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River Wharfe

Coordinates:53°50′39″N1°07′46″W / 53.8441°N 1.129544°W /53.8441; -1.129544
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
River in Yorkshire, England

River Wharfe
Linton Falls, on the upper Wharfe nearGrassington
Map
Location
CountryEngland
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationBeckermonds, Langstrothdale Chase
 • coordinates54°13′03″N2°11′39″W / 54.217481°N 2.194231°W /54.217481; -2.194231
 • elevation310 m (1,020 ft)
Mouth 
 • location
River Ouse at Wharfe's Mouth, nearCawood
 • coordinates
53°50′39″N1°07′46″W / 53.8441°N 1.129544°W /53.8441; -1.129544
 • elevation
4.9 m (16 ft)
Length104.6 km (65.0 mi)
River Wharfe
Oughtershaw Beck/Green Field Beck
Deepdale Bridge
Deepdale Gill
Hagg Gill
Bowther Gill
Strans Gill
Hubberholme Bridge
Kirk Gill
Cow Close Gill
Buckden Bridge
Buckden Beck
Step Gill
Cam Gill Beck
Falcon Beard Beck
Hush Gutter
Kettlewell Beck
 B6160  Kettlewell New Bridge
Black Keld
River Skirfare
How Beck
Conistone Bridge
White Beck
Davy Keld
Scar Lash Waterfall
Dib Beck
Robin Hood's Beck
 B6265  Grassington Bridge
Captain Beck
Linton Falls Hydro
Linton Falls (lower weir)
Tin Bridge (footbridge)
Brow Well
Isingdale Beck
Howgill Beck
Suspension Bridge (footbridge)
Hebden Beck
Sandbed Beck
Burnsall Bridge
Barben Beck
The Old Gutter
Mill Island
Hall Wells Dike
Foul Sike
Fir Beck
Bumby Dike
Gill Beck
Barden Bridge
Footbridge/Aqueduct
Barden Beck
The Strid
Hollin Beck
Posforth Gill
Ludd Stream Islands
Footbridge
Cowpert Gill
Stead Dike
Pickles Beck
Waterfall Bridge (footbridge)
Raven's Gill Beck
Bolton Bridge
 A59  Bridge
Kex Beck
Lathehouse Beck
Wine Beck
Footbridge
Footbridge
West Hall Beck
Footbridge
Dean Beck
Mill Stream
Hawksworth Island
Footbridge
New Brook Street Bridge Ilkey
Footbridge
Beanlands Island
Denton Bridge
West Beck
Burley Hydro
Mill Dam Beck
Boot's Beck
 B6451  Bridge Street Otley
Footbridge
River Washburn
The Goit
 A658  Pool Bridge
Railway Bridge(York-Harrogate-Leeds Line)
Weeton Beck
Mill Race
 A61  Harewood Bridge
Stank Beck
Woodhall Bridge (footbridge)
Linton Bridge Collingham
Collingham Beck
Footbridge
 A661  Wetherby
 A58  Wetherby
 A1  Wetherby
Thorp Arch Bridge Boston Spa
Wharfe Bridge (dismantled railway)
Hay Dike
Viaduct Walk Tadcaster (footbridge)
Limit of navigation
 A659  Tadcaster Bridge
 A64  Bridge
Cock Beck
Railway Bridge(York-Leeds/Sheffield Line)
Footbridge
Owl Sike
East Coast Main Line Railway Bridge
Pailbank Drain
The Fleet
River Ouse

TheRiver Wharfe (/hwɔːrf/WHORF) is a river inYorkshire, England originating within theYorkshire Dales National Park. For much of its middle course it is the county boundary betweenWest Yorkshire andNorth Yorkshire. Its valley is known asWharfedale.

The watercourse first becomes known as the River Wharfe at the confluence of Greenfield Beck and Oughtershaw Beck atBeckermonds. Flowing initially throughLangstrothdale, it then passes by, or in some cases through,Kettlewell,Grassington,Bolton Abbey,Addingham,Ilkley,Burley-in-Wharfedale,Otley,Wetherby andTadcaster. It then flows into theRiver Ouse nearCawood. The section of the river from its source to around Addingham is in Upper Wharfedale and has a very different character to the river downstream.

The Wharfe is 65 miles (104.6 km) long (before it joins the Ouse), making it the 21st longest river in Britain.[1] It is a public navigation from the weir at Tadcaster to its junction with the Ouse near Cawood and is tidal fromUlleskelf to the Ouse.

