| Romanos III Argyros | |
|---|---|
| Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans | |
 Romanos III, 11th-century depiction from theMadrid Skylitzes | |
| Byzantine emperor | |
| Reign | 12 November 1028 –11 April 1034 |
| Coronation | 15 November 1028[1] |
| Predecessor | Constantine VIII |
| Successor | Michael IV |
| Born | 968 (0968) Hierapolis,Thracesian Theme, Byzantine Empire(nowPamukkale, Denizli, Turkey) |
| Died | 11 April 1034(1034-04-11) (aged 65–66) Constantinople,Byzantine Empire(nowIstanbul,Turkey) |
| Spouse | Helena Zoë Porphyrogenita |
| Issue | by Helena A daughter[citation needed] |
| Dynasty | Macedonian/Argyros |
| Father | Marianos Argyros |
Romanos III Argyros (Greek:Ῥωμανός Ἀργυρός;LatinizedRomanus III Argyrus; 968 – 11 April 1034), orArgyropoulos[2] wasByzantine Emperor from 1028 until his death in 1034. He was a Byzantine noble and senior official inConstantinople when the dyingConstantine VIII forced him to divorce his wife and marry the emperor's daughterZoë. Upon Constantine's death three days later, Romanos took the throne.
Romanos has been recorded as a well-meaning but ineffective emperor. He disorganised the tax system and undermined the military, personally leading a disastrous military expedition against Aleppo. He fell out with his wife and foiled several attempts on his throne, including two which revolved around his sister-in-lawTheodora. He spent large amounts on the construction and repair of churches and monasteries. He died after six years on the throne, allegedly murdered, and was succeeded by his wife's young lover,Michael IV.
Romanos Argyros, born in 968,[3] was the son of Marianos, a member of theArgyros family. Other hypotheses about his father are Pothos Argyros who defeated aMagyar raid in 958 (identified by some scholars with anolder namesake), or Eustathios Argyros, known only for commissioning a poem in honour ofRomanos II in 950.[4] Romanos' father, Marianos, was the son of anotherRomanos Argyros, who had married Agatha, a daughter of EmperorRomanos I Lekapenos (r. 919–944).[5]
Romanos had several siblings:Basil Argyros, who served as general and governor underBasil II (r. 976–1025);[6] Leo, who served under Basil and was killed in Italy in 1017;[7] Pulcheria Argyropoulina, who married themagistrosBasil Skleros;[3] a sister who marriedConstantine Karantenos, who served asdoux ofAntioch under Romanos;[7] andMaria Argyropoulina, who marriedGiovanni Orseolo, son ofDogePietro II Orseolo.[7]
He served askrites (judge) inOpsikion, with the rank ofprotospatharios (one of the highest judicial ranks, usually awarded to senior generals and provincial governors). In this capacity he persecuted heretics at Akmoneia.[8] He was then promoted to the post ofquaestor (the senior judicial official for the imperial capital, Constantinople) and became one of the judges of theHippodrome, the High Court of the Empire. In this role he is mentioned in thePeira, a compendium of legal decisions compiled by the noted juristEustathios Rhomaios.[9] He was promoted further to the rank ofpatrikios and the post ofoikonomos (administrator) of theGreat Church, while continuing to preside over the High Court.[10] Under EmperorConstantine VIII he held the post ofurban prefect ofConstantinople, which made him the formal head of the Senate and one of the emperor's chief lieutenants.[10]
Late in 1028, Constantine VIII lay on his deathbed. Wishing to secure the Macedonian dynasty, but having no son, he summonedConstantine Dalassenos from Antioch to marry his oldest daughter,Zoë. Dalassenos, thedoux of Antioch, was an experienced military commander, influential patrician, and unswervingly loyal to the ruling house. The emperor's advisors preferred not to have a strong military figure as the new emperor, and persuaded the Emperor to choose Romanos instead, as a potentially more pliable and certainly less travelled candidate.[12][13] Constantine VIII forced Romanos to divorce his wife (who was sent to amonastery) and to marry Zoë, aged 50 at the time; Romanos was 60.[14] The marriage took place on 9 November 1028, and on the same ceremony Romanos was proclaimedcaesar. Three days later, on 11 November, Constantine died of illness.[15][b]
