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| Rizeigat الرزيقات | |
|---|---|
 Rizeigat warrior | |
| Ethnicity | BaggaraArab |
| Location | Darfur (Sudan) orRepublic of Chad |
| Population | 400,000 |
| Branches |
|
| Language | Sudanese Arabic orChadian Arabic |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
TheRizeigat (also spelledRizigat,Rezeigat, and instandard Arabic,Rizayqat) are aMuslim and an Arab tribe of the nomadicBaggara people predominantly inSudan'sDarfur region andChad. TheRizeigat belong to the greater Baggara Arabs fraternity of Darfur and Chad, and speak bothSudanese andChadian Arabic. They are primarily nomadic herders and their journeys are dependent upon the seasons of the year. They are a branch of the Juhayna group. They are divided into theAbbala (camel-herding) Rizeigat, who live in northern Darfur and Chad, and the Baggara who inhabit south-east Darfur. In turn they are divided into several large clans, notably the Mahamid, Mahariya and Nawaiba. The ecological differences between the north and south of Sudan allowed for two different types of nomadism to evolve: camel herders in the north and cattle herders in the south. They are a substantial part of theJanjaweed turnedRapid Support Forces.
The Baggara Rizeigat backed the Sudanese government during the conflict with the SPLA. They formed theMurahileen, mounted raiders that attacked southern villages to loot valuables and slaves.[1]During theSecond Sudanese Civil War thousands of Dinka women and children were abducted and subsequently enslaved by members of theMessiria and Rizeigat tribes. An unknown number of children from the Nuba tribe were similarly abducted and enslaved.[2]
In the Darfur conflict the Abbala Rizeigat were instrumental to the Sudanese government's counterinsurgency campaign and gained notoriety as part of theJanjaweed militia.[3]Musa Hilal of the Mahamid, andMohamed Hamdan Dagalo akaHemedti of the Mahariya are the two most prominent leaders.
The Northern Rizeigat are Arab nomads who herd camels. The northern Rizeigat have the Mahamid, Mahariya and Nuwaiba sections in common with the southern Rizeigat but there are two other sections that are solely Abbala - these are the Atayfat and the Irayqat.[4] The Northern Rizeigat are traditionally found in Northern Darfur and in Eastern Chad, aroundArada[5] in theWadi Fira region (formerly known as theBiltine prefecture), but have migrated throughout Darfur from Northern Darfur and Eastern Chad, in particular toWest Darfur. They possess noDar (tribal homeland) in Darfur unlike their Southern cousins,[6] only Damra - temporary settlements allocated to Arab nomads within land under the jurisdiction of other tribes.[7]
Camels are at the center of status and identity. Ownership of camels is directly related to the power of the tribe and defines the nomads relationships to land, resources, and farmers. Owning camels has produced systems that allowed for a symbiotic relationship between the nomads and settled farmers. However, certain pressures have negatively affected this livelihood. These range from population growth and increases in farming (including associated economic and commercial agriculture) to climate change and restrictive legislation. This challenged their lifestyle and led to feeding competition between the nomads and farmers, which shepherds in inevitable conflict.[8]
Power is closely linked to education and it fuels how they understand themselves, their status, and attaining power. The nomads are aware of their lack of education and therefore influence. This leads to a desire for education which pressures them to convert to a sedentary lifestyle with the idea of making education more accessible.[8]
They are cattle herders and live inEast Darfur with their tribal capital atEd Daein, under the authority of the Madibbo family.
The Baggara Rizeigat were a constant thorn for the Fur Sultans, residing in south-east Darfur. The sultans had never been able to bring the Baggara tribes under their control, the Rizeigat particularly were experts at guerrilla warfare suited to their homeland and used space and time to draw the Fur forces into a series of disasters.[9] German explorer Gustav Nachtigal who was in Darfur in the 19th century, documented in detail the failure of the 18 military campaigns sent against the Rizeigat in the mid 19th century by Fur Sultan Muhammad al-Husayn in his 35-year reign.[10]
The Baggara Rizeigat played a major role in theMahdist revolt in Darfur. After a leadership dispute that led to the removal of Madibbo Ali as chief of the tribe, he went East and joined up with the Mahdi who then sent him back to Darfur to raise a rebellion in Southern Darfur against the Turco-Egyptian administration which he did successfully as he won several victories against government forces and gained support from the Berti, Habbaniya and Beni Halba tribes. In 1882, the governor of Darfur,Slatin Pasha assembled a force made up of 2,000 regular troops along with a support of 7,00 irregulars from among sections of the Birgid, Zaghawa, Messiria, Beigo, and others hostile to the local elites who aligned themselves to the Mahdist movement such as Madibbu Ali. This force was decisively defeated by Madibbo Ali's Rizeigat and allies.[11] In 1883, Slatin Pasha surrendered to Madibbo Ali.
