Rock Hudson (bornRoy Harold Scherer Jr.; November 17, 1925 – October 2, 1985) was an American actor. One of the most popular movie stars of his time, he had a screen career spanning more than three decades. He was a prominent figure in theGolden Age of Hollywood.
He achieved stardom with his role inMagnificent Obsession (1954),[1] followed byAll That Heaven Allows (1955), andGiant (1956), for which he received a nomination for theAcademy Award for Best Actor. Hudson also found continued success with a string of romantic comedies co-starringDoris Day:Pillow Talk (1959),Lover Come Back (1961), andSend Me No Flowers (1964). During the late 1960s, his films includedSeconds (1966),Tobruk (1967), andIce Station Zebra (1968). Unhappy with the film scripts he was offered,[2] Hudson formed his own film production companies, first 7 Pictures Corporation, then later Gibraltar Pictures, to have more control over his roles; later he turned to television, starring in the mystery seriesMcMillan & Wife (1971–1977). His last role was as a guest star on the fifth season (1984–1985) of the primetime ABC soap operaDynasty, until an AIDS-related illness made it impossible for him to continue.[2]
Although he was discreet regarding his sexual orientation, it was known among Hudson's colleagues in the film industry that he wasgay. In 1984, Hudson wasdiagnosed with AIDS. The following year, he became one of the first celebrities to disclose his AIDS diagnosis. Hudson was the first major American celebrity to die from an AIDS-related illness, on October 2, 1985, at age 59.[3][4]
Hudson was born Roy Harold Scherer Jr. on November 17, 1925, in Winnetka, Illinois, the only child of Katherine (née Wood), a homemaker and later telephone operator, and Roy Harold Scherer Sr., an auto mechanic.[5] His father was of German and Swiss descent, while his mother had English and Irish ancestry. He was raised as a Roman Catholic.[6] During theGreat Depression, Hudson's father lost his job and abandoned the family.[7] Hudson's parents divorced when he was four years old; a few years later, in 1932, his mother married Wallace Fitzgerald, a former Marine Corps officer whom young Roy despised.[5] Roy was adopted by Fitzgerald without his consent, and his legal name then became Roy Harold Fitzgerald.[5] The marriage eventually ended in a bitter divorce and produced no children.[5]
Hudson attendedNew Trier High School in Winnetka, the same high school as fellow movie starsCharlton Heston andAnn-Margret.[5] At some point during his teenage years, he worked as an usher in a movie theater and developed an interest in acting.[3] He tried out for a number of school plays, but failed to win any roles because he could not remember his lines, a problem that continued to occur through his early acting career.[7]
He graduated from high school in 1943, and the following year enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II.[5] After training at theGreat Lakes Naval Training Station, he departed San Francisco aboard the troop transportSSLew Wallace with orders to report to Aviation Repair and Overhaul Unit 2, then located onSamar, Philippines, as an aircraft mechanic.[8][7] In 1946, he returned to San Francisco aboard an aircraft carrier,[9] and was discharged the same year.[5]
Hudson then moved to Los Angeles to live with his biological father (who had remarried)[7] and to pursue an acting career. Initially he worked at odd jobs,[5] including as a truck driver.[7] He applied to the University of Southern California's dramatics program, but was rejected because of poor grades.[3] After he sent talent scoutHenry Willson a picture of himself in 1947, Willson took him on as a client and changed the young actor's name to Rock Hudson; later in life, Hudson admitted that he hated the name.[7] The name was coined by combining theRock of Gibraltar and theHudson River. Hudson later named his independent film production company Gibraltar Productions.[10]
In 1948, Hudson made his acting debut with a small part in theWarner Bros. filmFighter Squadron directed byRaoul Walsh;[11] according to a 21st-century source, it took 38 takes for Hudson to successfully deliver his only line in the film.[12]
Hudson was signed to a long-term contract byUniversal-International. There he received coaching in acting, singing, dancing, fencing and horseback riding, and began to be featured in film magazines where, being photogenic, he was promoted.[7]
In 1949, Hudson received his first film credit, as Roc Hudson, inWilliam Castle'sUndertow, made by Universal.[13]
Hudson was by now firmly established as a leading man in adventure films. What turned him into a star was the romantic dramaMagnificent Obsession (1954), co-starringJane Wyman, produced by Hunter and directed by Sirk.[7][26] The film received positive reviews, withModern Screen Magazine citing Hudson as the most popular actor of the year. It made over $5 million at the box office.