Etymology

[edit]

The nameWharfe, at least in its present form, derives from theOld Norsehverfi meaning 'a bend, crook, turn', a name implying that the river was winding.[2][3][4] However, this Old Norse form was probably adapted from an earlier name: a Roman altar found inIlkley is inscribed "VERBEIAE SACRUM" ('sacred to Verbeia') and apparently refers to the River Wharfe (personified as a goddess). Theproto-Indo-Europeanroot *wer-, relating to turning or twisting, readily picked up a-b- extension to yield words such as Latin verbena, English warp, and their cognates, which displeases those who believe the name was created in a Celtic language. HencePatrick Sims-Williams's association of the name with Old Irishferb ('cattle') andAndrew Breeze's case for a meaning 'powerful striker'.[3][4][5]

Course

[edit]
The River Wharfe meandering betweenStarbotton andKettlewell.
The rapids of The Strid
Stepping stones andfootbridge inBolton Abbey
The River Wharfe atWetherby, the largest settlement on the course of the Wharfe

The river is deemed to start at the confluence of Oughtershaw Beck and Green Field Beck in Langstrothdale near Beckermonds. It flows east and south-east taking the flows from several small streams originating onYockenthwaite Moor on the north bank and Horse Head Moor on the south bank. AfterHubberholme, the river flows south past Buckden and Starbotton and then south-east pastKettlewell before flowing south again. NearConistone are the gentle waterfalls of Scar Lash. Near Grassington, the river turns south-east over Linton Falls. South ofAppletreewick, the river flows south-west for a short distance until it reaches Gill Beck and returns southward. To the north of Bolton Bridge, the river narrows and goes over waterfalls in an area known as The Strid. The river winds south and south-east towardsIlkley where it heads east throughOtley andCollingham. It briefly flows north toWetherby before turning south and then south-east throughTadcaster to the confluence with theRiver Ouse.

The Strid

[edit]

The Strid (grid reference: SE 064565;54°00′14″N1°54′12″W / 54.00389°N 1.90333°W /54.00389; -1.90333) is a series of waterfalls and rapids contained within a 15-foot (4.6 m) deep channel cut into the local sandstone. The River Wharfe narrows dramatically here from approximately 90 ft (27 m) wide, just to the north of the start of the Strid, to about 6.5 ft (2 m) wide.[6][7][8] It is especially dangerous as both banks are undercut,[9][10] and it has been the scene of a number of fatalities, including those of a honeymooning couple in 1998.[11] The Strid walk is very popular and is accessed from the car park at Bolton Abbey.[12]

Its name comes from theOld Englishstryth, meaning 'turmoil'. This was later corrupted toStrid, referring to 'the possibility of striding across'.[13]

The Strid's hazardous nature is referenced in several literary works, includingThe Force of Prayer byWilliam Wordsworth, andThe Striding Place byGertrude Atherton.

Linton Falls

[edit]

Linton Falls (grid reference: SE 001633) are located close to the village ofLinton, just south ofGrassington. There is a footbridge straddling the falls for viewing.

Water levels

[edit]
Monitoring station[14]Station elevationLow water levelHigh water levelRecord high level
Kettlewell212 m (696 ft)0.17 m (0.56 ft)2 m (6.6 ft)2.54 m (8.3 ft)
Grassington171 m (561 ft)0 m (0 ft)1.5 m (4.9 ft)2.79 m (9.2 ft)
Ilkley78 m (256 ft)0.09 m (0.30 ft)2.9 m (9.5 ft)3.88 m (12.7 ft)
Otley56 m (184 ft)0.36 m (1.2 ft)1.5 m (4.9 ft)2.46 m (8.1 ft)
Pool Bridge46 m (151 ft)0.09 m (0.30 ft)2.9 m (9.5 ft)3.77 m (12.4 ft)
Arthington46 m (151 ft)0.32 m (1.0 ft)3.3 m (11 ft)4.14 m (13.6 ft)
Collingham25 m (82 ft)0.35 m (1.1 ft)1.59 m (5.2 ft)4.7 m (15 ft)
Wetherby25 m (82 ft)0.4 m (1.3 ft)1.8 m (5.9 ft)3.10 m (10.2 ft)
Tadcaster11 m (36 ft)0.18 m (0.59 ft)2.9 m (9.5 ft)3.79 m (12.4 ft)
Cock Beck Sluices6 m (20 ft)3.44 m (11.3 ft)7.3 m (24 ft)9.26 m (30.4 ft)
Fleet Pumping Station6 m (20 ft)2 m (6.6 ft)6.5 m (21 ft)7.35 m (24.1 ft)
  • Low and high water levels are an average figure.

