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There are various systems ofromanization of theArmenian alphabet.

In linguistic literature on Classical Armenian, the commonly usedtransliteration is that of Hübschmann-Meillet (1913). For aspirated consonants,Heinrich Hübschmann used the Greekrough breathing diacritic (U+0314) above the letter, a reversed comma combining above the letter and serves a similar purpose in Greek:t̔, ch̔, č̔, p̔, k̔.^[1]Antoine Meillet, after using the letter h in digraphs,^[2] used the same diacritic as Hübschmann but on the right of the letter, with fonts displaying either a half ring^[3] or a reversed comma.^[4]Émile Benveniste and theRevue des Études Arméniennes continued this use of the breathing mark on the side of the letter.^[5] Some authors use a combiningdot above diacritic (U+0307) to express the aspirates:ṫ, cḣ, č̇, ṗ, k̇.^[6]

However, the computer support (fonts, rendering systems, availability on usual applications) of these combining diacritics has been poor for long, so some documents resorted to use, as possible fallbacks, their spacing variants (so-called “modifier letters”) written after the letter instead of above it, such as the spacing dot above⟨˙⟩ (U+02D9), or the spacing turned comma⟨‘⟩ (U+02BB) — or sometimes the spacing Greek-script rough breaking⟨῾⟩ (U+1FFE), or the spacing grave accent⟨ˋ⟩ or ASCII backquote or⟨`⟩ (U+02CB or U+0060) even if they are too flat, or even the ASCII apostrophe-quote⟨'⟩ (U+0027) when there was no confusion possible.

The preferred character today is the spacing left half-ring⟨ʿ⟩ (U+02BF), or the spacing turned comma⟨‘⟩ (U+02BB, which has the shape of a single left quotation mark), or the spacing reversed comma⟨ʽ⟩ (U+02BD, which is the Latin-script equivalent of the Greek-script rough breathing), with the spacing turned comma having the advantage of excellent support in many Latin fonts because it is visually identical to the left single quote⟨‘⟩.

Also, some ambiguities were not solved to work with modern vernacular Armenian, which has two dialects, both using two possible orthographies (besides, the modern orthography is used for Classical Armenian in modern publications).

BGN/PCGN romanization (1981) uses aright single quotation mark (more accurately, amodifier letter apostrophe) to express aspirates,tʼ, chʼ, tsʼ, pʼ, kʼ, the opposite of the originalrough breathing diacritic.^[7]

This romanization was taken up by ISO (1996) and is considered obsolete. This system is a loose transcription and is not reversible (without using dictionary lookup), notably for single Armenian letters romanized into digraphs(these non-reversible, or ambiguous romanizations are shown in a red cell in the table below).

Some Armenian letters have several romanizations, depending on their context:

• the Armenian vowel letter Ե/ե should be romanized asye initially or after the vowel characters Ե/ե, Է/է, Ը/ը, Ի/ի, Ո/ո, ՈՒ/ու and Օ/օ; in all other cases it should be romanized ase;
• the Armenian vowel letter Ո/ո should be romanized asvo initially, except in the word եո where it should be romanized asov; in all other cases it should be romanized aso;
• the Armenian consonant letter և should be romanizedyev initially, in isolation or after the vowel characters Ե/ե, Է/է, Ը/ը, Ի/ի, Ո/ո, ՈՒ/ու and Օ/օ; in all other cases it should be romanized asev.

ISO 9985 (1996) is the international standard for transliteration of the modern Armenian alphabet. Like with the BGN/PCGN romanization, the apostrophe is used to denote most of the aspirates.

This system is reversible because it avoids the use of digraphs and returns to the Hübschmann-Meillet (however some diacritics for vowels are also modified).

The aspirate series is not treated consistently in ISO 9985: whilepʼ, tʼ, cʼ, kʼ are romanized with an apostrophe-like mark, aspirated չč is not, and instead its unaspirated counterpart ճ is transcribedč̣ with an underdot appearing nowhere else in the system. Note that in this scheme,č (signifying չ) collides with the Hübschmann-Meillet transliteration (where it signifies ճ).

This system is recommended for international bibliographic text interchange (it is also the base of simplified romanizations found to localize the Armenian toponomy of for transliterating human names), where it works very well with the commonISO/IEC 8859-2 Latin encoding used in Central Europe.

ALA-LC romanization (1997) is largely compatible with BGN/PCGN, but returns to expressing aspirates with aleft single quotation mark (in fact the modifier letter left half-ring ʿ U+02BF, US-MARC hexadecimal code B0, that is also used to denoteayin in Arabic, so some documents may contain either the preferred left half-ring, or sometimes the ASCII backquote ` U+0060).

