Robert Sarah ([ʁɔbɛʁsaʁa]; born 15 June 1945) is a Guinean Catholic prelate who served asprefect of theCongregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments from 23 November 2014 to 20 February 2021. He previously served as secretary of theCongregation for the Evangelization of Peoples underPope John Paul II and president of thePontifical CouncilCor Unum underPope Benedict XVI. He was made acardinal in 2010.
Following thedeath of Pope Francis in 2025, Sarah was mentioned as apapabile, a leading candidate for thepapacy, by international media outlets such asLe Monde andThe Guardian, and by Catholic publications includingCrux and theCatholic Herald.
Sarah was born in Ourous, a rural village in thenFrench Guinea, on 15 June 1945, the son of cultivators and converts to Christianity fromanimism. He is a member of theConiagui ethnic group in northern Guinea.[2] In 1957, at age 12, he entered Saint Augustine Minor Seminary inBingerville,Ivory Coast, where he studied for three years. Because in 1960 relations between newly independentGuinea and the Ivory Coast were strained, he continued his studies briefly inConakry, Guinea, at Saint Mary of Dixinn Seminary run by theHoly Ghost Fathers, until the radical government of Guinea expropriated Church property in August 1961. After independent study at home, the Church negotiated a place for Sarah and some fellow seminarians at a government-run school inKindia in March 1962 and then won the right to open a seminary, where Sarah earned hisbaccalaureate in 1964. In September of that year he was sent to study at the Grand Seminary inNancy,France. Again, deteriorating international relations, this time between Guinea and France, forced him to interrupt his studies, and he completed his theological studies inSébikotane,Senegal, between October 1967 and June 1969.[3] From 1969 to 1974 he studied at thePontifical Gregorian University inRome, where he obtained alicentiate intheology, except for the year 1971 which he spent at theStudium Biblicum Franciscanum ofJerusalem, where he obtained a licentiate inSacred Scriptures.[4]
Sarah speaksFrench,English,Spanish andItalian fluently.[4]
Ordination history of Robert Sarah | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||
Sarah wasordained to thepriesthood on 20 July 1969, andincardinated in theDiocese of Conakry. On 13 August 1979,Pope John Paul II appointed himMetropolitan Archbishop of Conakry. He was consecratedbishop on 8 December 1979 by CardinalGiovanni Benelli. He served as Conakry's bishop for more than twenty years and during that tenure filled terms as president of the Guinean bishops' conference and of the Episcopal Conference of West Africa.[4]
Sarah served as archbishop under the dictatorship ofAhmed Sékou Touré, who put Sarah on a death list before dying in 1984. However, despite the persecution of priests and laymen, Sarah worked to maintain the Church as the one institution that was independent of the dictatorship. In his bookGod or Nothing, Sarah rebuked theMarxist dictatorship as autopian scheme that brought misery and death.[5]
The French daily newspaperLe Figaro reports that Sarah "did not hesitate to oppose the all-powerful Sékou Touré, then 'supreme leader of the revolution' but also a commander of violent repressions. He made the celebrated public statement: 'power wears man out [le pouvoir use l'homme]!'"[6]
TheHistorical Dictionary of Guinea commented on Sarah's role in resisting Sékou Touré's dictatorship, writing that the Church "managed to play a remarkable role under former Archbishop Robert Sarah in Guinea's public life... Monsignor Robert Sarah is one of the most respected leaders among Guineans, who expressed their strong desire to see him lead the country's political transition on various occasions between 2006 and 2010. He arguably earned much of this popular trust by speaking truth to power during the stormiest years of President Ahmed Sékou Touré's regime, while other spiritual leaders endeavoured to cater to the regime."[7]
On 20 November 2010,Pope Benedict XVI made himCardinal-Deacon ofSan Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana.[8] (He opted for cardinal priest, of the same titular church, on 3 May 2021.) He had the right to vote inpapal conclaves until his 80th birthday on 15 June 2025. He was acardinal elector in the2013 papal conclave that electedPope Francis[9] and the2025 papal conclave that electedPope Leo XIV.[10]
He was mentioned in the press aspapabile,a possible candidate for the papacy, both in2013 and2025.[11][12][13][14]
On 1 October 2001, John Paul II named Sarah secretary of theCongregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, a post he held for ten years. He used the occasion of his departure from Guinea, when he was awarded the country's highest honour,[which?] to condemn the government ofLansana Conté. He said that Guinean society was "built on the oppression of the insignificant by the powerful, on contempt for the poor and the weak, on the cleverness of poor stewards of the public good, on the bribery and corruption of the administration and the institutions of the republic".[15]
In October 2010 he was appointed president of thePontifical CouncilCor Unum, which carries responsibility for organising Catholic relief efforts worldwide. He was the second African appointed byPope Benedict XVI to lead a Vaticandicastery. The first wasPeter Cardinal Turkson ofGhana who was appointed president of thePontifical Council for Justice and Peace in 2009.[16]