A serious flood in 1686 carried away a number of bridges and buildings.[15]

Natural history

[edit]

Fauna

[edit]

More than 230 species of bird have been observed along the river valley includingred grouse,stonechat,whinchat,golden plover,pied flycatcher,redstart,wood warbler,common sandpiper,grey wagtail,dipper,tawny owl,sparrowhawk,great spotted woodpecker,nuthatch,treecreeper and, in wetter places,common snipe andwoodcock,chiffchaff,willow warbler,garden warbler, andtwite.[16]

The Wharfe has populations ofsignal crayfish and the fewwhite-clawed crayfish remaining are at great risk.[16] The river is also home to a colony offine-lined pea mussels. The creature is mostly congregated in rivers in Wales and central and southern England; the presence of the mussels in the Wharfe has been noted as a "considerable outpost".[17]

There are populations ofrabbit,red fox,grey squirrel,otter,water voles anddeer.[16][18][19]

Flora

[edit]

Ferns found here includewall rue,maidenhair spleenwort,brittle bladder-fern,Hart's-tongue andhard shield-fern. In Upper Wharfedale the scars and screes support a range of plants including thealpine cinquefoil andhoary whitlowgrass. Also to be found arelesser meadow-rue,goldenrod,scabious andbloody crane's-bill with, to a lesser extent,mountain melick,limestone fern,wood crane's-bill andmelancholy thistle,green spleenwort,wall lettuce andhairy stonecrop.[16]

Lower down the valley, species includingalpine cinquefoil,lily-of-the-valley,mountain melick andherb paris,blue sesleria,common valerian andwild angelica. The limestone outcrops have uncommon species includingrock whitebeam andSolomon's seal as well asbird's-eye primrose,butterwort,rockrose,dropwort andlimestone bedstraw.

The limestone pavements of the area are a habitat for several species usually confined to woodlands, such asdog's mercury,wood anemone andramsons. Rarer species to be found in the grikes includebaneberry anddowny currant. Ferns in the moist grikes includerigid buckler-fern. Also to be found arealternate-leaved golden saxifrage,reed canary-grass andstone bramble.

Some of the inaccessible cliffs are home to ledge dwelling flora including mosses and liverworts, such asred leskea,sharp rock-bristle and the very rareZygodon gracilis. The ledges also supportwoodrush,polypody andwater avens,purple saxifrage,yellow saxifrage, hoary whitlowgrass androseroot.

Blue moor-grass can also be found, withsheep's-fescue and herbs such asthyme,salad burnet andcommon rock-rose. There iswild thyme,common milkwort,fairy flax,bird's-foot trefoil,autumn gentian,harebell,eyebright.

Species of tree and shrub includeash,downy birch,hazel,hawthorn,yew androwan. In the woods shrubs such aswild privet andspindle can be found. More rare isdark red helleborine.[16][20]

Geology

[edit]

Upper Wharfedale is an area whose rocks date from theEarly Carboniferous period and lies north-west ofBurnsall. Its main features are the Great Scar Limestone which forms a base to the overlying Yoredale Beds, a 300-metre (980 ft) deep strata of hardlimestones,sandstones andshale. These have been slightly tilted, toward the east. To the south-east of the area is theMillstone Grit laid down in theLate Carboniferous period, and covered by heather moorland, hard crags and tors.[21][22]

Weathering of the Yoredale Beds has produced a stepped profile to the valley sides, consisting of a shelf of limestone, sometimes grassy but often displaying suchkarst features aslimestone pavement, gorges andsinkholes. During the last ice age, the local ice cap at the head of the Dales fed glaciers to produce the classic U-shaped profiles seen today.[23]

Where the river valley changes course into Lower Wharfedale, the change of underlying rock can be seen in the darker stone in the field walls. The Millstone Grit outcrops at the Cow and Calf Rocks near Ilkley form a rolling dissected plateau. Due to the impermeable nature of the rock,blanket bogs and mires form, and drier areas have wet and dry heaths and acid grasslands.[24]

Coarse sandstones in the area are known as Addingham Edge and Bramhope Grits. The Otley Shell Beds become exposed at Otley Chevin. At Great Dib Wood the Otley Shell Bed is sandwiched between twoNamurian sandstones.

