Roland Freisler | |
|---|---|
 Freisler in 1942 | |
| Judge President of thePeople's Court | |
| In office 20 August 1942 – 3 February 1945 | |
| Chancellor | Adolf Hitler |
| Preceded by | Otto Georg Thierack |
| Succeeded by | Wilhelm Crohne (acting) Harry Haffner |
| State Secretary Reich Ministry of Justice | |
| In office 1 April 1935 – 20 August 1942 | |
| Minister | Franz Gürtner |
| Preceded by | Position created |
| Succeeded by | Curt Rothenberger |
| Additional positions | |
| 1933–1935 | State Secretary, Prussian Justice Ministry |
| 1933–1945 | Member of thePrussian State Council |
| 1933–1945 | Member of theGreater German Reichstag |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1893-10-30)30 October 1893 |
| Died | 3 February 1945(1945-02-03) (aged 51) |
| Cause of death | Blunt force trauma caused by a fallingmasonry pillar |
| Resting place | Waldfriedhof Dahlem,Berlin, Germany |
| Party | Nazi Party |
| Other political affiliations | Völkisch-Social Bloc |
| Spouse | |
| Relations | Oswald Freisler (brother) |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | University of Jena |
| Profession | Judge, lawyer |
| Civilian awards | Golden Party Badge |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  German Empire |
| Branch/service | Prussian Army |
| Years of service | 1914–1918 |
| Rank | Leutnant |
| Unit | 167th Infantry Regiment (1st Upper Alsatian) 22nd Division |
| Battles/wars | World War I |
| Military awards | Iron Cross, 2nd class |
Karl Roland Freisler (30 October 1893 – 3 February 1945) was a German jurist, judge, and politician who served as theState Secretary of theReich Ministry of Justice from 1935 to 1942 and as president of thePeople's Court from 1942 to 1945. As a prominentideologist ofNazism, he influenced as a jurist theNazification of the Germanlegal system. He was appointed president of the People's Court in 1942, overseeing the prosecution ofpolitical crimes as a judge. Freisler became known for his aggressive personality, his humiliation of defendants, and his frequent use of thedeath penalty in sentencing.
A law student atKiel University, Freisler joined theImperial German Army on the outbreak of theFirst World War and saw action on theEastern Front, where he was wounded and takenprisoner of war by theImperial Russian Army. On his return to Germany, he completed his law studies at theUniversity of Jena and was awarded aDoctorate of Law in 1922. Freisler joined the Nazi Party in 1925, upon which he began defending Party members in court for acts ofpolitical violence.
After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, Freisler was appointed State Secretary of the Prussian Ministry of Justice; two years later he became State Secretary in the unified Reich Ministry of Justice. Through his zealotry as well as his legal and verbal dexterity, he quickly established himself as the most feared judge in Nazi Germany and the personification of the Nazi ideology in domestic law. In 1942, representing ActingReichsminister of JusticeFranz Schlegelberger, Freisler attended theWannsee Conference, the event which set theHolocaust in motion.
In August 1942, Freisler succeededOtto Georg Thierack as president of the People's Court. He presided over the show trials of theWhite Rose resistance group and perpetrators of the20 July plot and handed out over 5,000 death sentences in his three-year tenure. Freisler was killed in February 1945 during an American bombing raid on Berlin. Although the death penalty was abolished with the creation of theFederal Republic in 1949, Freisler's 1941 definition ofmurder in German law, as opposed to the less severe crime of manslaughter, survives in theStrafgesetzbuch § 211.
