Robert Reich | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 1993 | |
| 22ndUnited States Secretary of Labor | |
| In office January 20, 1993 – January 20, 1997 | |
| President | Bill Clinton |
| Preceded by | Lynn M. Martin |
| Succeeded by | Alexis Herman |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Robert Bernard Reich (1946-06-24)June 24, 1946 (age 79) Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouses |
|
| Children | Sam Reich Adam Reich |
| Education | |
| Awards | The VIZE 97 Prize (2003) |
| Website | robertreich |
| YouTube information | |
| Channel | |
| Years active | 2015–present |
| Subscribers | 1.3 million |
| Views | 169.9 million |
| Last updated: August 2025 | |
Reich supporting theNational Popular Vote Interstate Compact. Published May 9, 2023 | |
Robert Bernard Reich (/ˈraɪʃ/ ⓘRYSH;[1] born June 24, 1946) is an American professor, author, lawyer, and political commentator.[2] He worked in the administrations of presidentsGerald Ford andJimmy Carter,[3] and he served assecretary of labor in thecabinet of PresidentBill Clinton from 1993 to 1997.[4][5] He was also a member of PresidentBarack Obama's economic transition advisory board.[6] In 2008,Time magazine named him one of the Ten Best Cabinet Members of the century;[7] in the same yearThe Wall Street Journal placed him sixth on its list of Most Influential Business Thinkers.[8]
Reich has also had a long teaching career. From 1981 to 1992 he was a lecturer atHarvard University'sJohn F. Kennedy School of Government[9] and from 1997 to 2005 he was a professor of social and economic policy at theHeller School for Social Policy and Management ofBrandeis University. In January 2006 he was appointed Chancellor's Professor of Public Policy at theGoldman School of Public Policy atUC Berkeley.[10] He taught his last class at Berkeley in the spring of 2023[11] and is currently Emeritus Carmel P. Friesen Professor of Public Policy.[10]
Reich has published numerous books,[12] including the best-sellersThe Work of Nations (1991),Reason (2004),Supercapitalism (2007),Aftershock (2010),Beyond Outrage (2012), andSaving Capitalism (2015). The Robert Reich–Jacob Kornbluth filmSaving Capitalism debuted on Netflix in November 2017, and their filmInequality for All won a U.S. Documentary Special Jury Award for Achievement in Filmmaking at the2013 Sundance Film Festival.[13][14] He is board chair emeritus of the watchdog groupCommon Cause and blogs at Robertreich.org.[15]
Reich was born to a Jewish family inScranton, Pennsylvania, the son of Mildred Freshman (née Dorf) (1919–2006) and Edwin Saul Reich (1914–2016), who owned a women's clothing store.[16] As a teenager, he was diagnosed withmultiple epiphyseal dysplasia, also known as Fairbank's disease, a genetic disorder that results in short stature and other symptoms. This condition made Reich a target for bullies, and he sought out the protection of older boys; one of them wasMichael Schwerner, who was one of the three civil rights workersmurdered in Mississippi by theKu Klux Klan in 1964 for registering African-American voters. Reich cites this event as an inspiration to "fight the bullies, to protect the powerless, to make sure that the people without a voice have a voice".[17]
Reich attendedJohn Jay High School inCross River, New York, where he received aNational Merit Scholarship. He graduated fromDartmouth College in 1968 with abachelor's degree in history,summa cum laude.[18] While at Dartmouth, Reich went on a date withHillary Rodham (later Clinton), then an undergraduate atWellesley College.[19] He won aRhodes Scholarship to studyPhilosophy, Politics, and Economics atUniversity College, Oxford.[18] While studying at Oxford, Reich first metBill Clinton, also a Rhodes Scholar. Although Reich was drafted to serve in theVietnam War, he did not pass the physical examination; due to his dysplasia condition, Reich is 4 feet 11 inches (1.50 m) tall, shorter than the required minimum height of 5 ft 0 in (1.52 m).[20] Reich received hisM.A. from theUniversity of Oxford in 1970.[21] He subsequently earned aJ.D. fromYale Law School, where he was an editor of theYale Law Journal. At Yale, he was a classmate ofBill Clinton,Hillary Rodham,Clarence Thomas,Michael Medved, andRichard Blumenthal.[22]
From 1973 to 1974, Reich served as a law clerk to JudgeFrank M. Coffin, chief judge of theU.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. From 1974 to 1976, he was an assistant toU.S. Solicitor GeneralRobert Bork, under whom he had studiedantitrust law while at Yale.[23] In 1977, PresidentJimmy Carter appointed him as director of the policy planning staff at theFederal Trade Commission. From 1980 until 1992, Reich taught at theJohn F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where he wrote a series of books and articles, includingThe Next American Frontier andThe Work of Nations.
