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| Romanian campaign (1916) | |||||||||
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| Part of theRomanian campaign ofWorld War I | |||||||||
 Falkenhayn's cavalry enteringBucharest on 6 December 1916 | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Romania Russian Empire |  Germany Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Ottoman Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Ioan CulcerAlexandru AverescuMihail AslanConstantin PrezanGrigore CrăiniceanuAndrei Zayonchkovski | Erich von FalkenhaynAugust von MackensenA. A. von StraussenburgStefan ToshevMustafa Hilmi Pasha | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 1916:[1]: p. 254 658,088[2] 50,000 1917:[3] 400,000 1,000,000 | .svg) 750,000[1]: p. 254 143,049 (1916)[4]: p. 792 20,000 (1916)[4]: p. 283 | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 535,706+ all casualties[5]Unknown | 47,000+ casualtiesUnknownUnknown | ||||||||
After a series of quick tactical victories on the numerically overpowered Austro-Hungarian forces inTransylvania, in the autumn of 1916, the Romanian Army suffered a series of devastating defeats, which forced the Romanian military and administration to withdraw toWestern Moldavia, allowing the Central Powers to occupy two thirds of the national territory, including the state capital,Bucharest.
The main causes of the Romanian Army’s defeat by the numerically inferior German and Austro-Hungarian forces in the campaign of 1916 were the major political interferences in the act of military supervision, the incompetence, the imposture and the cowardice of a significant part of the military echelon of conduct, as well as the lack of an adequate training and troops’ equipment for that specific type of war.
On the night of 27 August 1916, three Romanian armies started the attack by crossing the Southern Carpathians and entering Transylvania. The first attacks were paved with success, forcing the Austro-Hungarians to retreat. While the Romanian army was advancing in Transylvania at 9 p.m., the Romanian ambassador in Vienna, countEdgar Mavrocordat [ro], presented Romania’s declaration of war at the secretariat of the Austria-Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. During that day, many Romanians with Austria-Hungarian citizenship were arrested in Bucharest. Among these wereIoan Slavici andIoan Bălan.
By mid-September the Germans transferred four divisions on the front of Transylvania and stopped the Romanian advance. The Russians moved three divisions in order to help Romanians, but these troops were not equipped properly.
General Esposito affirmed that the Romanian army leaders made some strategic and operational mistakes:
From a military point of view, the Romanian strategy had been the worst. By choosing Transylvania as a primary objective, the Romanian army totally ignored the Bulgarian army behind it. When the offensive through the mountains failed, the High Romanian Commandment refused to save the forces on the front in order to allow the creation of a moving supply, with which the later threat of Falkenhayn would rejected. Romanians never amassed its forces appropriate in order to obtain the concentration of the fight power.[6]
The first counterattack of the Central Powers was organized by General August von Mackensen, who coordinated a multinational army consisting of mostly Bulgarian with some German and later Turkish troops. The northward attack was initiated by Bulgaria on 1 September. The attack was directed from the positions on the Danube to Constanța. Bulgarian troops, including the German-Bulgarian Detachment,[7] surrounded and stormed the fortress ofTurtucaia. TheBattle of Turtucaia ended with the capitulation of the Romanian garrison on 6 September. Simultaneously with the assault, the Bulgarian Third Army defeated a Romanian-Russian force including theFirst Serbian Volunteer Division at theBattle of Bazargic, despite the almost double superiority of the Entente.[8]
On 15 September, the Romanian Council of War decided to suspend the offensive in Transylvania and to concentrate instead on the destruction of the Mackensen groups of armies. The plan, known as Flămânda Offensive, consisted in an attack on theCentral Powers forces through a flank and back shot, after the crossing ofDanube atFlămânda, while, on the main front line, the Romanian-Russian troops had to launch an offensive fromCobadin towardsKurtbunar. On 1 October, two Romanian divisions forced the course of the Danube at Flămânda and created a largebridgehead of 14 kilometers and 4 kilometers in depth. On the same day, the Romanian-Russian division initiated an offensive on the frontline ofDobruja which recorded limited success. The failed attempt to break the German-Bulgarian front in Dobruja, combined with the violent storm during the night of 1-2 October, which damaged thepontoon bridge over Danube, determinedAverescu to cancel the whole operation. The consequences of this failure were big for the rest of the campaign.
