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Rodrigues Rodrig (Morisyen) | |
|---|---|
Autonomous outer island | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| Motto(s): | |
| Anthem: "Motherland" | |
 Location of Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean. | |
| Coordinates:19°43′S63°25′E / 19.717°S 63.417°E /-19.717; 63.417 | |
| Country |  Mauritius |
| Capital | Port Mathurin |
| Government | |
| • Body | Regional Assembly |
| • Chief Commissioner | Johnson Roussety |
| • Chief Executive | Jean Claude Pierre-Louis |
| • Minister for Rodrigues | Pravind Jugnauth |
| Area | |
• Total | 108 km2 (42 sq mi) |
| Population (2014)[note 1] | |
• Total | 41,669[1] |
| • Density | 386/km2 (1,000/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Rodriguan |
| Languages | |
| • Vernacular languages |
|
| Time zone | UTC+4 (MUT) |
| ISO 3166 code | MU-RO |
| Calling code | +230 |
| Currency | Mauritian rupee (MUR) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) |
| Drives on | left |
| Internet TLD | .mu |
Rodrigues (French:Île Rodrigues[ilʁɔdʁiɡ];Creole:Rodrig) is a 108 km2 (42 sq mi)autonomousouter island of the Republic of Mauritius in theIndian Ocean, about 560 km (350 mi) east of Mauritius.[2] It is part of theMascarene Islands, which includeMauritius andRéunion. LikeAgaléga, Rodrigues is a constituent island of theRepublic of Mauritius, under theConstitution of Mauritius and still remains, as explicitly defined by the same Constitution, part of the Sovereignty of Mauritius, together with the following islands: "Agaléga,Tromelin,Cargados Carajos (Saint Brandon),Chagos Archipelago ...Diego Garcia and other islands included in the State of Mauritius".
Rodrigues is of volcanic origin and is surrounded bycoral reef, and some tiny uninhabited islands lie just off its coast. The island used to be the tenthDistrict of Mauritius; it gained autonomous status on 12 October 2002, and is governed by the Rodrigues Regional Assembly. The capital of the island isPort Mathurin. The islands of Rodrigues, Agaléga and Saint Brandon form part of the larger territory of the Republic of Mauritius.
Its inhabitants are Mauritian citizens. As of 2014[update], the island's population was about 41,669, according toStatistics Mauritius.[1] Most of the inhabitants are of African descent. Its economy is based mainly on fishing, farming, handicraft and a developing tourism sector.[4]
Rodrigues was named afterPortuguese explorerDiogo Rodrigues, who first came upon the uninhabited island in 1528, under direction of Portuguese ViceroyPedro Mascarenhas (namesake of theMascarene Islands).Many maps also describe it as Diego Roiz. From the 10th century,Arabs are known to have visited theMascarene Islands. TheCantino planisphere ofc. 1500 and some other contemporary maps clearly show the three islands of the Mascarenes asDina Arobi (orHarobi),Dina Margabin andDina Moraze. These are apparently corruptedtransliterations or transcriptions of theArabicديفا هارابDiva Harab ("Desert Island"),ديفا مغربينDiva Maghrebin ("Western Island") andديفا ماشريقDiva Mashriq ("Eastern Island").[dubious –discuss] While the second clearly refers toRéunion, sources disagree about which of the other isMauritius and which one Rodrigues, which are both to the east of Réunion and arranged in a somewhat stylised way on these maps. However, even in its original state, Rodrigues had somekarst, while Mauritius even after suffering 500 years ofdeforestation can by no means be called "desert" even in a colloquial sense.[5]