Roland Freisler was born on 30 October 1893 inCelle,Lower Saxony, the son of Julius Freisler (b. 1862[1] inKlantendorf,Moravia), an engineer and teacher, and Charlotte Auguste Florentine Schwerdtfeger (1863–1932).[2] He was baptized as aProtestant on 13 December 1893.[3] He had a younger brother,Oswald, who became a lawyer, and another brother who became a doctor.[4] He attended theWilhelmsgymnasium Kassel [de] and received hisAbitur in 1912, graduating at the top of his class.[5]
Freisler was attendinglaw school atKiel University upon the outbreak ofWorld War I in 1914, which interrupted his studies.[6] He saw active service in theGerman Imperial Army during the war after enlisting as aFahnenjunker (officer cadet) in 1914 with the 167th Infantry Regiment (1st Upper Alsatian) inKassel,[7] and by 1915 he was aLeutnant.[2] While serving on the front-line with the22nd Division, he was awarded theIron Cross 2nd class, for heroism in action.[8] In October 1915, he was wounded in action on theEastern Front and taken as aprisoner of war byImperial Russian forces.[9]
While a prisoner, Freisler learned to speakRussian and developed an interest inMarxism after theRussian Revolution had commenced. TheBolshevik provisional authority which took over responsibility for Freisler's prisoner of war camp made use of him as a camp "Commissar" (as he was described by them in his repatriated prisoner of war paperwork in 1918) administratively organizing the camp's food supplies from 1917 to 1918.[10]
According to historian Georg Franz–Willig'sUrsprung der Hitlerbewegung 3-volume set published by Schütz/Pr. Oldendorf in 1974, the SPD newspaperVorwärts of 3 May 1924 ran an article titled "SPIRITUAL KINSHIP: JEWISH–COMMUNIST, POPULAR REICHSTAG CANDIDATE", in which it stated that Freisler had been "until rather recently a member of the German Communist Party" and that this was interesting because "his grandmother was a full Jewess". However, H. W. Koch states that there is no evidence that Freisler was of Jewish extraction, and that after the Russian Revolution the description "Commissar" was simply the title given to anyone employed in an administrative post in the prison camps and had no political connotations. He also states that Freisler was never a Communist, although in the early days of hisNazi Party career in the 1920s he was on the movement's left wing.[11]
In the late 1930s, duringJoseph Stalin'sGreat Purge in theSoviet Union, Freisler attended theMoscow Trials to watch the proceedings against the condemned. Freisler later rejected any insinuation that he had ever co-operated with the Soviets, the ideological nemesis of Nazi Germany, but rumours about his time as a "Commissar" with the "Reds" cast a shadow over his subsequent career as a political official in Germany.[10]
Freisler returned to Germany in 1919 to complete his law studies at theUniversity of Jena, and he qualified as aDoctor of Law in 1922. In 1924, he began working as anAssessor in Kassel and also was elected as a city councillor for theVölkisch-Social Bloc, anultranationalist splinter party.[12] He joined the Nazi Party in July 1925 (membership number 9,679) and immediately gained a position of authority within the organisation by using his legal training to defend Party members andSturmabteilung (SA) men who were regularly facing prosecutions for acts ofpolitical violence.[10] As an early party member, orAlter Kämpfer, he would later be awarded theGolden Party Badge.[13] From late 1925 to September 1927, Freisler was the DeputyGauleiter inGau Hessen-Nassau Nord underWalter Schultz.[14] He was also a member of the Party'sNational Socialist Motor Corps (NSKK), attaining the rank of NSKK-Brigadeführer in 1942.[2]
As the Nazis changed from a fringe political beer hall and street fighting movement into a political party, Freisler was elected to theHesse-Nassau provincialLandtag, a position he held between 1930 and 1933.[2] In 1931, he joined theAssociation of National Socialist German Legal Professionals, founded by fellow Nazi lawyerHans Frank.[13] He was elected to thePrussian Landtag in April 1932 serving until the Landtag wasdissolved in October 1933. At theNovember 1933 German parliamentary election he was elected as a deputy of theReichstag, retaining his seat until his death. Reelected in 1936 and 1938, he represented electoral constituencies 19 (Hesse-Nassau), 13 (Schleswig-Holstein) and 35 (Mecklenburg), respectively.[15]
In 1927,Karl Weinrich, a Nazi member of the PrussianLandtag along with Freisler, characterised his reputation in the rapidly expanding Nazi movement in the late 1920s: "Rhetorically Freisler is equal to our best speakers, if not superior; particularly on the broad masses he has influence, but thinking people mostly reject him. Party Comrade Freisler is usable as only a speaker though and is unsuitable for any position of authority because of his unreliability and moodiness".[16]
In February 1933, after theNazi seizure of power, Freisler was appointed Ministerial Director in the Prussian Ministry of Justice underHans Kerrl. He was placed in charge of the personnel office and used his authority to force out Jewish members of the staff.[17] By June, he was promoted toState Secretary in the Ministry. On 31 July, PrussianMinister presidentHermann Göring appointed him to the recently reconstitutedPrussian State Council.[18] On the founding of theAcademy for German Law by Hans Frank in October 1933, Freisler was made a member.[13] He was the chairman of its Criminal Law Committee, head of its department of scientific studies and editor of the Academy newspaper.[19] When the Prussian Ministry of Justice was merged with theReich Ministry of Justice on 1 April 1935, Freisler became the State Secretary in the unified Ministry, where he served until August 1942.