Bill Clinton incorporated Reich's thinking into his 1992 campaign platform, and after Clinton won the election, he appointed Reich to head economic policy for thepresidential transition.[24]
Reich joined the administration assecretary of labor. On January 21, 1993, his nomination wasconfirmed unanimously and without controversy, along with a slate of Clinton appointees.[25]
In the very early days of the administration, Reich was seen as one of the most powerful members of the Clinton cabinet, both for his friendship with the president and his ambitious agenda for the Department of Labor. Reich envisioned Labor as the nucleus of a cluster of agencies, including the departments of Commerce and Education, which could act in tandem to break down traditional bureaucratic barriers.[26] Consistent with the 1992 Clinton platform and his writings before taking office, Reich called for more federal spending on jobs training and infrastructure.[26]
Reich also took the initiative to expand his flexible power as an economic advisor-at-large to the president. As a member of theNational Economic Council, Reich advised Clinton on health care reform, education policy, welfare reform, national service initiatives, and technology policy, in addition to deficit reduction and spending priorities. He also actively engaged independent government agencies, such as theFederal Communications Commission, to take a labor-focused approach to regulation.[26] He referred to himself as "secretary of the American work force" and "the central banker of the nation's greatest resource".[26]
However, Reich clashed with deficit hawks on the administration's economic team,[27] including budget directorLeon Panetta[26] and Federal Reserve chairAlan Greenspan, a holdover from the Reagan administration whom Clinton reappointed.[28] Reducing the deficit was the administration's top economic priority, placing Reich's economic agenda on hold.[27] He later creditedHillary Clinton with keeping him apprised of activities within the White House.[28]
During Reich's tenure, he implemented theFamily and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and successfully lobbied to increase the nationalminimum wage.[29]
Throughout his first year in office, Reich was a leading proponent of theNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); this agreement was negotiated by theGeorge H. W. Bush administration, and it was supported by Clinton after two side agreements negotiated to satisfy labor and environmental groups. Reich served as the leading public and private spokesman for the Clinton administration against organized labor, who continued to oppose the Agreement as a whole.
In July 1993, Reich said that the unions were "just plain wrong" to suggest that NAFTA would cause a loss of American employment; he predicted that "given the pace of growth of the Mexican automobile market over the next 15 years, I would say that more automobile jobs would be created in the United States than would be lost to Mexico... [T]he American automobile industry will grow substantially, and the net effect will be an increase in automobile jobs." He further argued that trade liberalization after World War II had led to the "biggest increase in jobs and standard of living among the industrialized nations [in] history."[30]
In a September 1993 speech to theCenter for National Policy think tank, Reich said, "Great change demands great flexibility -- the capacity to adapt quickly and continuously, to change jobs, change directions, gain new skills. But the sad irony is that massive change on the scale we are now facing may be inviting the opposite reaction: a politics of preservation, grounded in fear." Reich specifically said that opposition to NAFTA "has little to do with the agreement and much to do with the pervasive anxieties arising from economic changes that are already affecting Americans."[31] In October, Reich addressed the biannualAFL-CIO convention in San Francisco, where economist Thea Lea of theEconomic Policy Institute mocked Reich's view as a "field-of-dreams" theory of job creation.[32] His remarks were generally well-received, though only briefly mentioning NAFTA; he focused on the Clinton administration's approach to theNational Labor Relations Board and day-to-day business regulation and management-labor relations.[33]
In advance of the final vote, Reich personally lobbied members of Congress to support the Agreement.[34][35] The bill passed the House by a vote of 234–200 on November 17 and the Senate by a vote of 61–38 on November 20; President Clinton signed it into law on December 8.