The island was located again in February 1507. Part of the fleet ofAfonso de Albuquerque andTristão da Cunha,Diogo Fernandes Pereira's shipCisne (Swan) spotted Réunion on 9 February after acyclone had diverted their course forcing them to go around Madagascar, unlike the rest of the fleet. It has also been opined that this was due to a navigational error byAfonso de Albuquerque. The other two islands were subsequently rediscovered. The initial name wasDiogo Fernandes;Domingo Froiz was given as a name some years later, and by 1528 it had been again renamed after thePortuguesenavigatorDomDiogo Rodrigues and has remained so since. Theorthography has been less stable at first, with the name beingtranscribedDiogo Rodríguez (Spanish maps),Diego Roiz,Diego Ruys (Dutch maps) (or evenDiego Ruy's Island),Dygarroys orBygarroys. Some early French sources called itÎle Marianne.[citation needed]
Due to the island lying far off the beaten track of seafarers at that time, it received few visits. From 1601, the Dutch began visiting the island somewhat more regularly for fresh supplies of food. In 1691, theHuguenotFrançois Leguat and seven companions landed on the island, intending to set up a farming colony ofProtestant refugees. Farming was not successful, but there was an abundance of tortoises, turtles, birds, fish and other seafood.[citation needed]
During the 18th century, several attempts were made by the French to develop the island. Africanslaves (ancestors of the present population) were brought to Rodrigues to develop stock-breeding and farming. In 1735 a permanent French settlement was established, subordinated toÎle Bourbon.[6]
In 1809, after a brief battle with the French,British troops took possession of Rodrigues.[7] After British occupation, slavery was eventuallyabolished in 1834. By 1843, the population had declined to a low of 250.[citation needed]
In 1883, the eruption of theIndonesian volcanoKrakatoa was heard at Rodrigues Island and it remains the furthest point, at almost 4,800 km (3,000 mi), at which the explosion was heard.[8] The sound was described as "the roar of heavy guns". Naval ships were ordered to investigate as it was feared the sound was due to a ship in distress firing its guns. The noise remains the loudest sound in recorded history.[citation needed]
In September 1897, solo sailorJoshua Slocum spent eight days on the island. He would later write, "At Rodriguez one may now find every convenience for filling pure and wholesome water in any quantity. Governor Roberts having built a reservoir in the hills, above the village, and laid pipes to the jetty, where, at the time of my visit, there were five and a half feet at high tide. In former years well-water was used, and more or less sickness occurred from it. Beef may be had in any quantity on the island, and at a moderate price. Sweet potatoes were plentiful and cheap; the large sack of them that I bought there for about four shillings kept unusually well. I simply stored them in the sloop's dry hold. Of fruits, pomegranates were most plentiful; for two shillings I obtained a large sack of them, as many as a donkey could pack from the orchard, which, by the way, was planted by nature herself."[9]
Early in 1968,HMSCambrian, which was part of theBeira Patrol following theUnilateral Declaration of Independence ofRhodesia, was diverted to Rodrigues to quell a reported uprising by some of the populace. The uprising consisted of a number of individuals who had been arrested by the local authorities for breaking into a warehouse and appropriating a supply of sweet potatoes. Other locals went to the authorities and by violence released the arrested persons. At this point, it is believed that the authorities requested assistance which was provided by HMSCambrian. On her early morning arrival, the ship's 4.5" guns were fired (with blanks, it is believed) and an armed landing party was provided. This resulted in the offenders being rounded up and imprisoned again.[10]
Rodrigues is avolcanic island rising from a ridge along the edge of theMascarene Plateau. Thetectonically activeRodrigues Triple Point lies on the sea-floor nearby. Rodrigues is only 1.5 million years old, even if the plateau under the lagoon surrounding Rodrigues may be much more ancient than the island.[11] Over time Rodrigues has developed a unique environment, including manyendemic species.