Glacial lakes once filled Lower Wharfedale in which were deposited sand and gravel. These deposits were extracted and now form the basis of the Otley Wetland Reserve, andBen Rhydding and Knotford Nook gravel pits.[25]

History

[edit]

The name Wharfe appears to be recorded in the formVerbeiae on a Roman inscription atIlkley, dedicated toVerbeia, thought to be thetutelary goddess of the river. The name is probably ofBrythonic origin, from a root meaning "winding". Later forms of the name were probably influenced by theOld Norsehwerfi, meaning "bend".[26]

Iron Age fields andhut circles can still be seen in outline on the hills above Grassington and Kettlewell.[22] The Romans built a road through Wharfedale that went over Stake Moss into neighbouringWensleydale. The local British tribe of Brigantes were subdued by the Romans in AD 74. The Romans mined lead in the hills on Greenhow Hill overlooking Appletreewick until AD 410.[22] After AD 620 theRomano-Britons were joined by Angles and increased the amount of forest clearing to establish fields for crops and animals. These were overrun by Danes initially before they too settled to farming near Burnsall and Thorpe. Vikings then settled the area in the 10th century, lending their language to some of the names of hamlets and landscape features of Upper Wharfedale, especially near the head of the valley.[22] During Anglo-Saxon times, large estates were established and the River Wharfe and its valley came under the protection of Earl Edwin of Bolton-in-Craven. After the Norman invasion, the lands were given to Robert Romilly.[22]

In medieval times low intensity methods were used to produce both crops and livestock but the great monasteries ofFountains,Rievaulx andBolton Priory had large sheep flocks and sold their wool on the European market. In 1155, Alice de Romilly donated land for the establishment of Bolton Priory and land at Kilnsey to Fountains Abbey. The monasteries helped develop vast sheep farms and the founding ofdrove roads, which can still be seen and walked today. The success of the monasteries was also responsible for the growth of the market towns of Grassington and Kettlewell.[22]

When the monasteries were dissolved in 1539, and wool prices fell, many tenant farmers took to cattle and sheep rearing. However, at the end of the 17th century there was still small-scale arable production. By the early 19th century there was a demand for food from the growing industrial towns and farmers and many farms began to produce milk from the lower lands and use the higher fells for sheep.[27]

On 5 July 2014, theTour de France Stage 1 from Leeds to Harrogate passed through Wharfedale along roads running close to the river. The route in Wharfedale started near the official start at Harewood and ended just after Buckden when the competitors turned to climb over Kidstones Pass near Cray.[28]

The river has featured in films. In 1992, the town ofGrassington was used as a filming location forWuthering Heights.[29] The 2003 film,Calendar Girls, was filmed at several locations in the river valley includingIlkley Moor,Buckden,Burnsall,Kettlewell andKilnsey.[30]

Economy

[edit]
Kettlewell Beck joining the River Wharfe

During the 1990s there had been an increase in second home ownership, particularly in the Upper Wharfedale area. The 1991 census had shown 13% of homes in theCraven district were classified as second properties.[31] The 2001 census showed that the figure for Upper Wharfedale was 15%,[32] but it had dropped to only 7% by 2011.[33]

Upper Wharfedale has been traditionally associated with farming, but there has been a change in the numbers and types of employment. Whilst there were declines in the number of people in this industry, farming accounted directly for 9.16%[34] of employment in 2001 but this had increased to 11.27% by 2011.[35]

Lead mining was once the main industry in Wharfedale. From the 17th century to the late 19th century it employed hundreds of men and boys, exploiting the veins in the limestone at Greenhow, Hebden, Grassington, Linton and Conistone, Appletreewick and elsewhere. The heaps of mining waste remain, contaminated with lead, and on which little will grow. The few plants that will are known as'lead plants' such asspring sandwort andalpine penny-cress.[36][37]

Tourism is important to the rural economy of Wharfedale and there are many short, mid and long-distance walks, with clear waymarkers. Other outdoor activities take place such as rock climbing, most notably at Kilnsey Crag, kayaking and canoeing. Other activities include cycling, mountain biking, horse riding and caving.[38] Several long-distance walks pass near or over the river:[39]

  • Dales Way (follows the river valley fromBeckermonds toIlkley)
  • Lady Anne's Way (enters the valley nearHubberholme and leaves to the west ofBolton Abbey)
  • Inn Way to the Yorkshire Dales (part of walk fromGrassington toBuckden)
  • The Way of the Roses (part of the cycle route fromAppletreewick toThorpe)

