| The Roman Baths | |
|---|---|
 The Roman Baths in the city of Bath, England | |
  Location within Somerset | |
| General information | |
| Location | Bath,England |
| Coordinates | 51°22′51″N2°21′34″W / 51.3809°N 2.3595°W /51.3809; -2.3595 |
| Construction started | Baths –1st century Building – 1894 |
| Completed | 1897 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect | John Brydon (museum building)[1] |
TheRoman Baths are well-preservedthermae in the city ofBath, Somerset, England. A temple was constructed on the site between 60 and 70 AD in the first few decades ofRoman Britain. Its presence led to the development of the small Roman urban settlement known asAquae Sulis around the site. The Roman baths—designed forpublic bathing—were used until theend of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th century AD. According to theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle, the original Roman baths were in ruins a century later. The area around the natural springs was redeveloped several times during theEarly andLate Middle Ages.
The Roman Baths are preserved in four main features: the Sacred Spring, the Roman Temple, the Roman Bath House, and a museum which holdsartefacts fromAquae Sulis. However, all buildings at street level date from the 19th century. It is a majortourist attraction in the UK, and together with theGrand Pump Room, receives more than 1.3 million visitors annually.[2] Visitors can tour the baths and museum but cannot enter the water.
The water comes from rainfall on the nearbyMendip Hills, thatpercolates through limestoneaquifers to a depth of between 2,700 and 4,300 metres (8,900 and 14,100 ft).Geothermal energy raises the water temperature here to between 69 and 96 °C (156.2 and 204.8 °F). Under pressure, the heated water rises along fissures and faults in the limestone, until it bubbles up from the ground into the baths. This process is similar to anenhanced geothermal system, which also makes use of the high pressures and temperatures below the Earth's crust. Hot water at a temperature of 46 °C (114.8 °F) rises here at the rate of 1,170,000 litres (257,000 imp gal) every day, from a geological fault (the Pennyquick fault).[3] In 1982 a new spa water bore-hole was sunk, providing a clean and safe supply of spa water for drinking in the Pump Room.[4]
Bath was charged with responsibility for the hot springs in a Royal Charter of 1591 granted byElizabeth I. This duty has now passed toBath and North East Somerset Council, who monitor pressure, temperature and flow rates. The thermal waters contain sodium, calcium, chloride and sulphate ions in high concentrations.[5]
The Roman Baths are no longer used for bathing. In October 1978, a young girl swimming in the former Beau Street swimming baths, which were fed from the hot spring complex that also supplied the Roman Baths, contractednaegleriasis and died, leading to the closure of the baths for several years.[6][7][8] Tests showedNaegleria fowleri, a deadly pathogen, in the water.[9] The nearbyThermae Bath Spa, built on the site of the former Beau Street baths, and the refurbishedCross Bath, allow modern bathers to experience the waters via a series of more recently drilled boreholes.
Archaeological evidence indicates that the site of the baths may have been a centre of worship used byCelts;[10] the springs were dedicated to the goddessSulis, who was locallyidentified withMinerva.Geoffrey of Monmouth in his largely fictionalHistoria Regum Britanniae describes how the spring was discovered by the pre-RomanBritish kingBladud, who built the baths there.[11] Early in the 18th century Geoffrey's obscure legend was given great prominence as a royal endorsement of the waters' qualities, with the embellishment that the spring had cured Bladud and his herd of pigs ofleprosy through wallowing in the warm mud.[12]
The name Sulis continued to be used after theRoman invasion, leading to the town'sRoman name ofAquae Sulis ("the waters of Sulis"). The temple was constructed in 60–70 AD and the bathing complex was gradually built up over the next 300 years.[13] During theRoman occupation of Britain, and possibly on the instructions ofEmperor Claudius,[14] engineers drove oak piles into the mud to provide a stable foundation and surrounded the spring with an irregular stone chamber lined with lead. In the 2nd century it was enclosed within a wooden barrel-vaulted building,[10] and included thecaldarium (hot bath),tepidarium (lukewarm bath), andfrigidarium (cold bath).[15] After theRoman withdrawal from Britain in the first decade of the 5th century, these fell into disrepair and were eventually lost due to silting up[16] and flooding.[17] TheAnglo-Saxon Chronicle suggests the original Roman baths were destroyed in the 6th century.[18]
About 130curse tablets have been found. Many of the curses are related to thefts of clothes whilst the victim was bathing.[19]