Over twenty years later, in opposing theTrans-Pacific Partnership as "NAFTA on steroids", Reich repudiated his position. He further admitted that he regretted "not doing more to strengthen [NAFTA]'s labor and environmental side-agreements", though he denied supporting an expedited "fast-track" legislative process without opportunity for amendment.[36]
By August 1994, Reich had largely been sidelined on policy by the deficit hawks in the administration. With the approval of the White House, he delivered the first of four major speeches on the emergence of a new "anxious class" of Americans who were concerned with increasedglobal competition and technological change.[27]
After a disastrous performance by the Democratic Party in themidterm elections in November 1994, Reich returned to the forefront of the Clinton economic team.[27] Clinton reframed his agenda around a set of Reich proposals: middle-class tax cuts, a boost in the minimum wage, tax deductions for college tuition, federal grants to help workers upgrade their skills, and a ban onstrike replacements.[27]
In a speech to theDemocratic Leadership Council shortly after the election, Reich called for cutting corporate subsidies, which he labeled "corporate welfare", as the only viable way to afford jobs training programs. In a concession to the new Republican congress, Reich said that many federal job training programs did not work; he also said that it was necessary to consolidate programs that work and eliminate those that did not.[37][27] After the speech, Treasury SecretaryLloyd Bentsen and Commerce SecretaryRon Brown attempted to distance the administration from Reich's corporate welfare comments. However, Bentsen soon resigned; Reich continued to attack corporate welfare.[27]
In February 1995, Reich met opposition within the administration over his proposal to ban government contractors from permanently replacing striking workers. Clinton sided with Reich, thereby re-establishing his central role in the administration's economic policy.[27]
Reich gave weekly speeches attacking the new Republican majority, with his central message being the need to adapt to an"information-based" economy and the continued need for job re-training. He said, "We can't get the mass production economy back. The challenge now is of a different kind, and many have found it difficult to adapt. This is a major social transformation." During a Chicago call-in radio show, he said, "You are on a downward escalator. You have a lot of job insecurity because of the tidal wave of corporate downsizing and restructuring."[27]
In December 1995, Reich delivered a commencement speech at theUniversity of Maryland, College Park; in this speech, he decried the increasing tendency of wealthy, educated Americans to divide themselves from the general population as "the secession of the successful America".[38]
In 1996, between Clinton's re-election and second inauguration, Reich decided to leave the Department of Labor to spend more time with his sons, then in their teen years.
By April 1997, Reich published his experiences working for the Clinton administration in his bookLocked in the Cabinet. Among those whom he criticized in the memoir were Clinton advisorDick Morris, former AFL-CIO headLane Kirkland, and Federal Reserve Board chairmanAlan Greenspan, a leading deficit hawk whom he considered "the most powerful man in the world."[28] In the book, Reich criticizes the Democratic Party as being "owned by" business. He also criticizes Washington as having two real political parties during his tenure: the "Save the Jobs" party, which wanted to maintain the status quo, and the "Let 'Em Drown" party.[28]
After publication of the book, Reich received criticism for embellishing events with invented dialogue that did not matchC-SPAN tapes or official transcripts of meetings.[39] The paperback release of the memoir revised or omitted the inventions. In one story, members of theNational Association of Manufacturers (NAM) confronted Reich with curses and shouts of "Go back to Harvard!" In the revised version of the NAM story, Reich is instead hissed at. The foreword to the paperback edition contained an explanation, in which Reich says that "memory is fallible".[39]
The memoir has since been called "a classic of the pissed-off-secretary genre" byGlenn Thrush.[40]
Reich became a professor atBrandeis University in 1997, teaching courses for undergraduates as well as in theHeller School for Social Policy and Management. In 2003, he was elected Professor of the Year by the undergraduate student body.[41]
On January 1, 2006, Reich joined the faculty of UC Berkeley'sGoldman School of Public Policy. Until his retirement in 2023, he taught a popular undergraduate course called Wealth and Poverty, in addition to his graduate courses.[42] Reich is also a member of the board of trustees for the Blum Center for Developing Economies at theUniversity of California, Berkeley.[43] The center is focused on finding solutions to address the crisis of extreme poverty and disease in the developing world.[44] In February 2017, Reich criticized UC Berkeley's decision to hostMilo Yiannopoulos, a supporter of Donald Trump. Followingprotests on the Berkeley Campus, Reich stated that although he didn't "want to add to the conspiratorial musings"[45] he wouldn't rule out the possibility the "agitators" represented a right-wing "false flag" for Trump to strip universities of federal funding.[46]
In 2002, Reich ran for the office ofGovernor of Massachusetts, losing in theDemocratic primary toShannon O'Brien. He also published an associated campaign book,I'll Be Short. Reich was the first US gubernatorial candidate to supportsame-sex marriage.[47] He also pledged support forabortion rights and stronglycondemned capital punishment. His campaign staff was largely composed of his Brandeis students. Although his campaign had little funding, he narrowly finished in second place out of six candidates in the Democratic primary, gaining 25% of the vote;[48] O'Brien later lost the general election to future Republican presidential nomineeMitt Romney.[49]
In early 2005, there was speculation that Reich would again seek the Democratic nomination for Governor of Massachusetts. Instead, he endorsed the then-little-known candidacy ofDeval Patrick, who had previously served asAssistant Attorney General for theCivil Rights Division in the Clinton administration. Patrick won the party's endorsement, followed by a three-way primary in which he secured nearly 50% of the vote, and ultimately won the general election in November 2006.