Hudson returned to adventure films withBengal Brigade (1954), set during the Indian Mutiny, andCaptain Lightfoot (1955), produced by Hunter and directed by Sirk. In 1954, exhibitors voted Hudson the 17th most popular star in the country. Hunter used him in the melodramasOne Desire (1955) andAll That Heaven Allows (1955), which reunited him with Sirk and Wyman.
On September 9, 1955,[27] Hudson formed his first film production company, 7 Pictures Corporation, with partners producerHenry Ginsberg, his agentHenry Willson, and his lawyerGreg Bautzer.[28] Hudson owned only 36% of the company's stocks, with Ginsberg owning the second-largest share with 35%, Wilson with 16%, and Bautzer with 5%; the remaining 8% was owned by Hudson's then-wifePhyllis Gates.[29] Though Hudson's exclusive contract with Universal-International Pictures allowed him to produce films outside his obligation to the studio, he was not allowed to appear in them unless he was granted permission for each film.[28] When forming 7 Pictures Corporation, the agreement between partners called for Hudson to appear in five films over seven years (hence the name of the corporation) for the company, regardless of his commitment with Universal-International Pictures.[29] In May 1958, a month following Gates' filing for divorce, the company's agreement was amended for Hudson to only appear in two pictures for the company, though Ginsberg later objected to the modification of terms and sued the actor and other share-holders in April 1959, leading Hudson to form a new company, Gibraltar Productions.[27][29]
Another hit wasWritten on the Wind (1957), directed by Sirk and produced byAlbert Zugsmith. Sirk also directed Hudson inBattle Hymn (1957), produced by Hudson, playingDean Hess. These films propelled Hudson to be voted the most popular actor in American cinemas in 1957. He stayed in the "top ten" until 1964.[citation needed]
Ross Hunter teamed Hudson withDoris Day in the romantic comedyPillow Talk (1959), which was a massive hit. Hudson was voted the most popular star in the country for 1959 and was the second most popular for the next three years.[citation needed]
Hudson told the press that he wanted to co-star inLet's Make Love withMarilyn Monroe but Universal-International Pictures denied him permission; the role went toYves Montand.[31] In late 1959, Hudson formed a newfilm production company, Gibraltar Productions.[32] Now that his contract with Universal-International Pictures was about to end, he used his company to lease his acting services to Universal-International Pictures (and others), retaining a percentage of his film's profits, and with the added freedom to pick his own roles.[32][31][33] The previously formed 7 Pictures Corporation was only briefly used because its assets were co-owned by Hudson's ex-wife Phyllis Gates; after the divorce, Hudson only produced through Gibraltar Productions, but Gates sued for a share in that company, too.[34] Hudson later sold his assets of 7 Pictures Corporation to MCA, in exchange for stock in MCA/Universal-International Pictures.[35]
He made two dramas:The Spiral Road (1962), directed by Mulligan, andA Gathering of Eagles (1963), directed byDelbert Mann. Hudson was still voted the third most popular star in 1963. Hudson went back to comedy forMan's Favorite Sport? (1964), directed byHoward Hawks and co-produced through Gibraltar Productions,[35] andSend Me No Flowers (1964), his third and final film with Day. Along withCary Grant, Hudson was regarded as one of the best-dressed male stars in Hollywood and received Top 10 Stars of the Year a record-setting eight times from 1957 to 1964.[citation needed]
Hudson next appeared inBlindfold (1966). Then, working outside his usual range, he starred in the science-fiction thrillerSeconds (1966), directed byJohn Frankenheimer and co-produced through his own film production company Gibraltar Productions.[37]
He also tried his hand in the action genre withTobruk (1967), directed byArthur Hiller. After the comedyA Fine Pair (1968) withClaudia Cardinale, he starred in the action thrillerIce Station Zebra (1968) at MGM, a role which remained his personal favorite. The film was a hit but struggled to recoup its large cost.[citation needed]
During the 1970s and 1980s, he starred in a number of TV movies and series. His most successful television series wasMcMillan & Wife oppositeSusan Saint James, which ran from 1971 to 1977. Hudson played police commissioner Stewart "Mac" McMillan, with Saint James as his wife Sally, and their on-screen chemistry helped make the show a hit.
