Rockstar Games, Inc. is an Americanvideo game publisher based in New York City. The company was established in December 1998 as a subsidiary ofTake-Two Interactive, using the assets Take-Two had previously acquired from BMG Interactive. Founding members of the company were Terry Donovan, Gary Foreman,Dan andSam Houser, and Jamie King, who worked for Take-Two at the time, and of which the Houser brothers were previously executives at BMG Interactive. Sam Houser heads the studio as president.[2]
Since 1999, several companies acquired by or established under Take-Two have become part of Rockstar Games, such asRockstar Canada (later renamed Rockstar Toronto) becoming the first one in 1999, and Rockstar Australia the most recent in 2025. All companies organized under Rockstar Games bear the "Rockstar" name and logo. In this context, Rockstar Games is sometimes also referred to as Rockstar New York, Rockstar NY or Rockstar NYC. Rockstar Games also sports amotion capture studio inBethpage, New York.[2]
BrothersDan Houser (left) andSam Houser (right) are two of the co-founders of Rockstar Games. Dan left the company in 2020; Sam is the president.
On March 12, 1998,Take-Two Interactive announced its acquisition of the assets of dormant Britishvideo game publisher BMG Interactive from BMG Entertainment (a unit ofBertelsmann). In exchange, Take-Two was to issue 1.85 million shares (around 16%) of itscommon stock to BMG Entertainment.[3][4] Through this acquisition, Take-Two obtained several of BMG Interactive's formerintellectual properties, includingDMA Design'sGrand Theft Auto andSpace Station Silicon Valley.[5][6] The deal was announced to have closed on March 25.[7] Three BMG Interactive executives—Dan Houser,Sam Houser, and Jamie King—as well as Gary Foreman of BMG Interactive and Terry Donovan of BMG Entertainment'sArista Records record label, subsequently moved to New York City to work for Take-Two Interactive.[5][8][9] In a restructuring announced that April, Sam Houser was appointed as Take-Two's "vice president of worldwide product development".[10] In December 1998, the Houser brothers, Donovan and King established Rockstar Games as the "high-end" publishing label of Take-Two.[5][11][12][13] The formation was formally announced on January 22, 1999.[14]
In January 2007, Take-Two announced that Donovan, until then managing director for Rockstar Games, had left the company following a four-month leave of absence.[15] He was succeeded by Gary Dale, who became chief operating officer.[16] Dale previously worked with the Houser brothers and King at BMG Interactive, but left the company when it was acquired by Take-Two Interactive, and joinedCapcom's European operations as managing director in 2003.[17][18]
As of February 2014, Rockstar Games titles have shipped more than 250 million copies,[19] the largest franchise being theGrand Theft Auto series, which alone has shipments of at least 250 million as of November 2016.[20]Grand Theft Auto V shipped the highest number of units within the series' and the company's history, with over 220 million copies,[21] making it the secondbest-selling video game of all time.[22]
At the10th British Academy Games Awards in March 2014, Rockstar Games was honored with theBAFTA Academy Fellowship Award for "creating intricately layered interactive worlds that have kept the company at the forefront of the gaming industry for over a decade, both critically and commercially".[23][24] Jennifer Kolbe, who started at the front desk of Take-Two, acts as Rockstar Games' head of publishing and oversees all development studios.[2][25] Simon Ramsey is the company's head of PR and communications.[25]
In September 2019, Rockstar Games announced that they had released their own game launcher, adigital distribution,digital rights management,multiplayer and communications service.[28] After having taken an extended break following the release ofRed Dead Redemption 2 in early 2019, Dan Houser left Rockstar Games on March 11, 2020.[29]
The company acquired the Scottish studioRuffian Games in October 2020, rebranding the studio as Rockstar Dundee.[30]
In September 2022, Rockstar was the target of adata breach in which 90 videos from the development ofGrand Theft Auto VI were leaked.[31][32] Rockstar described the leak as a "network intrusion", and noted that it was "extremely disappointed" by the manner in which the game was first demonstrated, but that it did not anticipate long-term effects on development.[33]
In August 2023, Rockstar acquired Cfx.re (CitizenFX), the team behind the modding platforms FiveM and RedM forGrand Theft Auto V andRed Dead Redemption 2 respectively.[34][35][36] Michael Unsworth, vice president of writing, departed the company in 2023 after sixteen years.[37] In March 2025, Rockstar announced it would acquire Sydney-based studio Video Games Deluxe, consisting of formerL.A. Noire developers, and rename it Rockstar Australia.[38]
Company philosophy
