Road racing is aNorth American term to describemotorsportracing held on a pavedroad surface. The races can be held either on aclosed circuit or on astreet circuit utilizing temporarily closed publicroads. The objective is to complete a predetermined number of circuit laps in the least amount of time, or to accumulate the most circuit laps within a predetermined time period. Originally, road races were held almost entirely on public roads. However, public safety concerns eventually led to most races being held on purpose-built racing circuits.
Road racing's origins were centered in Western Europe and Great Britain as motor vehicles became more common in the early 20th century. After the Second World War, automobile road races were organized into a series called theFormula One world championship sanctioned by theFédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), while motorcycle road races were organized into theGrand Prix motorcycle racing series and sanctioned by theFédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM).[1] The success and popularity of road racing has seen the sport spread across the globe with Grand Prix road races having been held on six continents.[2] Other variations of road racing include;open-wheel racing,sports car racing,touring car racing,stock car racing,superbike racing,truck racing,kart racing andendurance racing.
The first organized automobile race was held on July 22, 1894, fromParis toRouen, France.[1][3][4] The first held in the United States was a 54-mile competition fromChicago toEvanston, Illinois and return, held on November 27, 1895.[1][5] By 1905, theGordon Bennett Cup, organized by theAutomobile Club de France, was considered the most important race in the world.[1][4][6] In 1904, theAssociation Internationale des Automobiles Clubs Reconnus was formed by several European automobile clubs.[7] In 1904 the FIM created the international cup for motorcycles.[8][9] The first international motorcycle road race took place in 1905 atDourdan, France.[8][9]
After disagreeing with Bennett Cup organizers over regulations limiting the number of entrants, the French automobile manufacturers responded in 1906 by organizing the firstFrench Grand Prix race held at Le Mans.[6][10] During the 1910s, theElgin National Road Races held on public roads aroundElgin, Illinois attracted competitors from around the country and drew large crowds of spectators.[11][12][13] The first24 Hours of Le Mans endurance race was held in 1923.[14] The Automobile Racing Club of America was founded in 1933 and became theSports Car Club of America in 1944.
The great majority of road races were run over a lengthy circuit of closed public roads, not purpose-built racing circuits.[15] This was true of the Le Mans circuit of the 1906 French Grand Prix, as well as theTarga Florio (run on 93 miles (150 km) of Sicilian roads), the 75 miles (121 km) GermanKaiserpreis circuit in theTaunus mountains, the 48 miles (77 km) French circuit at Dieppe, used for the1907 Grand Prix and, theIsle of Man TT motorcycle road circuit first used in 1907.[16][17][18] The exceptions were the steeply banked egg-shaped near oval circuit ofBrooklands inEngland, completed in 1906, theIndianapolis Motor Speedway, and the oval, banked speedways constructed in Europe atMonza in 1922 and atMontlhéry in 1924.[19][20][21][22]
Road racing on public roads was banned in Great Britain in 1925 when a spectator was injured at theKop Hill Climb event. TheRoyal Automobile Club (R.A.C.) and theAuto-Cycle Union (A.C.U.) stopped issuing permits for races on public roads, a policy that has not changed to this day.[15]Donington Park was the first permanent park circuit in the United Kingdom and held its first motorcycle race in 1931.[23] As automobile and motorcycle technology improved, racers began to achieve higher speeds that caused an increasing number of accidents on roads not designed for motorized vehicles.[1][24] Public safety concerns ultimately caused the number of road racing events on public roads in Europe to decrease over the years.[24] Notable exceptions are theMille Miglia which was allowed to continue until 1957 and, thePau Grand Prix which has been held on the city streets of Pau, France since 1933.[1][25][26]
After the First World War, automobile and motorcycle road racing competitions in Europe and in North America went in different directions.[1][27] Automobile and motorcycle racing in the United States was typicallyoval track racing on paved tracks such as the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and theMilwaukee Mile track, or ondirt tracks using widely available horse racing circuits.[1][27] Automobile dirt track racing would develop intostock car racing. American racing also branched out intodrag racing.[1]
Road racing traditions in Europe, South America, Great Britain and theBritish Commonwealth nations grew around races held on paved, public roads such as theCircuit de la Sarthe circuit near the town ofLe Mans,France, theSpa-Francorchamps Circuit in Belgium and theMount Panorama Circuit in Australia.[27] Certain European race circuits were situated in mountainous regions where the topography meant that the roads featured numerous curves and elevation changes, allowing the creation of sinuous and undulating race courses such as theNürburgring in theEifel mountains of Germany and theCircuit de Charade in theChaîne des Puys in theMassif Central of France.[28] These circuits presented such a challenge that they were both feared and respected by racers. The 20.8 km (12.9 mi) long Nurburgring with more than 300 metres (1,000 feet) of elevation change from its lowest to highest points, was nicknamed "The Green Hell" byJackie Stewart, due to its challenging nature.[29] The sinuous track layout of the Charade circuit caused some drivers like Jochen Rindt in the1969 French Grand Prix to complain ofmotion sickness, and wear open face helmets just in case.[28]
In 1949 the FIM introduced the Grand Prix motorcycle racing world championship with the1949 Isle of Man TT being the inaugural event.[17][30] With the exception of the Monza circuit, all the Grand Prix races were held onstreet circuits. The Association Internationale des Automobiles Clubs Reconnus was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile in 1946 and, plans were developed for a road racing world championship. In1950, the FIA created the Formula One world championship, a competition of seven rounds that included the Indianapolis 500.[31][32] A Formula I manufacturers' championship was begun in 1955.