Rodrigues is situated about 560 kilometres (350 mi) to the east of Mauritius. It is about 18 km (11 mi) long and 6.5 km (4.0 mi) wide with an area of 108 km2 (42 sq mi).[2][12] The shape is that of a whale back with a central ridge and deep cut valleys. The island is hilly with a central spine culminating in the highest peak, Mountain Limon at 398 m (1,306 ft). Rodrigues is the only Mascarene island with extensive limestone deposits and caves. A large fringing reef surrounds the island forming a lagoon within which lie eighteen small islets.[13][14]
Thecoral reef of Rodrigues is of particular interest as it is self-seeding – it receives no coralzooplankton from elsewhere. This has led to an overall species-poor but highlyadapted ecosystem. A species of coral, two species ofPomacentrusdamselfish and many species ofcrustaceans are found only on Rodrigues' reefs.[15]
The isolation and location of the island give a microclimate specific to Rodrigues, with two seasons. Rodrigues enjoys a mild tropical maritime climate with persistent trade winds blowing throughout the year. Mean summer temperature is 25.9 °C (78.6 °F) and mean winter temperature is around 22.3 °C (72.1 °F). The temperature difference between summer and winter is 3.6 °C. January to March are the hottest months and August is the coolest month. The wettest month is February; September and October are the driest months. The climate is hotter and drier than in Mauritius. Cyclones may arise from November to April, and Rodrigues is more often hit than Mauritius.[16]
| Climate data for Rodrigues | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 33.9 (93.0) | 34.0 (93.2) | 33.9 (93.0) | 33.0 (91.4) | 30.9 (87.6) | 30.9 (87.6) | 30.4 (86.7) | 31.2 (88.2) | 30.7 (87.3) | 30.9 (87.6) | 30.9 (87.6) | 33.1 (91.6) | 34.0 (93.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.2 (84.6) | 29.3 (84.7) | 29.4 (84.9) | 28.7 (83.7) | 27.5 (81.5) | 26.0 (78.8) | 25.0 (77.0) | 24.8 (76.6) | 25.4 (77.7) | 26.3 (79.3) | 27.4 (81.3) | 28.7 (83.7) | 27.3 (81.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.7 (74.7) | 23.0 (73.4) | 21.6 (70.9) | 20.1 (68.2) | 19.1 (66.4) | 18.8 (65.8) | 19.3 (66.7) | 20.1 (68.2) | 21.3 (70.3) | 22.8 (73.0) | 21.4 (70.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) | 19.8 (67.6) | 19.0 (66.2) | 18.4 (65.1) | 18.1 (64.6) | 16.5 (61.7) | 14.5 (58.1) | 15.2 (59.4) | 15.8 (60.4) | 16.5 (61.7) | 17.2 (63.0) | 19.2 (66.6) | 14.5 (58.1) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 150.0 (5.91) | 184.7 (7.27) | 131.2 (5.17) | 117.0 (4.61) | 78.3 (3.08) | 77.6 (3.06) | 80.8 (3.18) | 59.4 (2.34) | 43.8 (1.72) | 40.7 (1.60) | 70.0 (2.76) | 71.0 (2.80) | 1,104.5 (43.48) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 136 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 79 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 75 | 74 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 76 | 77 | 76 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 275.9 | 240.1 | 257.3 | 243.0 | 244.9 | 219.0 | 232.5 | 244.9 | 237.0 | 275.9 | 273.0 | 285.2 | 3,028.7 |
| Mean dailysunshine hours | 8.9 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 8.9 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 8.9 |
| Source: Mauritius Meteorological Services[16] | |||||||||||||
Rodrigues was characterised by endemic plant and animal species in abundance, but since the seventeenth century much of its biodiversity has been eradicated. The island was home to two now-extinct endemic giant tortoises, adomed species (Cylindraspis peltastes), and asaddle-backed species (C. vosmaeri), and such birds as theRodrigues solitaire (Pezophaps solitaria), a giant flightless pigeon closely related to thedodo of Mauritius, and theRodrigues night heron (Nycticorax megacephalus). An endemic species of bat, theRodrigues flying fox, is currently listed asendangered on theIUCN Red List. There are two remaining endemic bird species: theRodrigues fody and theRodrigues warbler, both are listed as near threatened.[citation needed]