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In 2004, Reich published the bookReason: Why Liberals Will Win the Battle for America.
In addition to his professorial role, he was a weekly contributor to theAmerican Public Mediapublic radio programMarketplace, and a regular columnist forThe American Prospect magazine, which he co-founded in 1990.[50] He has also frequently contributed toCNBC's programsKudlow & Company andOn the Money.
In 2010, Reich's weekly column was syndicated by theTribune Content Agency.[51] Since the summer of 2016, he has contributed an opinion column toNewsweek magazine.[52][53]
In 2013, he partnered with filmmakerJacob Kornbluth to produce the documentaryInequality for All, based on Reich's bookAftershock, which won a Special Jury Award at theSundance Film Festival. In 2017, he again partnered with Jacob Kornbluth to produce the documentarySaving Capitalism, based on Reich's book of that name.Netflix selected the film to be a Netflix Original Documentary. In the documentary, Reich posits that in the late 1960s, large corporations began to use financial power to purchase influence among the political class and to consolidate political power; he highlights the influence of the 2010Citizens United ruling, which allowed corporations to contribute to election campaigns. In the documentary, he advocates for grassroots political mobilization among working-class Americans to counteract the political power of corporate America.[54]
In 2022, Reich was featured inThe Simpsons season finale "Poorhouse Rock", where he briefly explains the economic decline of theAmerican middle class during a musical sequence.[55][56]
Since 2021, Reich has authored aSubstack newsletter,Robert Reich, where he provides daily commentary on economic and political issues. The publication has attracted more than one million subscribers.[57]
In 2023, filmmakers Elliot Kirschner and Heather Kinlaw Lofthouse filmed Reich's "Wealth and Poverty" lecture course and interviewed Reich about his career. The resulting documentary,The Last Class, was released in 2025.[58]
In an interview withThe New York Times in 2008, Reich explained that "I don't believe inredistribution of wealth for the sake of redistributing wealth. But I am concerned about how we can afford to pay for what we as a nation need to do . . . [Taxes should pay] for what we need in order to be safe and productive. AsOliver Wendell Holmes once wrote, 'taxes are the price we pay for a civilized society.'"[59]
In response to a question on what to recommend to the incoming president about a fair and sustainable distribution of income and wealth, Reich advised the following: "Expand theEarned Income Tax Credit—a wage supplement for lower-income people, and finance it with a higher marginal income tax on the top five percent. For the longer term, invest in education for lower income communities, starting with early-childhood education and extending all the way up to better access to post-secondary education."[59]
Reich is pro-union, saying that "unionization is not just good for workers in unions, unionization is very, very important for the economy overall, and would create broad benefits for the United States."[60] Writing in 2014, he stated that he favors raising the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour over three years, believing that it will not adversely impact big business and will increase the availability of higher-value workers.[61]
Reich also supports an unconditional anduniversal basic income.[62] On the eve of areferendum in Switzerland on basic income in June 2016, he declared that countries will eventually need to introduce this financial instrument.[63]
While affordable housing has been a central issue in Reich's activism, in July 2020, Reich opposed a high-density development project in his own neighborhood in Berkeley.[64] He supported making a 120-year-old triplex a landmark to prevent the construction of a ten-apartment building, one of which would bedeed restricted for rental to a low income tenant, citing "the character of the neighborhood".[65] During an interview withW. Kamau Bell the following month, Reich reaffirmed his support for affordable housing "in every community I've been involved in", and critiqued the development for replacing the house with "condos selling for one and a half million dollars each".[66][67]
Although a supporter of Israel, Reich has criticized Israel'ssettlement building in the occupiedPalestinian territories.[68] More recently, Reich has spoken out against the"bloodbath" in Gaza, and declared "we must restrict U.S. arms sales to Israel."[69][better source needed]
In September 2005, Reich testified againstJohn Roberts at his confirmation hearings forChief Justice of the United States.