Freisler's mastery of legal texts, mental agility, dramatic courtroom verbal dexterity and verbal force, in combination with his zealous conversion toNazi ideology, made him the most feared judge inNazi Germany, and the personification of Nazism in domestic law. Despite his talents and loyalty, Adolf Hitler never appointed him to any post beyond the legal system. That might have been because he was a lone figure, lacking support within the senior echelons of the Nazi hierarchy but he had also been politically compromised by his brother, Oswald Freisler, also a lawyer. Oswald had acted as a defence counsel against the regime's authority several times during the increasingly politically driven trials by which the Nazis sought to enforce their control of German society and he had the habit of wearing his Nazi Party membership badge in court whilst doing so. Propaganda ministerJoseph Goebbels reproached Oswald Freisler and reported his actions to Adolf Hitler who ordered Freisler's expulsion from the Party. (Oswald Freisler died, allegedly by suicide, in 1939.)[20]
In 1941, in a discussion at the "Führer Headquarters" about whom to appoint to replaceFranz Gürtner, the Reich Justice Minister, who had died, Goebbels suggested Freisler as an option; Hitler's reply, referring to Freisler's alleged "Red" past, was "That old Bolshevik? No!"[10][20]
Freisler was a committed Nazi ideologist and used his legal skills to adapt its theories into practical law-making and judicature. He published a paper titledDie rassebiologische Aufgabe bei der Neugestaltung des Jugendstrafrechts ("The racial-biological task involved in the reform of juvenile criminal law").[21] In this document he argued that "racially foreign, racially degenerate, racially incurable or seriously defective juveniles" should be sent to juvenile centres or correctional education centres and segregated from those who are "German and racially valuable".[22]
Freisler strongly advocated the creation of laws to punishRassenschande ("race defilement", the Nazi term for sexual relations between "Aryans" and "inferior races"), to be classed as "racial treason". Freisler looked to racist laws in theUnited States states as a model for Nazi legislation to target Jews in Germany.[23] Freisler consideredJim Crow racist legislation "primitive" for failing to provide a legal definition of the term black or negro person. While some more conservative Nazi lawyers objected to the lack of precision with which a person could be defined as a "Jew," he argued that American judges were able to identify black people for purposes of laws in American states that prohibited "miscegenation" between black and white people and laws that otherwise codifiedracial segregation and German laws could similarly target Jews even if the term "Jew" could not be given a precise legal definition.[24]
In 1933, Freisler published a pamphlet calling for the legal prohibition of "mixed-blood" sexual intercourse, which met with expressions of public unease in the dying elements of the German free press and non-Nazi political classes and lacked public authorization from the policy of the Nazi Party, which had only just obtained dictatorial control of the state. It also led to a clash with his superior Franz Gürtner but Freisler's ideological views reflected things to come, as was shown by the enactment of theNuremberg Laws within two years.[25]
In October 1939, Freisler introduced the concept of 'precocious juvenile criminal' in the "Juvenile Felons Decree". This "provided the legal basis for imposing the death penalty and penitentiary terms on juveniles for the first time in German legal history".[26] Between 1933 and 1945, the Reich's courts sentenced at least 72 German juveniles to death, among them 17-year-oldHelmuth Hübener, found guilty of high treason for distributing anti-war leaflets in 1942.