The command of the Austrian-Hungarian troops in Transylvania was assigned toErich von Falkenhayn, who was fired from the position ofChief of General Staff after the failure at theBattle of Verdun, the opening of the Allied offensive on the Somme, theBrusilov Offensive and the entry of Romania into the war. He initiated his own offensive on 1 September. The first attack was directed against the Romanian1st Army near the city ofHațeg. The attack stopped the advance of the Romanians. After eight days, two divisions of German mountain infantry almost managed to disperse the Romanian marching columns nearSibiu. The Romanian troops had to retreat towards the mountains, and the Germans managed to occupyTurnu Roșu Pass. On 4 October, the Romanian2nd Army attacked the German forces atBrașov, but it was repulsed. The4th Army that operated in the north of the country retreated when the1st Austro-Hungarian Army exerted a moderate pressure on it. Therefore, by 25 October, the Romanian Army retreated to the initial lines before the offensive.
The forces under the command of Falkenhayn executed a certain number of attack tests in the passes of Carpathians in order to test the weak points of the defense. On 10 November, after a few weeks of concentration of their best troops, the elite unitAlpenkorps, Germans attacked in front of theVulcan Pass, so that they pushed back the Romanian defenders into the mountains. On 26 November, fighting took to the hills. In the mountains, the snowfall started and soon the military operations stopped. The German9th Army advanced in other sectors of the battle front, attacking all of the passes of theSouthern Carpathians, Romanians being forced to retreat constantly, whenever their lines of supply became more and more stretched.
On 1 September 1916, the Bulgarian3rd Army passed theBulgarian-Romanian border and advanced into Dobruja.
The Russian General Andrei Mederdovici Zaioncikovski together with its troops arrived immediately in order to strengthen the allied Romanian-Russian front in an attempt to stop the army of Mackensen before it would conquer the Bucharest–Constanța railway.Heavy fighting followed with intense attacks and counterattacks until 21 September.
In Dobruja, General Mackensen launcheda new offensive on 19 October. After a month of cautious preparations, the mixed troops under his command managed to defeat the Romanian and Russian troops. The Allies were forced to retreat from Constanța to theDanube Delta. The Russian Army was not only demoralized, but also left without supplies. Mackensen chose to transfer secretly half of his army nearSvishtov, preparing to cross the Danube in force.
On 23 November, the best trained troops under the command of Mackensen crossed the Danube, leaving from two locations nearSvishtov. The German attack took the Romanians by surprise, the front getting closer to Bucharest. The attack of Mackensen threatened to cut in two the Romanian front, and the newChief of General Staff, the newly promoted GeneralConstantin Prezan, tried to organize a desperate counterattack. The plan was very audacious since it used the entire reserve of the Romanian Army. Yet it needed the cooperation of the Russians for success in order to stop the offensive of Mackensen, while the Romanian Army would have had to attack exactly at the junction between Mackensen's and Falkenhayn's forces. The Russian Army did not agree with the plan and refused to cooperate.
On 1 December, the Romanian army attacked anyway. Mackensen managed to transfer forces to Falkenhayn’s front of attack. After the containment of the Romanian offensive, Germans counterattacked at every point possible.
The Government and the Romanian royal court retreated toIași. On 6 December, Bucharest was occupied by the German cavalry. Only the bad weather and roads saved a good part of the Romanian Army from encirclement or destruction. Nevertheless, over 150,000 Romanian soldiers had been captured.
Russians were forced to send massive re-enforcements on the Romanian front to avoid a German invasion into the south of Russia. After many low-intensity engagements, the German Army stopped their advance by mid January 1917. The Romanian Army continued to fight, although the most part of its territory was under foreign occupation.
The losses of the Romanian army were estimated at 300–400,000 soldiers, dead, wounded, missing or prisoners.[9] The cumulated losses of the Germans, Austrians, Bulgarians, and Turks were estimated to approximately 60,000 individuals.
The victorious campaign strengthened very much the morale of the German troops and its generals Falkenhayn and Mackensen.[6] In many cases, the victories were attained by German divisions, with mostly Bulgarian forces in the south. Germans proved themselves superior at every chapter: supplying, equipment, training and the capacity of the leaders. Among the young officers from the elite troopsAlpenkorps who fought on the Romanian front was the future Field MarshalErwin Rommel.
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