The Wharfe has two hydro-electric generating plants;Burley (at Greenholme Mill in Burley in Wharfedale), which opened in August 2011[40] andLinton Falls, which opened in March 2012.[41]

Lists

[edit]
See also:List of crossings of the River Wharfe

All lists are ordered downstream from the source of the river:-[42]

Tributaries

[edit]
  • Deepdale Gill
  • Hagg Gill
  • Bowther Gill
  • Strans Gill
  • Kirk Gill
  • Cow Close Gill
  • Buckden Beck
  • Step Gill
  • Cam Gill Beck
  • Falcon Beard Beck
  • Hush Gutter
  • Kettlewell Beck
  • Black Keld
  • River Skirfare
  • How Beck
  • White Beck
  • Davy Keld
  • Dib Beck
  • Robin Hood's Beck
  • Captain Beck
  • Brow Well
  • Isingdale Beck
  • Howling Beck
  • Hebden Beck
  • Sandbed Beck
  • Barden Beck
  • The Old Gutter
  • Hall Wells Dike
  • Foul Sike
  • Fir Beck
  • Bumby Dike
  • Gill Beck
  • Hollin Beck
  • Posforth Gill
  • Cowpert Gill
  • Stead Dike
  • Pickles Beck
  • Raven's Gill Beck
  • Kex Beck
  • Lathehouse Beck
  • Wine Beck
  • West Hall Beck
  • Dean Beck
  • Mill Stream
  • West Beck
  • Mill Dam Beck
  • Boot's Beck
  • River Washburn
  • Weeton Beck
  • Stank Beck
  • Collingham Beck
  • Hay Dike
  • Cock Beck
  • Owl Sike
  • Pailbank Drain
  • The Fleet

Settlements

[edit]

Crossings

[edit]
  • New House Farm footbridge
  • Deepdale Bridge
  • Yockenthwaite Bridge
  • Hubberholme Bridge
  • Buckden Bridge
  • Starbotton footbridge
  • B6160 Kettlewell New Bridge
  • Conistone Bridge
  • B6265 Grassington Bridge
  • Tin Bridge (footbridge), Linton Falls
  • Linton stepping stones
  • Suspension Bridge (footbridge), Hebden
  • Hebden stepping stones
  • Burnsall Bridge
  • Drebley stepping stones
  • Barden Bridge
  • Barden Aqueduct and footbridge
  • Wooden Bridge (at Cavendish Pavilion)
  • Friars' Steps (stepping stones)
  • Waterfall Bridge (footbridge)
  • Bolton Bridge
  • A59 Bridge
  • Suspension Bridge (footbridge), Addingham
  • Old Bridge, Ilkley (footbridge)
  • New Bridge, Ilkley (New Brook Street)
  • Ilkley Suspension Bridge (footbridge)
  • Ilkey-Denton Road stepping stones
  • Denton Bridge
  • Greenholme stepping stones
  • B6451 Otley Bridge
  • The White Bridge (footbridge)
  • A658 Pool Bridge
  • Arthington Viaduct (Leeds-Harrogate railway line)
  • A61 Harewood Bridge
  • Woodhall Bridge (footbridge)
  • Linton Bridge, between Collingham and Linton
  • The Ings Footbridge
  • A661Wetherby Bridge
  • A58 bridge, Wetherby
  • A1(M) bridge, Wetherby
  • Thorp Arch Bridge, Boston Spa
  • Wharfe Bridge - Newton Kyme Viaduct (railway, disused)
  • Tadcaster Viaduct (railway, disused)
  • A659Tadcaster Bridge (bridge reopened 3 February 2017)
  • A64 bridge (Tadcaster By-pass)
  • Railway Bridge (Dearne Valley Line)
  • East Coast Main Line Railway Bridge

Gallery

[edit]
Along the River Wharfe
Map all coordinates usingOpenStreetMapDownload coordinates asKML