On the outbreak ofWorld War II, Freisler issued a legal "Decree against National Parasites" (September 1939) introducing the term "perpetrator type", which was used in combination with another Nazi ideological term, "parasite". The adoption of racial biological terminology into law portrayed juvenile criminality as "parasitical", implying the need for harsher sentences to remedy it. He justified the new concept with: "in times of war, breaches of loyalty and baseness cannot find any leniency and must be met with the full force of the law".[26]
On 8 July 1940, the Justice Ministry received a written complaint fromLothar Kreyssig, a senior local court judge protesting against thekillings, described by the Nazi régime, of physically or mentally disabled persons including multiple individuals under the local judge'swardship. Freisler met with the local judge and explained that the ministry was in the process of establishing orderly procedures for the program with "expert committees" and "grievance councils"; notably, despite the absence thus far of promulgated procedures for adjudications under and implementation of the program, Freisler did not dispute the legality of the killings, instead arguing that the Nazi state had brought about a new concept of law. The local judge continued to protest, and some months later, after a second meeting withReichsminister Gürtner reinforced Freisler's position, the local judge was forced to retire.[27]
On 31 October 1941, Freisler issued a directive that Jewish inmates had to wear the identifyingyellow badge in Reich prisons. He also worked closely with theReichsstatthalter ofReichsgau Wartheland,Arthur Greiser, on standardizing penalties for Jews and Poles in the occupied eastern territories. They concluded that the death penalty orconcentration camp imprisonment, imposed by special courts-martial, were the only acceptable punishments for these categories of individuals, even for minor offenses. These penal regulations came into force in December 1941, and also were applied to Jews who were transported into the eastern territories.[28]
On 20 January 1942, Freisler, representing ActingReichsminister of JusticeFranz Schlegelberger, attended theWannsee Conference of senior governmental officials in a villa on the southwestern outskirts of Berlin to provide expert legal advice for the planning ofthe destruction of European Jewry.[6] The official minutes of the conference do not record any comments by Freisler; he had a history ofantisemitism and knowledge of the regime's use ofextrajudicial killing in other contexts and was certainly aware that the purpose of the meeting was to discuss the extermination of the Jews.[29]
On 20 August 1942, Hitler promotedOtto Georg Thierack to Reich Justice Minister, replacing the retiring Schlegelberger, and named Freisler to succeed Thierack as president of thePeople's Court (Volksgerichtshof). This court had jurisdiction over a broad array of political offences, includingblack marketeering, work slowdowns and defeatism. These actions were viewed by Freisler asWehrkraftzersetzung (undermining defensive capability) and were punished severely, with many death sentences. The People's Court under Freisler's domination almost always sided with the prosecuting authority, to the point that being brought before it was tantamount to acapital charge. Its separate administrative existence beyond the ordinary judicial system, despite its trappings, rapidly turned it into an executive execution arm and psychological domestic terror weapon of the regime, in the tradition of arevolutionary tribunal rather than a court of law.[30][additional citation(s) needed]
Freisler chaired the First Senate of the People's Court wearing ablood-scarlet judicial robe, in a hearing chamber bedecked with scarletswastika-draped banners and a large black sculptedbust of Adolf Hitler's head upon a high pedestal behind his chair, opening each hearing session with theNazi salute from thebench.[6] He acted as prosecutor, judge, and jury combined, and also as his own recorder, thereby controlling the record of the written grounds for the sentences that he passed.[citation needed]
The frequency of death sentences rose sharply under Freisler's rule. Approximately 90% of all cases that came before him ended in guilty verdicts. Between 1942 and 1945, more than 5,000 death sentences were decreed by him, 2,600 of these through the court's First Senate, which Freisler controlled. He was responsible in his three years on the court for as many death sentences as all other senate sessions of the court combined in the court's existence between 1934 and 1945.[31]
Freisler became known during this period for berating each member of the steady stream of defendants passing before him. He was known to be interested inAndrey Vyshinsky, the Chief Prosecutor of the Soviet purge trials and had attended those show trials to watch Vyshinsky's courtroom performances in a similar capacity in Moscow in 1938.[6][32]
On 18 February 1943,Sophie Scholl andHans Scholl were captured by the Gestapo. Through questioning, it became clear that the two siblings were part of a resistance group called theWhite Rose that was attempting to sow discord in Germany by the use of mailing pamphlets urging passive resistance. A third resistance member,Christoph Probst was soon arrested.[33] On 22 February 1943, Freisler was flown into Munich for the sole purpose of presiding over their trial.[33] The verdict was as expected, guilty. Freisler sentenced the three to death by hanging but fearful of them being raised to martyrdom status if they were publicly killed, it was decided to execute them byguillotine instead.[34] On 19 April 1943, Freisler was flown back again to stand as judge over the second trial of the White Rose members. Out of the thirteen defendants, three were sentenced to death, nine were given prison sentences and one was acquitted.[35]
In August 1944, some of the arrested perpetrators of the20 July Plot against Adolf Hitler were brought before Freisler for punishment. The proceedings were filmed to be shown to the German public in cinema newsreels, and show how Freisler ran his court. He would often alternate between questioning the defendants in an analytical manner, then suddenly launch into a tirade, even going so far as to shout insults at the accused from the bench. The shift from cold, clinical interrogation to fits of screaming rage was designed to psychologically disarm, torment and humiliate those on trial while discouraging any attempt on their part to defend or justify their actions. At one point, Freisler yelled atField MarshalErwin von Witzleben, who was trying to hold up his trousers after being purposely given old, oversized and beltless clothing: "You dirty old man, why do you keep fiddling with your trousers?"