On 23 November 2014,Pope Francis appointed Sarah as Prefect of theCongregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments,[17] asCor Unum was going to be eliminated as part of Pope Francis' reorganization of the Roman Curia.[18]
On 21 January 2016, Sarah announced that participation in the Holy Thursdayfoot-washing rite (themandatum) was no longer limited to men, following instructions from Pope Francis who had included women since the beginning of his papacy.[19][a] However, in March, Sarah said that there was no obligation to include women in the ceremony.[23]
On 27 May 2015, the memorial of SaintAugustine of Canterbury, a new form of the Catholic Mass using the traditional language of theBook of Common Prayer, and titledDivine Worship: The Missal was promulgated over his signature.[24]
In May 2016, Sarah told an interviewer that theSecond Vatican Council did not require priests to celebrate Massversus populum (facing the congregation), describing it as "a possibility, but not an obligation". Sarah also stated that readers and listeners should face each other during the Liturgy of the Word, but "as soon as we reach the moment when one addresses God – from theOffertory onwards – it is essential that the priest and faithful look together towards the east. This corresponds exactly to what the Council Fathers wanted." Sarah rejected the argument that priests celebrating Mass facing the East, orad orientem, are turning their backs on the faithful or "against them".[25][26]
Speaking at a London conference on 5 July 2016, Sarah asked all bishops and priests to begin celebrating the Massad orientem "wherever possible", "perhaps" by 27 November 2016, the start ofAdvent. He encouraged Catholics to receive Communion kneeling and said that Pope Francis had asked him to "continue the liturgical work Pope Benedict began".[27] Sarah then met privately with Francis and on 11 July the Holy See Press Office issued a statement that said that Sarah's London remarks had been "incorrectly interpreted, as if they were intended to announce new indications different to those given so far in the liturgical rules and in the words of the Pope regarding celebration facing the people and the ordinary rite of the Mass", that celebrating Mass facing the congregation (versus populum) was "desirable wherever possible" and not to be superseded byad orientem. It reported that the Pope and the Cardinal were in complete agreement on these points.[28][29][30]
He once wrote: "I refuse to waste our time pitting one liturgy against another or the rite of Saint Pius V against that of Blessed Paul VI."[31] In July 2017, he wrote in the French magazineLa Nef that he wanted the two forms of the Roman-Rite liturgy whose use is authorized by the 2007 papal documentSummorum Pontificum to have the same calendar of feasts and the same Scripture readings, but that the work of a committee formed for that purpose had been unsuccessful. He still proposed that the newer form should restore certain practices that had been abandoned: that the faithful receive communion only on the tongue and while kneeling, that theprayers at the foot of the altar be included in the Mass, and that from the consecration of the host to the ablutions at the end of Mass the priest should keep thumb and index finger of each hand joined. In the older form, in which use of the vernacular language in the Scripture readings instead of Latin has only been made optional, he wished that the Scripture readings should be understood by the people. Earlier that year, Vatican spokesmanFederico Lombardi criticised the expression "reform of the reform", which Sarah had used in the previous year; in hisLa Nef article Sarah said that the expression was best avoided and that he preferred to speak of "liturgical reconciliation".[32][33][34]
On a related note, on 24 August 2017,Pope Francis insisted that the liturgical reforms following the Second Vatican Council were "irreversible". Some perceived this as having part of a declaration invoked in his "magisterial authority".[35]
In September 2017, Pope Francis transferred primary responsibility "to faithfully prepare [...] approve and publish" translations of liturgical books into vernacular languages from the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments toconferences of bishops, ordering the congregation to "help the Episcopal Conferences to fulfil their task."[36] An explanatory note, attributed to Sarah, soon appeared, specifying that the congregation's approval would not be a mere formality but would involve a detailed review that could lead to binding rejections of unsatisfactory translations.[37] On 22 October 2017, the Holy See released a letter that Pope Francis had sent to Sarah, clarifying that the Holy See and its departments would have only limited authority to confirm liturgical translations recognized by a local episcopal conference.[38]
Sarah has been a vocal advocate for the defence oftraditional Catholic teaching on questions ofsexual morality and theright to life, and in denouncingIslamic fundamentalism. He has called "gender ideology" and theIslamic State (ISIS) the "two radicalizations" that threaten thefamily, the former throughdivorce,same-sex marriage, andabortion, and the latter withchild marriage,polygamy, and the subjugation of women. Sarah also opposes euthanasia.[39][40]
Sarah has been described as largely sympathetic to liturgical practices before theSecond Vatican Council but also proposed that partisans of different liturgies learn from each other and seek a middle ground.