Hudson in the lead role ofEmbryo (1976), a horror/sci-fi film
During the series, Rock Hudson appeared inShowdown (1973), a western withDean Martin, andEmbryo (1976), a science-fiction film. Hudson took a risk and surprised many by making a successful foray into live theater late in his career, and the best received of his efforts wasI Do! I Do! in 1974.
In the early 1980s, following years of heavy drinking and smoking, Hudson began having health problems which resulted in a heart attack in November 1981. Emergency quintuple heart bypass surgery sidelined Hudson and his new TV showThe Devlin Connection for a year, and the show was canceled in December 1982 soon after it aired. His health problems forced him to turn down the role of Col. Sam Trautman inFirst Blood. Hudson was the first to narrate forDisney's Candlelight Processional atMagic Kingdom inWalt Disney World for its opening year in 1971. His final appearance as narrator was in 1984.[39]
Hudson recovered from the heart surgery but did not quit smoking. He continued to work, appearing in several TV movies such asWorld War III (1982). He was in ill health while filming the action-dramaThe Ambassador in Israel during the winter months from late 1983 to early 1984. He reportedly did not get along with his co-starRobert Mitchum, who had a serious drinking problem and often clashed off-camera with Hudson and other cast and crew members.[40]
From December 1984 to April 1985, Hudson appeared in a recurring role on the prime time soap operaDynasty asDaniel Reece, a wealthy horse breeder and a potential love interest forKrystle Carrington (played byLinda Evans), and biological father of the characterSammy Jo Carrington (Heather Locklear). While Hudson had long been known to have difficulty memorizing lines, resulting in his use of cue cards, his speech began to visibly deteriorate onDynasty. He was slated to appear for the duration of the second half of its fifth season; however because of his progressing ill health, his character was abruptly written out of the show and died off-screen.
While his career developed, Hudson and his agent,Henry Willson, kept the actor's personal life hidden from the public. In 1955,Confidential magazine threatened to publish an exposé about Hudson'ssecret homosexuality. Willson stalled this by disclosing information about two of his other clients. Willson provided information aboutRory Calhoun's years in prison and the arrest ofTab Hunter at a party in 1950.[41] According to some colleagues, Hudson's homosexual activity was well known in Hollywood throughout his career,[42] and former co-starsJulie Andrews,Mia Farrow,Elizabeth Taylor andSusan Saint James claimed that they knew of his homosexuality and kept Hudson's secret for him, as did friendsAudrey Hepburn andCarol Burnett.
Soon after the threat fromConfidential, Hudson married Willson's secretaryPhyllis Gates. Gates later wrote that she dated Hudson for several months, lived with him for two months before his surprise marriage proposal, and married Hudson out of love and not (as it was reported later) to prevent an exposé of Hudson's sexual past.[43] Press coverage of the wedding quoted Hudson as saying: "When I count my blessings, my marriage tops the list." Gates filed for divorce after three years in April 1958, citing mental cruelty (a standard practice at the time to bypass the mandatory wait for divorces to be approved). Hudson did not contest the divorce and Gates received alimony of $250 per week for 10 years.[44] She also owned assets in Hudson's independent film production company, 7 Pictures Corporation, which was formed during their marriage, and later sued the actor to obtain shares in his new film production company, Gibraltar Productions, which he had formed after their divorce.[34] She never remarried.[45]
According to the biographyRock Hudson: His Story (1986) by Gates andSara Davidson, Hudson was good friends with novelistArmistead Maupin, who states that the two had a brief fling.[46] The book also names some of Hudson's lovers, including Jack Coates, Tom Clark (who published the memoirRock Hudson: Friend of Mine), actor and stockbroker Lee Garlington,[47][48] and Marc Christian (born Marc Christian MacGinnis), who later won a suit against the Hudson estate.