The new emperor was eager to make his mark as a ruler, but was mostly ineffectual in his enterprises. He idealisedMarcus Aurelius, aspiring to be a newphilosopher king, and similarly sought to imitate the military prowess ofTrajan.[1] He spent large sums on new buildings and in endowing churches and monasteries.[1] He endeavoured to relieve the pressure of taxation on the aristocracy, which undermined the finances of the state. Previous emperors had attempted to control the privileges of the nobles over the common people. Coming from the aristocracy himself, Romanos III abandoned this policy. This failure to stand up to the aristocrats allowed them to exploit the rural mass of landed peasantry, who increasingly fell into a condition of serfdom. This in turn undermined the traditional recruiting base of the Byzantine army. The combination of a reduced tax base and fewer native-born troops had long-term consequences. As revenue declined, the subsequent impoverishment of the state weakened the military's recruitment power still further.[18]
In 1030 he resolved to lead an army in person against theMirdasids ofAleppo, despite their having accepted the Byzantines as overlords, with disastrous results.[19] The army camped at a waterless site and its scouts were ambushed. An attack by the Byzantine cavalry was defeated.[20] That night Romanos held an imperial council at which the demoralised Byzantines resolved to abandon the campaign and return to Byzantine territory. Romanos also ordered his siege engines to be burned.[21] On 10 August 1030 the army departed its camp and made for Antioch. Discipline broke down in the Byzantine army, with Armenian mercenaries using the withdrawal as an opportunity to pillage the camp's stores.[21] The Emir of Aleppo launched an attack and theimperial army broke and fled. Only the imperial bodyguard, theHetaireia, held firm, but Romanos was nearly captured.[22] Accounts vary on the battle losses:John Skylitzes wrote that the Byzantines suffered a "terrible rout" and that some troops were killed in a chaotic stampede by their fellow soldiers,[20]Yahya of Antioch wrote that the Byzantines suffered remarkably few casualties.[23][24][20] According to Yahya, two high ranking Byzantine officers were among the fatalities, and another officer was captured by the Arabs.[20] After this defeat the army became a "laughing-stock".[22][19]
Despite his victory, the Emir of Aleppo opened negotiations and signed a treaty that made Aleppo an Imperial tributary and allowed for a Greek governor to preside over the city.[25] In 1032 the capture and successful defence ofEdessa byGeorge Maniakes[26] and the sound defeat of aSaracen fleet in theAdriatic did little to restore Romanos' early popularity.
Romanos faced several conspiracies, mostly centred on his sister-in-law Theodora. In 1029 she planned to marry the Bulgarian princePresian and to usurp the throne. The plot was discovered, Presian wasblinded andtonsured as a monk but Theodora was not punished.[27] In 1031 she was implicated in another conspiracy, this time with Constantine Diogenes, theArchon ofSirmium,[23] and was forcibly confined in themonastery of Petrion.[28]
In a vain attempt to reduce expenditure, Romanos limited his wife's expenses, which merely exacerbated the alienation between the two.[18] Romanos took a mistress. Zoë in turn fell in love withMichael, the brother of high-ranking court eunuchJohn the Orphanotrophos. Romanos, unaware, allowed Michael to become one of his personal servants.[29] Having survived the attempts on his throne by Theodora, his death on 11 April 1034 was supposed to have been due to poison administered by his wife.[14][30] There is also speculation that he was drowned in a bath on his wife's orders.[14] He was buried in theChurch of St. Mary Peribleptos, which he built.[31]
Zoë and Michael were married on the same day that Romanos III died.[32] The next day the couple summoned thePatriarchAlexios I to officiate in the coronation of the new emperor.[33] Although he initially refused to co-operate, the payment of 50 pounds of gold helped change his mind.[32] He proceeded to crown Michael IV as the new emperor of the Romans.[34][35]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Romanus".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 583–584.
Media related toRomanos III Argyros at Wikimedia CommonsRomanos III Argyros Born: 968 Died: 11 April 1034 | ||
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| Preceded by | Byzantine emperor 12 November 1028 – 11 April 1034 | Succeeded by |
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