| Rome | |
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| Genre | Historical drama |
| Created by | |
| Starring | |
| Composer | Jeff Beal |
| Country of origin |
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| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 22(list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |
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| Cinematography |
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| Running time | 44–65 minutes |
| Production companies |
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| Original release | |
| Network | |
| Release | 28 August 2005 (2005-08-28) – 25 March 2007 (2007-03-25) |
Rome is an American-Britishhistorical drama television series created byJohn Milius,William J. MacDonald, andBruno Heller. The series is set in the 1st century BC, duringAncient Rome's transition fromRepublic toEmpire. The series features a sprawlingcast of characters, many based on real figures from historical records, but the lead protagonists are two soldiers namedLucius Vorenus andTitus Pullo, who find their lives intertwined with key historical events.
An international co-production between the United States, the United Kingdom and Italy, the series was filmed in various locations, but most notably in theCinecittà studios in Rome, Italy. The show, consisting of two seasons for a total of 22 episodes, aired onHBO, andBBC Two from 28 August 2005 to 25 March 2007, and was later released on DVD andBlu-ray.
Rome received largely positive reviews and had a high number of viewers. It received substantial media attention from the start, becoming a ratings success for HBO and the BBC (although the numbers declined considerably in the second season) and being honoured withnumerous awards, including fourEmmy Awards, sevenPrimetime Emmy Awards, and aVisual Effects Society Award. The series ran for two seasons out of the planned five due to high production cost; much of the material for the third and fourth seasons was telescoped into the second season.[1] The series has been praised for high detail of accuracy and scenery of its daily life, including both its Roman and Egyptian language used in the script.
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The series primarily chronicles the lives and deeds of the rich, powerful, and historically significant, but it also focuses on the lives, fortunes, families, and acquaintances of two common men: Lucius Vorenus and Titus Pullo, fictionalized versions of apair of Roman soldiers mentioned inCaesar'sCommentarii de Bello Gallico.[2] The fictional Vorenus and Pullo manage to witness and often influence many of the historical events presented in the series, although somedramatic license is taken.
The first season depicts Julius Caesar'scivil war of 49 BC against the traditionalist conservative faction in theRoman Senate (theOptimates), his rise todictatorship over Rome, and his fall, spanning the time from the end of hisGallic Wars (52 BC or 701ab urbe condita) untilhis assassination on 15 March 44 BC (the infamousIdes of March). Against the backdrop of these cataclysmic events, we also see the early years of the young Octavian, who is destined to becomeAugustus, the first Emperor of Rome. The second season chronicles thepower struggle between Octavian andMark Antony following Caesar's assassination, spanning the period from Caesar's death in 44 BC to thesuicide of Antony andCleopatra in 30 B.C. after their defeat at theBattle of Actium.
Thirty-eight actors are credited in the show's opening credits when they appear, with onlyKevin McKidd,Ray Stevenson,Polly Walker,Kerry Condon andJames Purefoy appearing in every episode.
| Series | Episodes | Originally released | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First released | Last released | |||
| 1 | 12 | 28 August 2005 (2005-08-28) | 20 November 2005 (2005-11-20) | |
| 2 | 10 | 14 January 2007 (2007-01-14) | 25 March 2007 (2007-03-25) | |
William J. MacDonald andJohn Milius pitched the idea toHBO as aminiseries, but the network made it a full-fledged series.[3] In 2002, HBO and theBBC agreed to co-produce the series, committing a US$100–110 million (£62.7 million) budget to the production of twelve 1-hour episodes, with HBO contributing $85 million, and the BBC contributing $15 million.[4] The BBC contributed £800,000 to every episode ofRome in its first season.[5]Rome is the largest co-produced series with the American film market in theBBC's history. The series also marked the first series on which HBO and the BBC worked together as co-producers, although the two companies had worked together in other roles in earlier series, includingBand of Brothers andThe Gathering Storm.[6]
Tranter from the BBC has said this about the development ofRome: "It felt like something that could have been developed by us, and HBO felt like natural partners for the BBC".[6][7] On 20 April 2006, Carolyn Strauss, president of HBO announced the development of a second season forRome.[8]
The filmmakers stressed that they wanted to portray Rome as a gritty and realistic city as opposed to what they call the "Hollyrome" presentation that audiences are used to from other films, with "cleanliness and marble and togas that looked pressed."[9]
Between March 2004 and May 2005Rome was filmed in co-production withRai Fiction in the Italian countryside onCinecittà studios' six sound stages in Rome. A collection of massive sets in Cinecittà studios' back lots comprised an elaborate "period reconstruction" of sections ofancient Rome.[10] It was a huge undertaking, with an international crew of 350, and more than 50 local Italian interns.