On April 18, 2008, Reich endorsedBarack Obama for president of the United States.[70] During the 2008 primaries, Reich published an article that was critical of the Clintons, referring to Bill Clinton's attacks on Barack Obama as "ill-tempered and ill-founded," and accusing the Clintons of waging "a smear campaign against Obama that employs some of the worst aspects of the old politics."[71]
Reich endorsedBernie Sanders for president of the United States in 2016, and both Sanders andElizabeth Warren in 2020.[72][73][74] After Sanders ended his 2016 campaign, Reich urged Sanders's supporters to back the eventual Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton.[75]
On May 31, 2020, Reich declared that "by having no constructive response to any of the monumental crises now convulsing America,Trump has abdicated his office."[76] Since at least 2021, Reich has publicly supported PresidentDonald Trump's removal fromTwitter and other social media platforms.[77][78] In an April 2022 op-ed published inThe Guardian, Reich criticizedElon Musk'sefforts to take over Twitter, opining that the "libertarian vision of an 'uncontrolled' internet" is "dangerous rubbish."[77]
In 2022, Reich calledFlorida governorRon DeSantis a "fascist."[79]
In October 2023, Reich wrote "The last adult in the room". In the essay, he characterizedJoe Biden as, "shrewd, careful, and calibrated" and expressed gratitude that Biden "is in charge" at a time "when the kids are on a rampage".[80]
In 2025, Reich endorsedNew York State Assembly memberZohran Mamdani in the2025 New York City Democratic mayoral primary.[81]
In 2025, Reich also endorsedSullivan Harbor MasterGraham Platner in the Democratic primary for the2026 United States Senate election in Maine, and IndependentDan Osborn in the2026 United States Senate election in Nebraska[82]
In 2015, with Jacob Kornbluth, Reich founded Inequality Media, which produces video content of Reich. This content includes a "Resistance Report" (a fifteen- to thirty-minute video published on social media),[83] and the weekly YouTube showThe Common Good.[84]
Reich married British-born lawyer Clare Dalton inCambridge, England, in 1973;[85] they divorced in 2012.[86] During their marriage, the couple had two sons:Sam, CEO and owner ofDropout (previously known asCollegeHumor), and Adam, a sociology professor atColumbia University.[86][87] Reich subsequently married photographer Perian Flaherty.
Reich was born withmultiple epiphyseal dysplasia (Fairbank's disease), a rare genetic disorder that affects bone growth and results in short stature. He stands 4 feet 11 inches tall, an issue he publicly addressed in a July 2023 blog post titled "Why I'm So Short."[88]
In 2020, Reich, like other neighbors, wrote a letter to the City of Berkeley Landmarks Preservation Commission objecting to the construction of ten housing units (including one low-income unit) on a lot near Reich's home, occupied by the Payson House (1889), and several live oaks. The landmark designation was denied in August 2020 and January 2021.[89][90][91][92][a]
In 2023, Reich appeared in a cameo role in "Dropout America 2", the first episode of the sixth season ofDropout'sBreaking News program, providing a fictional account of his son Sam's life.[93] He made another cameo appearance in 2025 in the season 7 finale of the game showGame Changer, titled "Outvoted," wherein contestants were made to compete in a mock presidential debate.[94] Reich endorsed comedian and contestantDemi Adejuyigbe after he was bribed $3.[95]
In 2025, Reich publishedComing Up Short: A Memoir of My America.Jennifer Szalai, reviewing it forThe New York Times, remarked howbullying is an important subject in the book as Reich experienced it through his childhood, adding: "Reich comes across as thoughtful, genial and principled; he notes on the copyright page that portions of “Coming Up Short” appeared in a couple of earlier books, but the bit of recycling arguably reflects how steadfastly he has held onto his values. Unlike the economistsLarry Summers andRobert Rubin, who also served in the Clinton administration, Reich has been remarkably prescient, regularly warning about the dangers of inequality and the perils posed by a financial industry run amok. His numerous books have a moral center because he has a moral center. Reich, who is 4-foot-11 (and prone to puns, as evinced by previous books like “Locked in the Cabinet” and “I’ll Be Short”), has long promoted civil society and government institutions as essential antidotes to aHobbesianwar of all-against-all: “I would not survive a minute in a society based on brute force.”"[96] As of September 1, 2025, it is ranked 7th among non-fiction books onThe New York Times Best Seller list.[97]
These documentaries, and additional social media movies, have been made in collaboration withJacob Kornbluth.