In 2005, Bob Hofler published a biography of Hudson's agentHenry Willson, titledThe Man Who Invented Rock Hudson.[49] He toldThe Village Voice that Phyllis Gates attempted to blackmail Hudson about his homosexual activities.[50] TheLGBTQ news magazineThe Advocate published an article by Hofler, who claimed that Gates was actually a lesbian who believed from the beginning of their relationship that Hudson was gay.[51]
Anurban legend has it that Hudson "married"Jim Nabors in the early 1970s. Not only wassame-sex marriage not legalized by any American state at the time, but, at least publicly, Hudson and Nabors were nothing more than friends.[citation needed]
The joke was in the mainstream by this time. In the October 1972 edition ofMAD magazine (issue no. 154), an article titled "When Watching Television, You Can be Sure of Seeing...," gossip columnist 'Rona Boring' states: "And there isn't a grain of truth to the vicious rumor that movie and TV star Rock Heman and singer Jim Nelly were secretly married! Rock and Jim are just good buddies! I repeat, they are not married! They are not even going steady!" Over the years, the rumor persisted and continued to spread. As a result, Hudson and Nabors never spoke to each other again.[52]
Unknown to the public, Hudson wasdiagnosed with AIDS on June 5, 1984, three years after the emergence of thefirst cluster of symptomatic patients in the United States, and one year after the initial conclusion by scientists that HIV causes AIDS. Over the next several months, Hudson kept his illness a secret and continued to work while at the same time traveling to France and other countries seeking a cure or treatment to slow the progression of the disease.
On July 16, 1985, Hudson joinedDoris Day for a Hollywood press conference, announcing the launch of her new cable TV showDoris Day's Best Friends, in which Hudson was videotaped visiting Day's ranch in Carmel, California, a few days earlier. He appeared gaunt and pale and spoke very little during the segment, most of which consisted of Day and Hudson walking around while Day's recording of "My Buddy" played in the background, Hudson saying he tired quickly. His emaciated appearance was such a shock that the reunion was broadcast repeatedly over national news shows that night and for days to come, with media outlets speculating on Hudson's health.[56] Day later, Day acknowledged Hudson "was very sick. But I just brushed that off and I came out and put my arms around him and said 'Am I glad to see you.'"[57]
Two days later, Hudson traveled to Paris, France, for another round of treatment. After Hudson collapsed in his room at theRitz Hotel in Paris on July 21, his publicistDale Olson released a statement claiming that Hudson had inoperableliver cancer. Olson denied reports that Hudson had AIDS and said only that he was undergoing tests for "everything" at the American Hospital of Paris.[58] Four days later, on July 25, 1985, Hudson's French publicistYanou Collart confirmed that Hudson did, in fact, have AIDS.[59][60] He was among the earliest mainstream celebrities to have been diagnosed with the disease.[61]
Hudson flew back to Los Angeles on July 30. He was so weak that he was moved by stretcher from the Air France Boeing 747 he had chartered; he and his medical attendants were the only passengers.[62] He was flown by helicopter to UCLA Medical Center,[63] where he spent nearly a month undergoing further treatment.[64] He was released from the hospital in late August 1985 and returned to his home in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles for private hospice care.
At around 9 a.m. on October 2, 1985, Hudson died in his sleep[7][65] from AIDS-related complications at his home in Beverly Hills at the age of 59.[66][4] Hudson requested that no funeral be held. His body wascremated hours after his death[67] and acenotaph later was established atForest Lawn Cemetery in Cathedral City, California.[68][69] His ashes were scattered in the channel between Wilmington, Los Angeles and Santa Catalina Island.