Sarah grew up and began studying for the priesthood in countries with Islamic majorities. He was impressed by the depth of Islamic religious observance in Guinea and has praised relations between Christians and Muslims there – "the Islam in my country is a fraternal, peaceful religion". He has condemnedmilitary intervention by Western powers inIraq andSyria: "I say emphatically that some Western powers will have perpetrated, directly or symbolically, a crime against humanity." He believes that there is little possibility of theological dialogue between Christians and Muslims given their essential differences (theTrinity, theResurrection, theEucharist), but anticipates collaboration at the national or international level on resistance toabortion,euthanasia, and "the newgender ideology".[41]
Sarah has criticised the "pseudo-family of ideologised Islam which legitimises polygamy, female subservience, sexual slavery, child marriage."[39]
Sarah has opposed various attempts to provide legal recognition to gays and lesbians, often casting his remarks in terms of a defence of traditional Catholic and African values against contemporary secular Western culture. On 28 January 2012, theSecretary-General of the United Nations,Ban Ki-moon, called on African nations to repeal laws that place sanctions onhomosexual conduct. Sarah called the speech "stupid". When a journalist asked if Ban Ki-moon was "overstepping his responsibilities", Sarah replied: "Sure, you cannot impose something stupid like that. Poor countries like Africa just accept it because it's imposed upon them through money, through being tied to aid." He said that, "It's not possible to impose on the poor this kind of European mentality," and added that African bishops must react to this move against African culture.[42]
In an interview in September 2015, Sarah describedsame-sex unions as "retrogressive for culture and civilisation" and a problem for all of humanity. He said that although such unions were increasingly recognised in Europe, they were not approved of in Africa. He blamed "Western ideological colonialism" for promoting the idea of gay marriage, which he warned would "destroy Catholic doctrine".[43][44] According toThe Daily Telegraph, Sarah's "outspoken remarks underlined deep rifts within the Church over the Pope's softer, more compassionate attitude towards homosexuality".[45]
Following the first session of theSynod on the Family in October 2014, Sarah objected to press coverage of the synod's discussion: "what has been published by the media about homosexual unions is an attempt to push the Church [to change] her doctrine". He said the synod's interim report orrelatio appropriately objected to international agencies and governments that condition foreign aid on "the introduction of regulations based on gender ideology", but needed to underscore objections to same-sex marriage. He suggested that advocacy on behalf of same-sex unions formed "part of a new ideology of evil".[46]
In October 2015, he played a leading role in theSynod on the Family's rejection of attempts to ensure more welcoming language toward people who are gay or divorced and remarried.[47] Addressing the Synod on perceived threats to marriage and the family, he said, "We need to be inclusive and welcoming to all that is human; but what comes from the Enemy cannot and must not be assimilated. You cannot join Christ andBelial! What Nazi-Fascism and Communism were in the 20th century, Western homosexual and abortion Ideologies and Islamic Fanaticism are today."[39][48][49][50] He said that "Western homosexual and abortion ideologies andIslamic fanaticism" could be seen as "almost like twoapocalyptic beasts" with demonic origins, drew parallels between them andNazism andCommunism, and noted thatterrorist attacks in France and Tunisia had taken place on the same day that theU.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling inObergefell v. Hodges that made same-sex civil marriage legal nationwide.[39]