To restore some forest areas,Grande Montagne,Anse Quitor (with neighbouringFrançois Leguat Giant Tortoise Reserve) and two islets,Île aux Sables andÎle aux Cocos have been declared nature reserves (under the Forest and Reserves Act 1983).[17] Endangered plants on the reserves includeZanthoxylum paniculatum,Polyscias rodriguesiana,Badula balfouriana, andGouania leguatii.[18][19]
The island of Rodrigues is aconstituency of the Republic of Mauritius and is dependent on the latter. However, on 20 November 2001, theMauritius National Assembly unanimously adopted two laws giving Rodrigues its autonomy, creating a decentralised government system. This new legislation has allowed the implementation of a regional assembly in Rodrigues constituting 18 members and an executive council headed by a Chief Commissioner. The council meets every week to make decisions, draw up laws and manage the budget. TheChief Commissioner has the main task of informing the Mauritian Prime Minister of the management of the island's concerns. Thelast election of the Rodriguan Regional Assembly was held on 27 February 2022. TheAlliance (UPR/MIR/PSMD/FPR) party was the winner and obtained nine seats, while theOrganisation du Peuple de Rodrigues (OPR) obtained eight. ThePresident acts as head of state and theChief Commissioner as head of government on Rodrigues.[20] The current chief commissioner isJohnson Roussety and theChief Executive of Rodrigues is Pierre Louis Jean Claude.[21]
The island includes six electoral regions: La Ferme (Region 1), Marechal (Region 2), Saint Gabriel (Region 3), Baie aux Huitres (Region 4), Port Mathurin (Region 5) and Grande Montagne (Region 6). Rodrigues Regional Assembly election are held every five years.
Rodrigues is divided into 14 municipalities or zones. For statistical purposes, the zones are further subdivided into a total of 182 localities. The zones have between a minimum of six localities (La Ferme) and maximum of 22 (the capitalPort Mathurin).[22]
| Zone Nr. | Municipality | Population[note 1] |
|---|---|---|
| 5 | Port Mathurin | 5,929 |
| 8 | Lataniers-Mont Lubin | 3,806 |
| 9 | Petit Gabriel | 3,658 |
| 12 | Rivière Cocos | 2,893 |
| 10 | Mangues-Quatre Vents | 2,870 |
| 11 | Plaine Corail-La Fouche Corail | 2,832 |
| 13 | Port Sud-Est | 2,717 |
| 4 | Oyster Bay | 2,594 |
| 7 | Roche Bon Dieu-Trèfles | 2,059 |
| 14 | Coromandel-Graviers | 1,944 |
| 1 | Piments-Baie Topaze | 1,445 |
| 2 | La Ferme | 1,112 |
| 3 | Baie Malgache | 1,076 |
| 6 | Grand Baie-Montagne Goyaves | 844 |
| Rodrigues | 35,779 |
The population estimate (as of 18 November 2022) for the island of Rodrigues was 43,650.[23] The main religion is Christianity, dominated byRoman Catholicism with small minorities of other Christian branches, as well asJehovah's Witnesses, and there are alsoHindus,Muslims andBuddhists. Most of the inhabitants are of African descent and there is a minority of mixed-race peoples,[clarification needed] descendants of the first European settlers.
The main language isRodriguan Creole, butEnglish andFrench are most used as the languages of government administration, the courts and business.[4] Rodriguan Creole is very similar toMauritian Creole, though some words are pronounced differently. People born in Rodrigues island are called Rodriguans.
The education system in Rodrigues is similar to that throughout the rest ofMauritius. The government provides free education to students up to the tertiary level.Education is taught mainly inEnglish.
Rodrigues is served bySir Gaëtan Duval Airport in Plane Corail, with regular flights toSir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport in Plaisance.