The disclosure of Hudson's AIDS diagnosis provoked widespread public discussion of his homosexuality. InLogical Family: A Memoir (2017), gay authorArmistead Maupin, who was a friend of Hudson, writes that he was the first person to confirm to the press that Hudson was gay in 1985. Maupin explains that he confirmed it toRandy Shilts of theSan Francisco Chronicle and that he was annoyed that producerRoss Hunter, also gay, denied it.[70] In its August 15, 1985, issue,People magazine published a story that discussed his disease in the context of his sexuality. The largely sympathetic article featured comments from show business colleagues, such asAngie Dickinson,Robert Stack, andMamie Van Doren, who claimed they knew about Hudson's homosexuality and expressed their support for him.[42] At that time,People had a circulation of more than 2.8 million;[71] as a result of this and other stories, Hudson's homosexuality became public. Hudson's revelation had an immediate impact on the visibility of AIDS and on the funding of medical research related to the disease.[72]
Shortly after Hudson's press release disclosing his infection,William M. Hoffman, the author ofAs Is, a play about AIDS that appeared on Broadway in 1985, stated: "If Rock Hudson can have it, nice people can have it. It's just a disease, not a moral affliction."[42] At the same time,Joan Rivers was quoted as saying: "Two years ago, when I hosted a benefit for AIDS, I couldn't get one major star to turn out. Rock's admission is a horrendous way to bring AIDS to the attention of the American public, but by doing so, Rock, in his life, has helped millions in the process. What Rock has done takes true courage."[42]Morgan Fairchild said that "Rock Hudson's death gave AIDS a face."[73] In a telegram that Hudson sent to a September 1985 Hollywood AIDS benefit, Commitment to Life, which he was too ill to attend, Hudson said: "I am not happy that I am sick. I am not happy that I have AIDS. But if that is helping others, I can at least know that my own misfortune has had some positive worth."[7]
Shortly after his death,People reported: "Since Hudson made his announcement, more than $1.8 million in private contributions (more than double the amount collected in 1984) has been raised to support AIDS research and to care for AIDS victims (5,523 reported in 1985 alone). A few days after Hudson died, Congress set aside $221 million to develop a cure for AIDS."[74] Organizers of the Hollywood AIDS benefit Commitment to Life reported that it was necessary to move the event to a larger venue to accommodate the increased attendance following Hudson's announcement that he was suffering from the disease.[75] Shortly before his death, Hudson made the first direct contribution, $250,000, toamfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research, helping launch the non-profit organization dedicated to AIDS/HIV research and prevention; it was formed by the merger of a Los Angeles organization founded by:Michael S. Gottlieb, Hudson's physician, andElizabeth Taylor, his friend and co-star in two films, and a New York-based group.[76][77]
However, Hudson's revelation did not immediately dispel the stigma of AIDS. Although then-PresidentRonald Reagan and his wifeNancy were friends of Hudson, Reagan made no public statement concerning Hudson's condition. Reagan to that pointhad not publicly acknowledged AIDS, and would not until two months later in September 1985.[78] However, Reagan did phone Hudson privately in his Paris hospital room where he was being treated in July 1985 and released a condolence statement after his death.[42][79]
After Hudson revealed his diagnosis, a controversy arose concerning his participation in a scene in the television dramaDynasty, in which he shared a long and repeated kiss with actressLinda Evans in one episode (first aired in February 1985). When filming the scene, Hudson was aware that he had AIDS but did not inform Evans. Some felt that he should have disclosed his condition to her beforehand.[80][81] At the time, it was incorrectly thought that the virus was present in low quantities in saliva and tears, but there had been no reported cases of transmission by kissing.[81] Nevertheless, theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention had warned against exchanging saliva with members of groups perceived to be at high risk for AIDS.[74]
According to comments given in August 1985 byEd Asner, then-president of theScreen Actors Guild, Hudson's revelation caused incipient "panic" within the film and television industry. Asner said that he was aware of scripts being rewritten to eliminate kissing scenes.[82] Later in the same year, the guild issued rules requiring that actors be notified in advance of any "open-mouth" kissing scenes with a provision that they could refuse to participate in such scenes without penalty.[83] Linda Evans appears not to have been angry at Hudson, and asked to introduce the segment of the 1985 Commitment to Life benefit that was dedicated to Hudson.[75]
Hudson's star at on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6116 Hollywood Blvd.