This standard changes the transliteration scheme used between Classical/Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian for the Armenian consonants represented by swapping the pairsb vs.p,g vs.k,d vs.t,dz vs.ts andch vs.j.

In all cases, and to make this romanization less ambiguous and reversible,

• a soft sign (a prime, US-MARC hexadecimal code A7) is inserted between two separate letters that would otherwise be interpreted as a digraph(in red in the table below); no prime is present in the middle of romanized digraphszh,kh,ts,dz,gh andch representing a single Armenian letter;
• with the Classical Armenian orthography only, the vowel represented bye will be represented byy instead, when it is at the initial position in a name and followed by another vowel; this difficulty has disappeared in modern Armenian with the reformed orthography that changed the original Armenian letter in such case;
• with the Classical Armenian orthography only, the vowel represented byy will be represented byh instead, when it is at the initial position of a word or of a radical in a compound word; this difficulty has disappeared in modern Armenian with the reformed orthography that changed the original Armenian letter in such case.

On various Armenian websites, non-standard transliterators have appeared, which allows inputting modern Western or Eastern Armenian text using ASCII-only characters. It is not a proper transliterator but can be convenient for users that don't have Armenian keyboards.

Despite these input methods being commonly used, they do not adhere to any approved international or Armenian standard, so they are not recommended for the romanization of Armenian. Note that the input methods recognize the Latin digraphszh, dz, gh, tw, sh, vo, ch, rr for Classic or Eastern Armenian, andzh, dz, tz, gh, vo, ch, rr for Western Armenian, but offer no way to disambiguate words where the digraphs should not be recognized.

Some Armenian letters are entered as Latin digraphs, and may also be followed by the input of an ASCII single quote (which acts as the only letter modifier recognized) but this quote does not always mean that the intended Armenian letter should be aspirated (this may be the reverse for the inputch'), it is also used as a vowel modifier. Due to ambiguities, texts must be corrected by entering an intermediate dummy character before entering the second Latin letter or quote, then removing the dummy character, so that the automatic input converter keeps the Armenian letters distinct.

Some Armenian letters have very different phonetic sounds between Classical or Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian, so that the usage of Armenian letters is different between the two sub-branches of the language.

This is made visible in the table below by coloring transliterations specific to Classical or Eastern Armenian on green background, and those for Western Armenian on blue background. Other letters are transliterated independently of the language branch. However, cells with red background contain transliterations that are context dependent (and may in some cases create ambiguities, only the ISO 9985 and Hübschmann-Meillet romanizations do not use any context-dependant ambiguous digraphs for transcribing simple Armenian letters that are not ligatures, but the former is inconsistent with its representation of aspirated consonants and incompatible with all other systems for a pair of letters).

Note that in the table above, the last two columns refer to digraphs, not isolated letters (however, they are considered letters in the Reformed orthography). However the last column displays the ligature that is used in the Classical orthography only as an isolated symbol for the short Armenian wordew (meaningand) and its derivations in a way similar to the ampersand (&) in the Latin script (in the Reformed orthography, it is also used at the middle and the end of words instead of եվ); the same transliteration toew (classical Armenian) orev (reformed orthography) will be used for the letters this ligature represents, when they are used as digraphs: it used to refer to thew consonant, now it refers to thev consonant.

Armenian script also uses some other digraphs that are often written as optional ligatures, in lowercase only (five of them are encoded in Unicode only for full roundtrip compatibility with some legacy encodings); when present, these ligatures (which are purely typographic and carry no semantic distinction in normal Armenian texts) must be romanized by decomposing their component letters.

• Armenian language
  • Classical Armenian
  • Western Armenian
  • Eastern Armenian
• Armenian alphabet
  • Classical Armenian orthography
  • Armenian orthography reform
• List of ISO romanizations

• Antoine Meillet and Heinrich Hübschmann,Altarmenisches Elementarbuch, Heidelberg, 1913 (2nd edition, 1980).

• Armenian Transliteration Converter Supports both Eastern and Western pronunciations of Armenian, includes a spell checker.
• Transliteration of Armenian by Thomas T. Pedersen, in KNAB (Kohanimeandmebaas, Place Names Database) ofEesti Keele Instituut (Institute of the Estonian Language).
• A readymacro for Visual Basic in Microsoft Word text editor, allowing to automatically replace the Armenian letters to Latin script, using the Versatile option above for the Eastern-Armenian language.

• Romanization of Armenian
• Armenian alphabet
• ALA-LC romanization
• ISO standards

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