The success of American racers such asPhil Hill andDan Gurney in Formula One in the late 1950s sparked to a renewal of interest in road racing in the United States and, led to the construction of new road racing circuits such asRiverside International Raceway,Road America andLaguna Seca.[27] The 1964United States motorcycle Grand Prix was held at theDaytona International Speedway and led to increased international prominence for theDaytona 200 road race which peaked in 1974 with the victory by 15-time world championGiacomo Agostini.[27][33]
The dangers associated with the increasing speeds at road races were highlighted by the1955 Le Mans disaster.[34] With spectators seated near the edges of the circuit, two race cars came into contact causing one of the vehicles to crash into the embankment, where it exploded in a ball of flames and then plowed through the crowd of spectators.[34] In addition to the driver of the race car, 83 spectators were killed and 120 were injured.[34] Auto racing was temporarily banned in several countries after the Le Mans disaster until safety was improved for spectators.[34] Switzerland would not allow circuit racing until theZürich ePrix in 2018.[35]
The Formula One championship experienced its worst tragedy during the1961 Italian Grand Prix at Monza, when driverWolfgang von Trips lost control of hisFerrari and crashed into a stand full of spectators, killing 15 and himself.[31][36] In 1970,Jochen Rindt won theFormula One drivers' championship posthumously, the only man to do so, underlining the continuing risks associated with road racing.[31] The tragedies highlighted the need for improved safety standards for both drivers and spectators; safety would continue to be an issue throughout the 1960s and 1970s.[31]
When motorcycle racerGilberto Parlotti was killed while competing in the1972 Isle of Man TT, it sparked a rider's boycott of the event led by multi-time world champion,Giacomo Agostini, a close friend of Parlotti.[37] Once the most prestigious race of the year, the event was increasingly boycotted by the top riders, and in 1976, the Isle of Man TT finally succumbed to pressure for increased safety in racing events and had its world championship status revoked by the FIM.[37]
Another motorcycle racing incident occurred at Monza during the 1973Italian motorcycle Grand Prix when a racing accident claimed the lives of world championJarno Saarinen andRenzo Pasolini.[38] After the von Trips accident in 1961, the Monza Circuit had been lined with steel barriers as a result of demands by automobile racers. Most auto racers believed steel barriers would improve safety for auto racers and spectators, but they had the opposite effect for motorcyclists and proved fatal for Saarinen and Pasolini.[38][39]
The dangers of street circuits was further exposed at the1975 Spanish Grand Prix held on the twisty, tree-linedMontjuich circuit in Barcelona.[40] The racing drivers found that the circuit's safety barriers had been shoddily installed and threatened to strike if the barriers were not brought up to standard.[40] Under pressure from race organizers, the race was started only to be stopped after 29 laps when the car ofRolf Stommelen plowed into the crowd, killing four spectators.[40]
By the late 1970s, the popularity of Grand Prix road racing attractedcorporate sponsors and lucrative television contracts which, led to an increased level of professionalism.[31][37] Road racers organized to demand that stricter safety regulations be adopted by sanctioning bodies in relation to race track safety and race organizers requirements.[31][37] Race circuits that had originally been public roads were widened and modified to includechicanes andrun-off areas while, some circuits were shortened to reduce the number of safety personnel required. These changes saw a dramatic decrease in deaths and accidents.[41]
By the 1980s, motorcycle Grand Prix and the Formula One races were held on purpose built race circuits with the exception of theMonaco Grand Prix held on the city streets of Monaco. Street circuits such as theMontjuïc circuit and theOpatija Circuit with their numerous unmovable roadside obstacles, such as trees, stone walls, lampposts and buildings, were gradually removed from world championship competition.[31][41]
Although events held on closed public roads such as the Isle of Man TT, lost their world championship status due to their considerable safety risk, their popularity continued to flourish leading to a branch of road racing known asTraditional Road Racing.[42] Traditional road racing on closed public roads is popular in the United Kingdom, New Zealand and parts of Europe. TheDuke Road Racing Rankings was established in 2002 to establish rider classifications in traditional road racing events such as theNorth West 200 and theUlster Grand Prix.
In Formula One, street circuits have made a comeback with theMelbourne Grand Prix Circuit and theBaku City Circuit joining the Circuit de Monaco as part of the world championship. There are no street circuits being used in MotoGP racing.[citation needed]. In North America, racing on public streets takes place at theGrand Prix of Long Beach, theFirestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg, theDetroit Grand Prix, and theHonda Indy Toronto.
The popularity of Formula One and motorcycle Grand Prix racing led to the formation of road racing world championships for other types of vehicles. In 1953, the FIA sanctioned a world championship for sports car racing which combined the Le Mans 24 Hours, the Mille Miglia, the12 Hours of Sebring, the24 Hours of Spa and the1000km of the Nurburgring.[43]NASCAR held its first road race in 1957 at theWatkins Glen International circuit withBuddy Baker as the winner.[44] The FIA launched theEuropean Touring Car Championship in 1963.[45]
The FIA created the International Karting Commission (CIK) in 1962 and, in 1964, the first CIKKarting World Championship was won byGuido Sala.[46][47] Karting has become a significant step in the development of road racers including Formula One world championLewis Hamilton. TheEuropean Truck Racing Championship was founded in 1985.[48] ASuperbike World Championship for road-going production motorcycles was created in1988.[49]
As road racing grew in popularity it eventually expanded across the globe with Grand Prix road races having been held on six continents.[50] Expansion of the Formula One and MotoGP series has resulted in many dedicated tracks being built, like inQatar in theMiddle East,Sepang inMalaysia, andShanghai inChina.