References

[edit]
  1. ^Owen, Sue; Pooley, Colin; Park, Chris; et al. (2005). "Appendix 2".Rivers and the British landscape. Lancaster: Carnegie House. p. 232.ISBN 978-1-85936-120-7.
  2. ^Ekwall, Eilert (1960).The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names (4 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 511.OCLC 1228215388.
  3. ^abJames, Alan."Brittonic Language In The Old North - A Guide To The Place Name Evidence"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 13 August 2017. Retrieved30 July 2018.
  4. ^abThe Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, Based on the Collections of the English Place-Name Society, ed. by Victor Watts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), s.v.River WHARFE.ISBN 9780521168557.
  5. ^Andrew Charles Breeze, 'The River Wharfe and Verbeia, Celtic Goddess',Revue de Traduction et Langues, 17 (2018), 8-16.
  6. ^"Google Map". Google Maps. Retrieved25 March 2013.
  7. ^Jessop, Keith; Hanson, Neil (1998).Goldfinder. Simon & Schuser UK Ltd. pp. 35–36.ISBN 9780471045465. Retrieved22 July 2021.
  8. ^"The Strid".www.yorkshire-dales.com. Retrieved22 July 2021.
  9. ^Marsh, Terry (2005).The Dales Way: A Complete Guide to the Trail. Cicerone. p. 27.ISBN 1-85284-464-7.
  10. ^Locke, Tim, ed. (2010).Slow North Yorkshire. Chalfont St. Peter: Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. p. 42.ISBN 978-1-84162-323-8.
  11. ^"Honeymooners' death a mystery".BBC News. 19 November 1998. Retrieved24 March 2013.
  12. ^"Waterfalls".walkingenglishman.com. Archived fromthe original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved25 March 2013.
  13. ^"Bolton Abbey | Strid Wood".boltonabbey.com. Retrieved17 July 2020.
  14. ^"River levels". Environment Agency. 2010. Retrieved23 December 2010.
  15. ^Mitchell, W. R. (March 1980). "A song of the River Wharfe".The Dalesman.41 (12): 976.
  16. ^abcde"Habitats". Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority. 2013. Archived fromthe original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved25 March 2013.
  17. ^"Further surveys to elucidate the distribution of the ... | EA Grey Literature".ea-lit.freshwaterlife.org. Retrieved21 June 2019.
  18. ^"Animals". Archived fromthe original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved25 March 2013.
  19. ^"Animals". Archived fromthe original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved25 March 2013.
  20. ^"Plants". Archived fromthe original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved25 March 2013.
  21. ^"Langstrothdale Landscape Character Assessment"(PDF).yorkshiredales.org.uk. Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority. 2013. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 5 September 2012. Retrieved25 March 2013.
  22. ^abcdef"Upper Wharfedale & Littondale Landscape Character Assessment"(PDF).yorkshiredales.org.uk. Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority. 2013. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 5 September 2012. Retrieved25 March 2013.
  23. ^"Craven Fault"(PDF).yorkshiredales.org.uk. Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority. 2013. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 5 September 2012. Retrieved25 March 2013.
  24. ^"Mid Wharfedale Landscape Character Assessment"(PDF).yorkshiredales.org.uk. Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority. 2013. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 5 September 2012. Retrieved25 March 2013.
  25. ^"Geology".wharfequest.co.uk. Archived fromthe original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved25 March 2013.
  26. ^Watts, Victor, ed. (2010). "Wharfe".The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9780521168557.
  27. ^"Area history". Archived fromthe original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved25 March 2013.
  28. ^"Tour de France Stage 1". Archived fromthe original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved15 July 2014.
  29. ^"Filming Locations".IMDb. Retrieved26 August 2011.
  30. ^"Filming Locations".IMDb. Retrieved26 August 2011.
  31. ^"Subsidies for absent home owners".Wharfedale Observer. Retrieved21 June 2013.
  32. ^"Housing Stock 2001 Census". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved21 June 2013.
  33. ^"Second Address 2011 Census". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved21 June 2013.
  34. ^"Industry of Employment 2001 Census". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved21 June 2013.
  35. ^"Industry 2001 Census". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved21 June 2013.
  36. ^"Lead mining". Retrieved25 March 2013.
  37. ^"Mining". Archived fromthe original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved25 March 2013.
  38. ^"Leisure activities". Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority. 2013. Archived fromthe original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved25 March 2013.
  39. ^"Long Distance Walks". Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority. 2013. Archived fromthe original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved25 March 2013.
  40. ^Wright, Greg (20 August 2011)."Green power scheme for homes".The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved22 June 2019.
  41. ^"Hydroelectric plant is restored".BBC News. 22 March 2012. Retrieved22 June 2019.
  42. ^"OpenData support | OS Tools & Support".
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