Johan Bonny,Bishop of Antwerp, complained that Sarah tried to silence any discussion of the pastoral care ofgay Catholics in the discussion group he led at the Synod: "There was no way of discussing it in a peaceful way." Bonny said the Belgian participants found that the growing influence of the Africans prevented the pastoral solutions they favoured from getting a hearing.[51] WhenKrzysztof Charamsa, a theologian who lost his position at theCongregation for the Doctrine of the Faith when he revealed that he was in a homosexual relationship on the eve of the Synod,[b] assessed the Synod's work, he singled out Sarah's language to challenge all the participants: "No one publicly said a word against those defamatory sentences. What kind of respect does that show to us all?"[55]
Addressing the U.S.National Catholic Prayer Breakfast on 17 May 2016, Sarah said that "God is being eroded, eclipsed, [and] liquidated" in the United States because of legal changes being adopted "in the name of 'tolerance'". He cited "the legalization of same-sex marriage, the obligation to accept contraception within health care programs, and even 'bathroom bills' that allow men to use the women's restrooms and locker rooms." He asked: "Should not a biological man use the men's restroom?"[56]
In response to Pope Benedict XVI's "Notes" on the sexual abuse crisis in the Church, Cardinal Sarah gave a talk published inL'Espresso stating that the notes "proved to be a true source of light in the night of faith that touches the whole Church... The frightening multiplication of abuses has one and only one ultimate cause: the absence of God."[57]
Sarah is a critic of large-scale immigration. In a March 2019 interview, he said: "It is better to help people flourish in their culture than to encourage them to come to a Europe in full decadence. It is a falseexegesis to use the word of God to promote migration." In the same interview, Sarah argued that immigrants in Europe often survived in poor conditions and lived "without work or dignity".[58]
On 6 January 2011, Sarah was appointed a member of theCongregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, thePontifical Council for the Laity, and thePontifical Council for Justice and Peace.[59] On 10 March 2015,Pope Francis appointed Sarah to serve as a member of thePontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses.[60]
As required by canon law Sarah presented his resignation as prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship when he turned 75. It was accepted by Pope Francis on 20 February 2021.[61]Cardinal Sarah was admitted to hospital on 12 July 2021 and underwent successful surgery on his prostate. He was released from hospital on 27 July 2021.[62]
Sovereign Military Order of Malta:BailiffGrand Cross of Honour and Devotion (2016)[65]
Benin:KnightGrand Cross in theNational Order of Benin (2015)[66]
France:Commander of theLegion of Honour (2012)[67]All the above was unanimously expressed during a recent audience granted by the Pope to the same Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship.
Technically, Charamsa said, he remains ordained. In a statement, his bishop left the door open for Charamsa's return to the practicing priesthood should he repent.
.JPG)
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
| Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Raymond-Maria Tchidimbo C.S.Sp | Archbishop of Conakry 13 August 1979 – 1 October 2001 | Succeeded by Vincent Coulibaly |
| Preceded by Raymond-Maria Tchidimbo C.S.Sp. | President of the Guinean Episcopal Conference 1995 – 2001 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Marcello Zago O.M.I. | Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples 1 October 2001 – 7 October 2010 | Succeeded by Savio Hon Tai-Fai S.D.B. |
| Position created | Vice-Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Urbaniana University 1 October 2001 – 7 October 2010 | |
| Preceded by | President of the Pontifical CouncilCor Unum 7 October 2010 – 23 November 2014 | Office abolished |
| Preceded by | Cardinal-Deacon of San Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana 20 November 2010 – 2021 | Succeeded by Himself (as cardinal priest) |
| Preceded by Himself (as cardinal deacon) | Cardinal-Priest of San Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana 20 November 2021 – present | Incumbent |
| Preceded by | Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments 23 November 2014 – 20 February 2021 | Succeeded by |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
.svg)