The baths have been modified on several occasions, including the 12th century, whenJohn of Tours built a curative bath over the King's Spring reservoir, and the 16th century, when the city corporation built a new bath (Queen's Bath) to the south of the spring.[20]Anne of Denmark came to Bath twice for her health. The court physicianThéodore de Mayerne bathedAnne of Denmark in the King's Bath on 19 May 1613.[21] She returned in August 1615.[22] Anne of Denmark was surprised by a flame caused by natural gas in King's Bath, and thereafter used the New Bath or Queen's Bath where a column with a crown and the inscription "Anna Regnum Sacrum" was added in her honour.[23]
The spring is now housed in 18th-century buildings, designed by architectsJohn Wood, the Elder andJohn Wood, the Younger, father and son. Visitors drank the waters in theGrand Pump Room, aNeoclassical salon which remains in use, both for taking the waters and for social functions.Victorian expansion of the baths complex followed the Neoclassical tradition established by the Woods. In 1810, the hot springs were thought to have failed andWilliam Smith opened up the Hot Bath Spring to the bottom, where he found that the spring had not failed but had flowed into a new channel. Smith restored the water to its original course.[24]
The visitor entrance is via an 1897 concert hall by J. M. Brydon. It is an eastward continuation of the Grand Pump Room, with a glass-domed centre and single-storey radiused corner.[25] The Grand Pump Room was begun in 1789 byThomas Baldwin. He resigned in 1791 andJohn Palmer continued the scheme through to completion in 1799.[20] The elevation on to Abbey Church Yard has a centre piece of four engaged Corinthian columns withentablatures andpediment. It has been designated byHistoric England as a grade Ilisted building.[26] The north colonnade was also designed by Thomas Baldwin.[27] The southcolonnade is similar but had an upper floor added in the late 19th century.[28] The museum and Queen's Bath including the "Bridge" spanning York Street to the City Laundry were byCharles Edward Davis in 1889. It comprises a southward extension to the Grand Pump Room, within which some parts of the 17th-century Queen's Bath remain.[29]
 | This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(February 2025) |
.jpg)
The museum houses artefacts from the Roman period, including objects that were thrown into the Sacred Spring, presumably as offerings to the goddess. These include more than 12,000Denarii coins, which is the largest collectivevotive deposit known from Britain.[30] Agiltbronze head of the goddessSulisMinerva, which was discovered nearby in 1727, is displayed.[31]
The Bath Roman Temple stood on a podium more than two metres above the surrounding courtyard, approached by a flight of steps. On the approach there were four large, flutedCorinthian columns supporting afrieze and decoratedpediment above. The pediment, parts of which are displayed in the museum, is the triangular ornamental section, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 8 feet (2.4 m) from the apex to the bottom,[32] above the pillars on the front of the building. It featured the powerful central image of a possible "Gorgon" head glowering down from a height of 15 metres (49 ft) on all who approached the temple.
Thegreat head itself has snakes entwined within its beard, wings above its ears, beetling brows and a heavy moustache.[33] Although there is some disagreement about what this really represents (asGorgons are usually female),[34] most scholars have converged toward viewing it as a deliberate syncretism of Minerva's Gorgon attribute with the face of a local god who presided over the waters of the nearby sacred spring.[35] The central head has also variously been interpreted as the image of a water god such asOceanus,[36] or a local Celtic god of the sun.[15] Besides the Gorgon head, the pediment's artistic motif has more recently also been compared to theJupiter-Ammonclipei found throughout Romanfora and which sometimes depicted local river gods in Celtic provinces.[35]
In early 2010 various stones on the pediment were conserved and rearranged.[37] In 2016, planning permission was received for a new learning centre aimed at schoolchildren and linked to the baths by a tunnel. Funding is being sought from theHeritage Lottery Fund and, if successful, it is hoped the centre will open in 2019.[38][39]
The late 19th century carvings ofRoman emperors andgovernors of Roman Britain on the terrace overlooking the Great Bath are particularly susceptible to the effect ofacid rain and are protected with a wash of a sacrificial shelter coat every few years.[40] Exhibits within the temple precincts are susceptible to warm air which had the effect of drawing corrosive salts out of the Roman stonework. To help reduce this, a new ventilation system was installed in 2006.[41]
In 2009 a grant of £90,000 was made to Bath and North East Somerset Council to contribute towards the cost of re-developing displays and improving access to the Roman Baths,[42] by theDepartment for Culture, Media and Sport/Wolfson Fund, which was established to promote improvements in Museums and Galleries in England.[43] Subsequent grants have funded further work on the exhibition design and layout by London-based specialist firm,Event Communications.[44][45]
.jpg)
.jpg)
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