Another instance is from Freisler's public appearance during the trial of the defendantUlrich-Wilhelm Graf Schwerin von Schwanenfeld. The footage taken shows Freisler drowning out Schwerin's weak and muted testimony, prompted by his concern over the Wehrmacht's "numerous murders in Poland", by roaring at him in an exaggerated and theatrical manner, declaring "Sie sind ja ein schäbiger Lump!" (roughly, "You really are a lousy piece of trash!").[36][37] Nearly all of the accused were sentenced to death by hanging, with some of the sentences being carried out within two hours of the verdict being delivered.[6]
On the morning of 3 February 1945, Freisler was conducting a Saturday session of the People's Court whenUnited States Army Air Forces bombersattacked Berlin, led by theB-17 ofLieutenant ColonelRobert Rosenthal.[38] Government and Nazi Party buildings were hit, including theReich Chancellery, theGestapo headquarters, the Party Chancellery and the People's Court. Hearing the air raid sirens, Freisler hastily adjourned the court and ordered that the prisoners be taken to an air raid shelter but he stayed behind to gather files before leaving.
A bomb struck the court building at 11:08, causing a partial internal collapse and a masonry column came crashing down on Freisler, crushing and killing him instantly. A large portion of the courtroom also landed on Freisler's corpse.[6][39] The flattened remains of Freisler were found beneath the rubble still clutching the files he had stopped to retrieve.[10] Among the files was that ofFabian von Schlabrendorff, a bomb plotter who was on trial that day and facing execution.[40]
A differing account stated that Freisler "was killed by a bomb fragment while trying to escape from his law court to the air-raid shelter" and that he "bled to death on the pavement outside the People's Court at Bellevuestrasse 15 in Berlin". Schlabrendorff was "standing near Freisler when the latter met his end".[10][a] Schlabrendorff was re-tried and acquitted, and survived the war, ultimately following Freisler as a judge, on theFederal Constitutional Court.
A foreign correspondent reported, "Apparently nobody regretted his death."[39]Luise Jodl, wife of GeneralAlfred Jodl, recounted more than 25 years later that she had been working at theLützow Hospital when Freisler's body was brought in, and that a worker commented it was "God's verdict". According to Mrs. Jodl, "Not one person said a word in reply."[41] His body was buried in the grave of his wife's family at theWaldfriedhof Dahlem Cemetery in Berlin.[42] His name is not recorded on the gravestone.[6]
Freisler marriedMarion Russegger on 24 March 1928; the couple had two sons, Harald and Roland.[43]
Freisler appears in fictional form in theHans Fallada novelEvery Man Dies Alone (1947). In 1943, he tried and handed down death penalties toOtto and Elise Hampel, who were both guillotined for distributing anti-Nazi postcards and whose true story inspired Fallada's novel. In the novelFatherland (1992) byRobert Harris, which takes place in an alternate 1964 in whichNazi Germany won World War II, Freisler is mentioned as having survived until winter 1954, when he is killed by a maniac with a knife on the steps of the Berlin People's Court. It is implied that his death was actually caused by the Gestapo, to ensure that the Wannsee Conference and the Holocaust remained a secret.
Freisler has been portrayed by screen actors at least eight times, byRainer Steffen [de] in the German television filmDie Wannseekonferenz (1984), byRoland Schäfer [de] in the Anglo-French-German filmReunion (1989), byBrian Cox in the British television filmWitness Against Hitler (1996), byOwen Teale in theBBC–HBO filmConspiracy (2001), byAndré Hennicke in the filmSophie Scholl – The Final Days (2005), by Helmut Stauss in the filmValkyrie (2008) by Karl Knaup inRommel (2012, uncredited) and byArnd Klawitter in the German television filmDie Wannseekonferenz (2022).
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)Dec 1, 1944 – Feb 3, 1945 - 418th BS, 100th BG (H) ETOUSAAF (8AF) Squadron Commander, 55 hours, B-17 Air Leader 5 c/m (combat missions) 45 c/hrs (combat hours)1 Division Lead (Berlin Feb 3, 1945, shot down, picked up by Russians and returned to England) Acting Command 4 Wing Leads, Pilot Feb 3, 1945 - BERLIN - MACR #12046, - A/C#44 8379
| Legal offices | ||
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| Preceded by | Judge President of the People's Court 20 August 1942 – 3 February 1945 | Succeeded by |