For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Hudson was given a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame (located at 6116 Hollywood Blvd).[84] Following his death,Elizabeth Taylor, his co-star in the filmGiant, purchased a bronze plaque for Hudson on theWest Hollywood Memorial Walk.[85] In 2002, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to him.[86]
Following Hudson's death, Marc Christian, Hudson's former lover, sued his estate on grounds of "intentional infliction of emotional distress".[87] Christian claimed that Hudson continued having sex with him until February 1985, more than eight months after Hudson knew that he had HIV. Although he repeatedly tested negative for HIV, Christian claimed that he suffered from "severe emotional distress" after learning from a July 25, 1985, newscast that Hudson had been diagnosed with AIDS. Christian also sued Hudson's personal secretary Mark Miller for $10 million because Miller allegedly lied to him about Hudson's illness. In 1989, a jury awarded Christian $21.75 million in damages, later reduced to $5.5 million. Later, Christian defended Hudson's reputation in not telling him he was infected: "You can't dismiss a man's whole life with a single act. This thing about AIDS was totally out of character for him", he stated in an interview.[88]
In 1990, Hudson's live-in publicist, Tom Clark, and publicist Dick Kleiner publishedRock Hudson, Friend of Mine. In the book, Clark said he believed Hudson acquired HIV from blood transfusions during quintuple bypass open-heart surgery in 1981, never acknowledging that their relationship went beyond being roommates,[89] and characterized Christian as disreputable. Christian filed a $22 million libel suit against the authors and publisher, charging that he had been labelled "a criminal, a thief, an unclean person, a blackmailer, a psychotic, an extortionist, a forger, a perjurer, a liar, a whore, an arsonist and a squatter".[90]
In 2010, Robert Park Mills, the attorney who represented the Hudson estate against Christian in court, released a book titledBetween Rock and a Hard Place: In Defense of Rock Hudson. In the book, Mills discusses details of the trial and also questions Christian's allegations against Hudson.[91]
Hudson has been the subject of three plays:Rock (2008), starringMichael Xavier as Hudson,For Roy (2010), starringRichard Henzel as Hudson, andHollywood Valhalla (2011), starring Patrick Joseph Byrnes as Hudson.[citation needed]
^abRyon, Ruth (June 1, 1986)."Rock Hudson's House Now on Market".Los Angeles Times.Archived from the original on September 9, 2020. RetrievedSeptember 9, 2020.Rock Hudson's house, just north of the Beverly Hills city limit, where the actor lived for about 20 years before he died last October, has been put on the market for $2.95 million.
^abcdefghRoyce, Brenda Scott (2003). "Rock Hudson", in William L. O'Neill andKenneth T. Jackson (eds.),The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives: The 1960s. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved viaBiography in Context database, November 18, 2017.
^The Man Who Invented Rock Hudson: The Pretty Boys and Dirty Deals of Henry Willson by Robert Hofler, Carroll & Graf, 2005, pp. 163–64;ISBN0-7867-1607-X
^See: Hofler, Robert.The Man Who Invented Rock Hudson: The Pretty Boys and Dirty Deals of Henry Willson. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005, pp. 248–50; Oppenheimer, Jerry and Vitek, Jack.Idol Rock Hudson: The True Story of an American Film Hero. New York: Villard Books, 1986, p. 55.
^When Hollywood Was Right: How Movie Stars, Studio Moguls, and Big Business Remade American Politics by Donald T. Critchlow pg. 142
^Martin, James A. (July 11, 1997)."Hudson's Day of Revelation".Entertainment Weekly.Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. RetrievedDecember 25, 2012.
^Benoit, Tod (2014).Where Are They Buried?: How Did They Die?, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers,Kindle edition, loc 2917,ISBN1579129846
^Wilson, Scott.Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 22495). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
^Maupin, Armistead (2017).Logical Family: A Memoir. London: Penguin. pp. 211–12.ISBN978-0857523518.When the Chronicle reporter called, I kept it simple: I said yes of course, Rock was widely known in the industry to be gay, so there was no scandal at all here beyond the fact that it had taken this horrendous disease to demolish the charade that had made Rock's life miserable for so long.
^Diamond, Edwin. "Celebrating Celebrity: The New Gossips".New York, Vol. 18, No. 19. May 13, 1985.
^Norman, Colin (December 20, 1985). "AIDS therapy: new push for clinical trials".Science (journal). Vol. 230, pp. 1355–58. Retrieved viaBiography in Context database, November 19, 2017. "At least part of the credit for this new push should go to actor Rock Hudson, whose much-publicized trip to Paris for experimental therapy focused public and political attention on the desperate plight of those diagnosed with AIDS." See alsoabstractArchived December 1, 2017, at theWayback Machine, viaPOPLINE.
^Colker, David. "Rock Hudson: Friend Of Mine",Los Angeles Times, April 29, 1990
^McGraw, Carol "Rock Hudson Ex-Lover Files Libel Suit",Los Angeles Times, April 5, 1990.
^Parker Mills, Robert (2010).Between Rock and a Hard Place: In Defense of Rock Hudson: From the Ashes of Trial to the Light of Truth. AuthorHouse. pp. x–xi.ISBN978-1-456-70039-3.
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