In October 2011, Dan Houser toldFamitsu that Rockstar Games was intentionally avoiding developing games in thefirst-person shooter genre, because "it is in ourDNA to avoid doing what other companies are doing ... the goalpoint of Rockstar is to have the players really feel what we're trying to do."[39][40] Houser went on to say "Our games up to now have been different from any genre that existed at the time; we made new genres by ourselves with games like theGTA series. We didn't rely on testimonials in a business textbook to do what we've done. ... If we make the sort of games we want to play, then we believe people are going to buy them."[41]
The company has been involved with charitable work ranging from supportingMovember and offering appearances in games as a raffle prize, to charitylive streams.[42][43]
Labor relations
In October 2018,Jason Schreier published an account ofcrunch culture at Rockstar Games. According to Schreier, "Most current and former Rockstar employees said they had been asked or felt compelled to work nights and weekends," with many reporting working an average of 55 to 60 hours a week. Rockstar acknowledged that some employees had worked evenings and weekends, but disputed the average working hours as "individual anecdotes which are usually self-selecting...for the most extreme ends of the scale."[25]
In October 2025, Rockstar fired 30 to 40 employees in Canada and the United Kingdom, citing public discussion and distribution of confidential information; Take-Two Interactive claimed that the firings were "for gross misconduct, and for no other reason".[44][45] TheIndependent Workers' Union of Great Britain (IWGB) denied this and accused the company ofunion busting, stating the employees were attempting tounionize withlabor organizers onDiscord.[44][45] Alex Marshall, president of the IWGB, called the firings the "most blatant and ruthless act of union busting in the history of the games industry".[46] The IWGB organized protests outside Rockstar North and Take-Two's Edinburgh and London offices, respectively, on November 6, attended and supported byScottish Greens co-leaderRoss Greer.[47]
Studios
Outside of its New York City headquarters, Rockstar Games operates several subsidiary studios worldwide.[48][49] All studios use the Rockstar Games logo with individual colors.[50] As of 2018, the company employs more than 2,000 people across all offices.[51] The studios frequently collaborate and were collectively credited asRockstar Studios inMax Payne 3,[52] and simply as Rockstar Games inRed Dead Redemption 2.[53][54]
Rockstar Games Social Club is an online gaming service created by Rockstar Games forauthentication andmultiplayer applications within their games.[60] Most branding relating to Social Club was removed from Rockstar's website by November 2023.[61]
Rockstar Games Launcher
Rockstar Games released its own games launcher forWindows on September 17, 2019. The launcher integrates with the user's Social Club account, allowing them to download and buy games that they have previously purchased through Rockstar's store, as well as launch Rockstar games available from other services, likeSteam, from the launcher.[62]
Other projects
Rockstar Loft
In 1999, Donovan and Sam Houser cooperated with John Davis to establish the Rockstar Loftclub night. Davis had co-founded and been the promoter for Body & Soul, a "no-guestlist, no velvet rope party" held weekly atTribeca's Club Vinyl. When Rockstar Games' founder originally arrived in New York City, former DJ Donovan was particularly impressed with Body & Soul, and they became close with the club night's team, including Davis and its other founder, DJFrançois K. Davis had sought to establish further such events, while Donovan and Houser wanted to get publicity for the young Rockstar Games, thus they established Rockstar Loft. According to Donovan, the event was to serve as an alternative those that were overly expensive or had attendees "bulldozed by security". He precluded video game installations at the venue to focus on the music and highlight the artists.[63]
As it could not afford frequenttelevision advertisements, Rockstar Games resorted toguerrilla marketing teams distributingfly posters and stickers. Tickets for Rockstar Loft were originally not sold in advance. Instead, potential guests were to call a phone number and face seven questions regarding their personality. If answered to the liking of the operator, the caller would receive their entry ticket in the mail.[63] The first Rockstar Loft was held in westernChelsea, Manhattan, on October 30, 1999, with Andi Hanley (a regular of Body & Soul),Bob Sinclar, andDimitri from Paris as headlining DJs.[63][64] Thereafter, it was held "every few months", with one happening on February 19, 2000.[63][65] Later that year, Rockstar Loft was wound down.[63]
In May 2021, Rockstar Games launched the record labelCircoLoco Records in collaboration withCircoloco, anIbiza-based dance party. The collaboration grew from a friendship between Sam Houser and Circoloco's promoter, Antonio Carbonaro. According to Nick Benedetti, the party's manager, Rockstar Games and Circoloco intended to "contribute something new and meaningful" to thedance music scene, which had faced hardships because of thelockdowns brought on by theCOVID-19 pandemic.[69] CircoLoco Records' first release,Monday Dreamin', was released as a series ofextended plays starting in June 2021.[63][69]
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