Released on June 27, 2025:
Reich started out as a graduate of John Jay High School, a regional public high school in small-town Cross River, New York. Reich then earned aB.A. degree from Dartmouth College in 1968 and won a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Oxford where he received degrees in philosophy, politics and economics.
'But now, there's a big-time effort for NAFTA under way,' says a Democratic congressman who's been wooed by the White House. 'I've talked to the president _ and they get me at home, too. I've had phone calls from [Labor Secretary Robert] Reich, [Commerce Secretary Ron] Brown and others.'
The character of the neighborhood is anchored by the Payson House [...] If historic preservation means anything, it means maintaining enough of the character of an older neighborhood to remind people of its history and provide continuity with the present. Development for the sake of development makes no sense when it imposes social costs like this.
I'm a big advocate for affordable housing in every community I've been involved in. You got some developers down my street that are posing as affordable housing developers but actually what they're doing is taking down old buildings and putting up these high rises or townhouses and condos selling for one and half million dollars each and pretending they're low income[...] Those old buildings had renters who were low income, and replacing them with these townhouses selling well over a million dollars and getting subsidies? When is 1.4 million dollars affordable? [...] I am for affordable housing in Berkeley, and I've spent a huge amount of time and effort trying to push for affordable housing, and I'm pushing the Mayor for affordable housing, but I am not for developers who are pretending to be about affordable housing.
[Page 27 of 46]
[Reich said] that he supported the landmarking because the developers are "pretending" to build low-income or inclusionary housing. So far, the proposal for the new building has a subsidy for including one low-income unit. The plan is incomplete and could change, but all development in Berkeley must include some affordable housing.
A new residential project has been proposed at 1915 Berryman Street in Berkeley. The project proposal includes the development of four-story townhomes on a site that presently houses a three-story two-unit home that was built 132 years ago. Plans call for the demolition of the single-family home on the site. The home wasn't deemed worthy of landmark status in May 2020. (...) An estimated construction timeline has not been announced yet.
The contradiction of lefty Berkeley maintaining such a policy was epitomized by figures like Robert Reich, an influential progressive economist who supported an effort to make an unremarkable home into a landmark in order to block the development of 10 new housing units in his neighborhood.
Best Sellers Methodology. A version of this list appears in the September 7, 2025, issue of The New York Times Book Review. Rankings on weekly lists reflect sales for the week ending August 23, 2025. Lists are published early online.
The Last Class captures a master educator wrestling with the dual realities of his own aging and his students inheriting a world out of balance. Reich confronts the impending finality with unflinching candor, humor, introspection, and a rawness of emotion he has never shared publicly before. [Official website, includes trailer.]
(...) If you go into this movie expecting a feature-length account of Reich in the classroom, you'll be disappointed. Most of the movie consists of Reich ruminating on income inequality, the shaping of public opinion by media and political messages, the democratic process, the importance of publicly funded education, and his own formative experiences. We see enough of Reich in the classroom to understand that he's very good at teaching, especially when he's discovering ways to connect with the students. "A good teacher instills both curiosity and critical thinking," he says. (...)
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Data from Wikidata on theFediverse| Political offices | ||
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| Preceded by | United States Secretary of Labor 1993–1997 | Succeeded by |
| U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial) | ||
| Preceded byas Former U.S. Cabinet Member | Order of precedence of the United States as Former U.S. Cabinet Member | Succeeded byas Former U.S. Cabinet Member |
