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| Korean writing systems |
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| Hangul |
| Hanja |
| Mixed script |
| Braille |
| Transcription |
| Transliteration |
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Rules of the Latin Alphabetical Transcriptions of the Korean Language[1] is the officialKorean-language romanization system inNorth Korea. Announced by theSahoe Kwahagwŏn, it is an adaptation of the olderMcCune–Reischauer system,[2] which it replaced in 1992.[3][4] It was updated in 2002[4][5] and 2012.[1]
| Hangul | ㅏ | ㅑ | ㅓ | ㅕ | ㅗ | ㅛ | ㅜ | ㅠ | ㅡ | ㅣ | ㅐ | ㅒ | ㅔ | ㅖ | ㅚ | ㅟ | ㅢ | ㅘ | ㅝ | ㅙ | ㅞ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanization | a | ya | ŏ | yŏ | o | yo | u | yu | ŭ | i | ae | yae | e | ye | oi[a] | wi | ŭi | wa | wŏ | wae | we |
| Hangul | ㄱ | ㄴ | ㄷ | ㄹ | ㅁ | ㅂ | ㅅ | ㅈ | ㅊ | ㅋ | ㅌ | ㅍ | ㅎ | ㄲ | ㄸ | ㅃ | ㅆ | ㅉ | ㅇ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanization | Initial | k | n | t | r | m | p | s | j | ch | kh | th | ph | h | kk | tt | pp | ss | jj | — |
| Final | l | t | t | t | k | t | p | t | k | — | — | t | — | ng | ||||||
A personal name is written by family name first, followed by a space and the given name with the first letter capitalized. Also, each letter of a name of Chinese character origin is written separately. The given name's first initial is transcribed in a voiceless letter, even when it becomes resonant in pronunciation.[1]: 7–8
However, it is not really possible to follow this rule because a certain name written in hangul can be a native Korean name, or a Sino-Korean name, or even both. For example,보람 (Po Ram / Poram) can not only be a native Korean name,[7] but can also be a Sino-Korean name (e.g. 寶濫).[8] In some cases, parents intend a dual meaning: both the meaning from a native Korean word and the meaning fromhanja. ALA-LC, which has a similar rule about given names (seeMcCune–Reischauer § ALA-LC variant), admitted that it is not really possible to determine whether a certain given name is Sino-Korean or not.[9]
A name for administrative units is hyphenated from the placename proper:[1]: 7
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However, a name for geographic features and artificial structures is not hyphenated:[1]: 7
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Sound changes are not transcribed in the suffixes above:[1]: 4–5
Transcription of geographical names may be simplified by removing breves and by reducing initial double consonants to single consonants:[1]: 8
In the Democratic People's Republic of Korea there is a national system adopted in 1992 and presented to the 17th session of UNGEGN in 1994, updated version was published in 200220.
It makes an effort to distinguish Sino-Korean names from names of native or western origin based on pronunciation. When ambiguity arises, a string is considered Sino-Korean and might need to be modified manually. [...] 김새미 => Kim Sae-mi (ambiguous)