The production is regarded as one of the most expensive in the history of television. Funding was partly employed to recreate a detailed set featuring a number of Roman Villas, the Forum, and a vast slum area of the ancient city of Rome. A significant part of this set was later destroyed by a fire that burned down a portion of the Cinecittà Studios in 2007.[11] According to HBO, the fire started after they had finished filming the second season.[12] A portion of the set was also used in late 2007 by the crew of the long-running BBC sci-fi drama seriesDoctor Who, for the fourth-season episode "The Fires of Pompeii".
Audio commentary on the Season 1 DVD indicates that many of thebackground performers used in the series were also their true professional counterparts. One example is that the actor shown in the series working as a butcher on the streets of Rome was in fact a real-life butcher.[13]
The series was filmed with the Panasonic SDX 900DVCPro 50 professionalcamcorder in widescreenprogressive scan mode at 25 frames/s. Mark Hedgecoe, the series producer, said that astandard definition format had been chosen largely because it had not required using an external monitor for precise focusing, thus speeding up the shooting. In his opinion, the camera delivered better footage thanDigiBeta and provided rich,filmic feel, which was well-suited to capturing the gritty reality of the Roman Empire.[14]
In a separate move, the BBC also decided to re-edit the first three episodes (all directed by Michael Apted) into two episodes. The BBC claimed that this was because the British audience were more familiar with the history of Rome than their American counterparts and so much of the history was unnecessary; however, Apted claims that the purpose was to boost the ratings by increasing the prominence of the scenes of sex and violence. In an interview withThe Times, Apted said:
I'm really pissed off with the BBC for bringing down my first three episodes to two and, in doing so, taking out much of the vital politics. What also makes me very grumpy is that I was told that the cuts had been introduced by the BBC because they thought British viewers already knew the historical background. But all that's happened as far as the viewer is concerned is that it has madeRome hard to follow.[15]
Apted also said that he only learned of the edits by accident, "...a couple of weeks ago when one of the actors told me". Since then, the original uncut Season 1 episodes aired on UKTV Drama, coincident with the UK broadcast of Season 2 on BBC Two.
The Italian broadcast of the series was also marred by controversy. Strong language was removed in the Italian dubbing process; as for the more explicitsex scenes and disturbing violence, they were replaced by "safe" alternative versions shot during production especially for the Italian market.[16]Rai 4 began showing the "complete version" of the series on Italian TV in September 2009.[17]
ComposerJeff Beal was invited to audition forRome after he completed work onHBO'sCarnivàle. The producers sent him a short edit of season 1 episode 7. From that, Beal began writing a demo score. Based on head writerBruno Heller's desired gritty pre-Christian feel for the series, and HBO's interest in a non-modern sound, Beal chose to compose and record with live instruments from across the ancient Roman world. For each episode, Beal had about two weeks to work: in the first, he composed for – and recorded – the instruments he performed on the soundtrack. In the second week, he incorporated producer's notes, and orchestrated and recorded the other live instrumental sections.[18]
Rome's first season originally aired onHBO in the United States between 28 August and 20 November 2005, subsequently being broadcast on the United Kingdom'sBBC Two between 2 November 2005 and 4 January 2006. The second season aired on HBO in the US from 14 January 2007 to 25 March 2007.
The series was launched in the United States on 25 August 2005, at Wadsworth Theatre in Los Angeles. HBO broadcast the series pilot "The Stolen Eagle" four days later. According to theNielsen ratings system, the pilot broadcast was seen by 3.8 million viewers and achieved a 9.1 household rating for Sunday primetime.[19][20] HBO re-aired the pilot 11 times in the week following 28 August 2005 premiere, garnering a total viewership of 8.9 million for all 11 airings.[20] After the broadcast of only three first-season episodes, HBO announced plans to produce a second season ofRome in 2006, for release in March 2007.[21] HBO aired each episode multiple times a week, and by the end of the first season, the total weekly audience for all airings exceeded seven million viewers.[22] The second season premiered in January 2007, with the first episode attracting 1.5 million viewers.[23] The final episode aired 25 March 2007 in the US, garnering 2.4 million viewers.[24]
In total, HBO spent about $10 million US$ to promoteRome. HBO enlisted theMozilla Firefox web browser in its marketing campaign for the series by designing a downloadable customRome Firefoxtheme.[25]BBC Two premieredRome in the United Kingdom on 2 November 2005, attracting 6.6 million viewers (27%); viewing figures declined in future episodes, with the season finale only attracting 3 million viewers (13%).[26] The first episode of the second season aired on BBC Two on 20 June 2007.
