33]
The governance of Roorkee city is done by the Roorkee Municipal Corporation (RMC) which falls under Roorkee Metropolitan Region. According to the 2011 census, the RMC covers an areas of 28.91 km2 (11.16 sq mi) with a 1.84 lakh population. The RMC is administered through the Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1959, which was adopted and amended by Uttarakhand. The act is administered by the Urban Development Department (UDD), part of the Government of Uttarakhand.[34]
The council is formed every five years through ward councillors's elections and it holds the highest authority within the Urban Local Body (ULB) to make decisions. The council is headed by a Mayor, who is elected by the Ward Councillors from 40 municipal wards. A Municipal Commissioner (MC) is appointed by the state who is responsible for the operations of the ULB. The RMC is responsible for city related civic services like cleanliness of the city, solid waste management, maintenance of gardens/dividers/circles, street light, bio-medical waste, and all storm water and wastewater drainage.[34]
The RMC has 40 wards with a voter population of 14.05 lakh voters- split between nearly 7.26 lakh men and 6.79 lakh women voters.[35] The major political parties which are active in the local elections are Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP), Indian National Congress (INC), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP).[36]
Roorkee is an industrial base of Haridwar district. It is partially industrialized. Its main industries are ship part manufacturing, surveying, drawing and mechanical instrument manufacturing. It has a GDP of US$112 million.[27]
The major languages spoken in Roorkee areHindi 72%,Urdu 23%,Punjabi 3%, and English 2%.[37]
Roorkee travel guide from Wikivoyage| International | |
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| National | |