The economy of Rodrigues is mostly dependent on Mauritius. The main sources of income and economic activity are tourism, fishing, agriculture (especially of onions, garlic and chilli), and animal rearing. Thehandicraft industry has proven to be beneficial to the economy of the island. However, the income derived from the export of sea products, cattle, and food crops is smaller than the costs of imported products, creating a deficit.It has a special relationship with English-speaking countries, such as England in the United Kingdom, Australia and Ireland.[24][25]
As of 2020, Gross National Income per capita was approximately $16,400.[26]
Cultural awakening which occurred at the end of the 1970s allowed the construction and consolidation of the cultural identity of Rodrigues through the development of these various elements, which form the base of the culture of every nation: food, music, and crafts
The traditional music of the island is known asSega Tambour. The music has an accentuated beat, usually accompanied by anaccordion,clapping and the use of improvised percussion instruments likebamboo. Thefolk dance music is similar topolkas,quadrilles,waltzes andScottishreels.[27]
Rodrigues cuisine consists of dishes from local products: fruit, vegetables, seafood (fish, octopus, crab, shrimp, lobster) and meat. National dishes include sausages with kreolinės, rougaille sauce, octopus with curry, kono-kono (a shellfish) salad and Rodrigues cake.
The most common sport in Rodrigues isassociation football. There are local competitions almost throughout the year and in specific competitions, the winning team travels to Mauritius for sport exchange.Volleyball is also popular. There is also a publicswimming pool at Marechal, a village located in the center of the island, and astadium at Camp Du Rois in the region ofPort Mathurin.
In 2010, plans were developed by Bernard Eric Typhis Degtyarenko for a private museum on the island, centred on the restoration of theyachtAdmiral Nevelskoi. The hull of the yacht, belonging to theMaritime State University inVladivostok, Russia, had been found drifting off Rodrigues in 1997 and brought ashore.[28][29]
Since 2014, Rodrigues Island has been proactive in environmental conservation, banning plastic bags to safeguard its marine and terrestrial biodiversity. Building on this success and with positive reception from the community, the island extended its eco-friendly measures by prohibiting single-use polystyrene food containers four years later, garnering global acclaim. These efforts complement various initiatives dedicated to preserving the island's unique ecosystem.[30]
Crucial among these initiatives is the establishment of reserves, notably the Grande Montagne Nature Reserve at the island's center, harboring indigenous fauna and flora. The reserve is vital for monitoring endemic plants such as the 'café maron' and 'bois blan,' as well as unique bird species like the Rodriguan Warbler and Rodriguan Fody.[30]
On the western part of Rodrigues, the Francois Leguat Giant Tortoises Reserve and Cave contribute to the rehabilitation of tortoises, including the riadata and Aldabra species. Since 2006, the reserve has been a stalwart in tortoise conservation, now housing over 5,000 tortoises within its 20 hectares.[30] The reserve features a unique landscape of limestone formations, including nine fascinating caves and dolines. One highlight is the remarkable Grande Caverne, outfitted with raised walkways, steps, and eco-friendly lighting. It stands out as the only electrified "Show Cave" in the Southwest Indian Ocean, designed to international standards with the expertise of an Australian cave consultant.[31]
'Ile aux Cocos,' another reserve, serves as a protected habitat for seabirds. Through guided tours, visitors gain insights into the destination's preservation efforts. Additionally, a sponsorship campaign for reptiles is available at the reserve.[30]
Even during the challenging times of the COVID-19 crisis, the island exhibited resilience. The local government, along with tourism sector workers, contributed to environmental protection. From cleaning hiking paths to restoring islets, these collective efforts upheld Rodrigues' commitment to conservation.[30]
Tourists played a pivotal role through the Tourism Livelihood Scheme, providing immediate positive impacts. Continuing its ecological journey, Rodrigues Island aims to launch the 'One Tree, One Tourist, and One Child' project in 2023. This visionary initiative entails planting a tree for every traveler, nurtured by local children. Serving as a model for active involvement in environmental protection, this project fosters an enduring ecological mindset among both tourists and locals, ensuring the ongoing conservation of Rodrigues' unique environment for generations to come.[30]
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