A "sanitized" version of the first series ofRome – with toned-down nudity and violence – aired onRai 2 in Italy, garnering only a meager 10% audience share. RAI also stated to have co-produced the show, whereas HBO listed only itself and BBC as co-producers.[27] The Italian newspaper,Corriere della Sera called it a "prime example of historical misinformation", and called actorCiarán Hinds (Julius Caesar) a "parody". The paper also called the relationship betweenAtia of the Julii (Polly Walker) andMark Antony (James Purefoy) "ridiculous".[28] The second series was never broadcast at all on analog TV; however, starting from October 2009,digital-only channelRai 4 broadcast the original uncut version of the first series and went on to broadcast the second series unaltered as well.
HBO chairman Chris Albrecht announced in a July 2006 news conference that season two ofRome would be its last, citing the fact that the series (called "notoriously expensive" byBroadcasting & Cable) had been developed under a two-year contract with the BBC that would have been difficult for the BBC to extend due to the series' cost.[29][30] Of the storyline, co-creator Heller said:
I discovered halfway through writing the second season the show was going to end. The second was going to end with the death of Brutus. Third and fourth season would be set in Egypt. Fifth was going to be the rise of the Messiah in Palestine. But because we got the heads-up that the second season would be it, I telescoped the third and fourth season into the second one, which accounts for the blazing speed we go through history near the end. There's certainly more than enough history to go around.[1]
In a February 2008 interview with Movieweb.com, actor Ray Stevenson stated that aRome film was in development, with Heller working on a script.[31] Heller confirmed in December that there was "talk of doing a movie version", adding that "It's moving along. It's not there until it is there. I would love to round that show off".[1] In an April 2009 interview with theAssociated Press, actor Kevin McKidd stated theRome film was "in development", and Lucius Vorenus would likely be a part of it.[32] McKidd said in a later 2009 interview, "There is a script that is being shopped and it's supposedly very good, I haven't seen it, but I am definitely going to be a part of the movie... He is very much alive, so that should be a fun story to tell."[33] In March 2010,Entertainment Weekly stated that Heller had completed the script for Morning Light Productions, the film's financiers, and was now awaiting a director and a studio, since HBO Films "won't be involved".[34][35] However, in a 2011 interview withEntertainment Weekly, Heller indicated the project had stalled – "I'm not holding my breath."[36]
Rome: The Complete First Season was released as a six-disc Region 1 DVD box set in the United States in 2006, distributed by HBO Home Video. Featuring all 12 episodes, it included features such as episode commentaries, behind-the-scenes footage and making-of features. The set (without the episodic previews and recaps) was also released in Region 2, with the same title.
Season 2 was released in North America in 2007[37] and soon after in Region 2.Rome: The Complete Series was released in November 2009 onBlu-ray in North America.
Rome garnered mostly positive reviews. Sean Woods fromRolling Stone called the series "masterful" and "epic", and gave the series 3.5 out of 4.[38][39] Alessandra Stanley fromThe New York Times said: "But behind all that gritty squalor the glory that was Rome gets lost", while reviewingseason 2.[40] Lisa Schwarzbaum fromEntertainment Weekly gave season 2 a B and commented on the "spectacular" clothing design.[41] Michael Ventre fromVariety magazine was positive towards the series and was intrigued by the "complex" character ofAtia of the Julii.[42] James Poniewozik fromTime magazine commented on the "slow start" but further stated that the series "draws you" to the ancient city of Rome.[43]
Empire magazine reviewer Helen O'Hara said: "Not as good-looking asGladiator, perhaps, but richer in (reasonably accurate) history and texture", and gave season 1 ofRome four out of five stars.[44] Robert Bianco fromUSA Today called season 2 "the fall ofRome", commenting that season 2 was not as good as season 1 citing "off-key characterizations and plot absurdities".[45] Linda Stasi fromThe New York Post called herself a "slave" to the show.[46]
Melanie McFarland fromSeattle Post-Intelligencer called season 2 "at top of its form" and said it was as good as the former season.[47] HistorianRobin Lane Fox, writing inThe Guardian, called the series "splendidly ambitious".[48] Eric Neigher fromSlant Magazine called season 1 ofRome "good art".[49] Robert Abele fromLA Weekly called it the "most lavish dramatic series yet" released by HBO.[50]
On review aggregatorRotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 83% based on 36 reviews, with an average score of 8.62/10; the critical consensus reads: "Rome builds slowly, but a laborious start delivers rich rewards in the form of decadent sets, delicious drama and a surprising amount of intimacy".[51] The second season has an approval rating of 89% based on 28 reviews, with an average score of 8.05/10; the critical consensus reads: "Pulp meets prestige inRome’s sensational second season – though its style sometimes outweighs its substance".[52]
Capping its successful first season,Rome won fourEmmy Awards out of eight nominations in 2006, for the episodes "Caesarion", "Triumph", "Kalends of February" and "Stealing from Saturn".[53] The series also won anArt Directors Guild (ADG) in the category "Excellence in Production Design – Single-Camera Television Series" for the pilot episode "The Stolen Eagle".Michael Apted won theDirectors Guild of America (DGA) in the category "Outstanding Directing – Drama Series, Night" for "The Stolen Eagle". The series itself was nominated for aGolden Globe Award in the category "Best Television Series – Drama", andPolly Walker who portrayedAtia of the Julii was nominated in the category "Best Performance by an Actress In A Television Series – Drama".[54][55] The series was also nominated for threeSatellite Awards, two for season 1 and the last for season 2.[56] The pilot episode "The Stolen Eagle" won aVisual Effects Society (VES) award in the category "Outstanding Visual Effects – Broadcast Series".Writers Guild of America (WGA) nominated the series for the category "Best Writing – New Television Series" in 2005. The series was also nominated for fourBritish Academy Television Awards (BAFTA), three in season 1 (2006) and one in season 2 (2008).[54] In 2005, the series was nominated for aCinema Audio Society Award (CAS) in the category "Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series" for the episode "The Spoils".[57] The British award ceremony nominated the series for theRoyal Television Society (RTS) award in the category "Best Visual Effects – Digital Effects".[58] For season 2 (2007) Alik Sakharov won thePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series, for the episode "Passover".
| Award | Year | Category | Nominee/Nominated Episode | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Art Directors Guild Award | 2005 | Excellence in Production Design – Single-Camera Television Series | "The Stolen Eagle" | Won | [59] |
| Directors Guild of America Award | 2005 | Outstanding Directing – Drama Series, Night | Michael Apted for "The Stolen Eagle" | Won | [60] |
| Primetime Emmy Award | 2006 | Outstanding Art Direction for a Single-Camera Series | "Caesarion"; "Triumph"; "Kalends of February" | Won | [61][62] |
| Outstanding Costumes for a Series | "Triumph" | Won | |||
| Outstanding Hairstyling for a Series | "Stealing from Saturn" | Won | |||
| Outstanding Main Title Design | Nominated | [61] | |||
| Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Non-Prosthetic) | "Caesarion" | Nominated | |||
| Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore) | "Triumph" | Nominated | |||
| Outstanding Main Title Theme Music | Nominated | ||||
| Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series | "The Stolen Eagle" | Won | [61][62] | ||
| 2007 | Outstanding Art Direction for a Single-Camera Series | "Heroes of the Republic"; "Philippi"; "Deus Impeditio Esuritori Nullus (No God Can Stop a Hungry Man)" | Won | [63][64] | |
| Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series | Alik Sakharov for "Passover" | Won | |||
| Outstanding Hairstyling for a Series | "De Patre Vostro (About Your Father)" | Won | |||
| Outstanding Costumes for a Series | "De Patre Vostro (About Your Father)" | Nominated | [63] | ||
| Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Non-Prosthetic) | "De Patre Vostro (About Your Father)" | Nominated | |||
| Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore) | "Philippi" | Nominated | |||
| Outstanding Visual Effects for a Series | "Philippi" | Nominated | |||
| Golden Globe Award | 2005 | Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series – Drama | Polly Walker asAtia of the Julii | Nominated | [54][55] |
| Best Television Series – Drama | Nominated | ||||
| Satellite Award | 2005 | Outstanding Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film | Polly Walker as Atia of the Julii | Nominated | [56] |
| Outstanding Television Series – Drama | Nominated | ||||
| 2007 | Best DVD Release of a TV Show | Season 2 | Nominated | ||
| Screen Actors Guild Award | 2007 | Outstanding Stunt Cast – Television Series | Nominated | [65] | |
| Visual Effects Society Award | 2005 | Outstanding Visual Effects – Broadcast Series | "The Stolen Eagle" | Won | [66] |
| Writers Guild of America Award | 2005 | Best Writing – New Television Series | Nominated |
The series' major details are generally historically accurate, but many of the minor details were dramatized.[citation needed] The show is generally told from the perspective ofLucius Vorenus andTitus Pullo, and while they were both real Roman soldiers in the same legion of Caesar's army during the conquest of Gaul, who were briefly mentioned in hisCommentarii de Bello Gallico, almost all of their adventures in the series are fictional.[6][68]
Co-creatorBruno Heller has said, "We try to balance between what people expect from previous portrayals and a naturalistic approach ... This series is much more about how the psychology of the characters affects history than simply following the history as we know it".[69] Series Historical Consultant Jonathan Stamp also notes that the show aims for "authenticity" rather than "accuracy":[6][68][70]
We did everything we could to make these episodes historically authentic, which meant researching and incorporating every kind of detail we could about the way our characters behaved, the way they interacted, how they dressed and gestured, the kind of streets they walked down, the way they conducted their private and public lives. We were not, however, making a documentary. We were striving for authenticity because it enriches the experience of the drama for the viewer.[6]
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